Maíra Borges Fainguelernt Territorialidades Ribeirinhas Na Amazônia Brasileira

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Maíra Borges Fainguelernt Territorialidades Ribeirinhas Na Amazônia Brasileira UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS MAÍRA BORGES FAINGUELERNT TERRITORIALIDADES RIBEIRINHAS NA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA: OS IMPACTOS DA USINA HIDRELÉTRICA DE BELO MONTE NAS RESERVAS EXTRATIVISTAS DA TERRA DO MEIO CAMPINAS 2019 MAÍRA BORGES FAINGUELERNT TERRITORIALIDADES RIBEIRINHAS NA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA: OS IMPACTOS DA USINA HIDRELÉTRICA DE BELO MONTE NAS RESERVAS EXTRATIVISTAS DA TERRA DO MEIO Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, como parte dos requisitos exigidos à obtenção do título de Doutora em Ambiente e Sociedade, na Área de Aspectos Sociais de Sustentabilidade e Conservação. Orientador: PROF. DR. EMILIO FEDERICO MORAN Coorientador: PROF. DR. EDUARDO SONNEWEND BRONDÍZIO ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA TESE DEFENDIDA PELA ALUNA MAÍRA BORGES FAINGUELERNT, ORIENTADA PELO PROF. DR. EMILIO FEDERICO MORAN. ___________________________________ EMILIO FEDERICO MORAN CAMPINAS 2019 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS NÚCLEO DE ESTUDOS E PESQUISAS AMBIENTAIS A Comissão Julgadora dos trabalhos de Defesa de Tese de Doutorado, composta pelos Professores Doutores a seguir descritos, em sessão pública realizada em 14 de março de 2019, considerou a candidata Maíra Borges Fainguelernt aprovada. Prof. Dr. Emilio Federico Moran Profª. Drª. Neli Aparecida de Mello-Théry Prof. Dr. Mauro William Barbosa de Almeida Profª. Drª. Lucia da Costa Ferreira Prof. Dr. Leonardo Civale A Ata de Defesa com as respectivas assinaturas dos membros encontra-se no SIGA/Sistema de Fluxo de Dissertações/Teses e na Secretaria do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ambiente e Sociedade do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas de vida acadêmica da aluna. Dedico esta tese às populações da Amazônia brasileira. E à Merinha que, muito mais que uma avó, é minha ídola e grande companheira nesta vida. AGRADECIMENTOS Ao meu orientador Prof. Dr. Emilio Moran por me transmitir por meio de sua orientação sua paixão pelo tema e por ter sido um grande mestre, me estimulando e ensinando com toda a confiança. Ao meu co-orientador Prof. Dr. Eduardo Brondizio pelas precisas e generosas contribuições desde a primeira reunião. À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) pelo suporte financeiro para a realização do doutorado (Processo nº 2015/08842-6). E também à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES), já que este trabalho contou com seu apoio durante os primeiros meses. Ao Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais (NEPAM) da UNICAMP e, especialmente, aos professores que contribuíram de perto desde o início do doutorado. Um agradecimento fundamental também ao Waldinei pela disponibilidade em me ajudar sempre que precisei. Aos amigos da “Casa Verde” do Nepam que me acolheram calorosamente em Campinas desde a primeira semana de aula. À minha turma de doutorado (2015) e, especialmente, à duas amigas queridas, Amanda e Deborah, que me ajudaram a encarar esta fase desafiadora da vida com mais alegria e sororidade. Aos colegas de CGCEO de Michigan State University (MSU) que trouxeram muita alegria à minha rotina num período pessoal particularmente difícil e hoje formam um grupo de amizade “globalizado” muito querido. Aos colegas do CEDLA na University of Amsterdam que me acolheram e fizeram parte de um dos melhores momentos da minha vida. Especialmente, ao Prof. Dr. Fabio de Castro por ter me supervisionado durante o intercâmbio e me ajudado a refletir sobre os principais resultados da pesquisa. Ao prof. Rutgerd do CEDLA pelos insights compartilhados ao longo desse período. À minha terapeuta, Benedita, por todo acolhimento amoroso ao longo dos dois últimos anos e por toda a troca que, para além do consultório, chega às profundezas das florestas amazônicas. Ao Daniel, meu amor, por todo o companheirismo e paciência e também por compartilhar seu talento cartográfico sempre que necessário. À toda a minha família, pelo suporte em diversos níveis, sem eles não teria sido possível concluir esta tese. Especialmente, agradeço aos meus pais, Isabel e Mauro, que me apoiaram com todo o amor e a generosidade em todos os momentos que precisei ao longo deste processo de doutoramento. Aos meus segundos pais, Tuca e Orlando, que são parte essencial da minha torcida organizada e alicerce afetivo. À minha tia Vera, pelas revisões, entusiasmo, incentivo e parceria constante nesta trajetória acadêmica. Aos meus irmãos, Rafael por ter me dado suporte em São Paulo durante todo este percurso, Ana por ter me acompanhado de perto tanto durante a pesquisa de campo no Iriri, como durante a transcrição das entrevistas, e Benjamin por compartilhar a