NOVEMBER 2002 CORE 3.3

A PUBLICATION OF THE WWW.COMPUTERHISTORY.ORG PAGE 1

November 2002 WE HAVE PURCHASED COREA publication of the Computer History3.3 Museum IN THIS MISSION ISSUE TO PRESERVE AND PRESENT FOR POSTERITY THE A GREAT BUILDING! ARTIFACTS AND STORIES OF THE INFORMATION AGE INSIDE FRONT COVER VISION WE HAVE PURCHASED A GREAT BUILDING! The year 2002 will forever be very TO EXPLORE THE COMPUTING REVOLUTION AND ITS John C Toole special for the Computer History IMPACT ON THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE Museum. I am proud to announce that 2 EXHIBITING COMPUTING HISTORY we have acquired a spectacular Kirsten Tashev 119,000 square-foot building on EXECUTIVE STAFF 7.5 acres of land at 1401 N. Shoreline 6 Blvd. in Mountain View, California. With John C Toole David A Miller BRINGING COMPUTING HISTORY this purchase, we are taking a major EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR & CEO VICE PRESIDENT OF DEVELOPMENT TO THE PUBLIC Michael Falarski Michael R Williams 2 Ed Rodley step toward realizing our dreams of VICE PRESIDENT OF OPERATIONS & HEAD CURATOR having a permanent home, owning our FACILITIES 11 own land, directing our future, focusing exit north of our current offices! We are this encouragement, we are increasingly Karen Mathews HISTORY MATTERS EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT on programs, and building new neighbors in Mountain View now, with offering special events and programs Mike Williams relationships with the communities we federal and local governments targeted to the needs of our “remote” serve. connected to a community of “can-do” community. It was a pleasure, for BOARD OF TRUSTEES 14 people. example, to be at the Museum of UNIVAC: THE FIRST AMERICAN Leonard J Shustek, Chairman Charles H (Chuck) House 6 COMMERCIAL COMPUTER The transformation won’t happen Science in Boston this fall to celebrate VENCRAFT LLC CONVERGED Chris Garcia COMMUNICATIONS GROUP overnight because we will open this new We are watchful in this economic the opening of the “Computing Sally M Abel DIALOGIC DIVISION FENWICK & WEST LLP space in several phases. We plan to climate and mindful of our duty to