leveza dos seus onze anos de idade neste momento. Por fim, aos meus dois avôs, Abrahão e Wagner, que há muitos anos não estão mais aqui, mas continuam me inspirando em busca do conhecimento. RESUMO A tese tem como objetivo analisar os impactos da usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte no rio Xingu (estado do Pará), a partir da visão das populações ribeirinhas das reservas extrativistas da Terra do Meio - Iriri, Xingu e Riozinho do Anfrísio. Para isso, se baseia em quatro questões: (i) como é a territorialidade dos ribeirinhos; (ii) de que maneira a sobreposição de áreas protegidas e a área de influência dos impactos da usina excluiu as reservas extrativistas como territórios atingidos; (iii) quais contradições são evidenciadas a partir da visão dos ribeirinhos da reserva extrativista do Iriri à respeito dos impactos da usina; e (iv) como este estudo contribui à questão ambiental no contexto de debate sobre redução de impactos de grandes hidrelétricas em áreas protegidas. A noção de territorialidade constitui o arcabouço teórico da tese, tendo como referência a literatura da geografia e da antropologia. As interações homem-ambiente foram discutidas dentro do contexto das subáreas ecologia humana, ecologia cultural e ecologia política. A revisão de literatura também envolve a identidade ribeirinha e a complexidade dos processos de colonização e miscigenação e as transformações territoriais e socioeconômicas na região. O argumento central é que, apesar dos avanços na legislação ambiental brasileira e no reconhecimento dos direitos das populações tradicionais, a sobreposição de categorias socioculturais, ambientais e a área de influência de Belo Monte, geram um processo de desigualdade socioespacial ao não considerar de maneira apropriada nenhuma das reservas extrativistas da Terra do Meio nos estudos de impacto ambiental. Em particular, a investigação sobre a visão das populações da reserva extrativista do Iriri evidencia a invisibilidade ribeirinha acarretada por medidas de mitigação e compensação ambiental repletas de contradições. As categorias ambientais e culturais em questão destacam o estigma social e a lógica conservacionista que impõe hierarquias entre populações tradicionais e áreas protegidas na política ambiental brasileira. Esta pesquisa é qualitativa e envolve tanto métodos etnográficos, observação participante, realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas, como diferentes técnicas de mapeamento e investigação. Por fim, a tese demonstra as repercussões de um modelo de conservação e desenvolvimento na Amazônia brasileira que coloca em xeque a garantia de direitos de populações historicamente negligenciadas. Palavras-chave: Usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte. Vida ribeirinha. Territorialidade. Reservas extrativistas. Amazônia – aspectos sociais. ABSTRACT This PhD dissertation aims to analyze the impacts of the Belo Monte dam located in the Xingu River (state of Pará), from the perspective of the riverine populations of the extractive reserves of the Terra do Meio - Iriri, Xingu and Riozinho do Anfrísio. In this regard, it seeks to answer four questions: (i) what is the territoriality of the riverine inhabitants of Terra do Meio; (ii) how does the overlap between categories of protected areas and the area of impacts of the dam exclude the extractive reserves as affected territories; (iii) what contradictions are evident from the view of the riverine people of Iriri Reserve regarding the impacts of Belo Monte; (iv) and what are the contributions to environmental research of this thesis in the context of reducing the impacts of large hydroelectric dams in protected areas. The notion of territoriality constitutes the theoretical framework, having the literature of geography and anthropology as reference. The human-environment interactions research in the Brazilian Amazon are discussed within the context of the subareas of human ecology, cultural ecology and political ecology. The literature review also engages the identity of the riverine populations and the complexity of the processes of colonization, miscegenation and territorial and socioeconomic transformations in the region. The core argument is that despite significant advances in Brazilian environmental legislation and the recognition of the rights of traditional populations in the Amazon region, the overlap of environmental and socio-cultural categories of protected areas with the definition of affected territories generates a process of socio-spatial inequality. None of the extractive reserves of the Terra do Meio were considered in the predam environmental assessments, for example. An investigation of the Iriri's extractivist population highlights the processes of riverine invisibility. The environmental and cultural categories involved social stigma and the conservationist logic that imposes hierarchies between
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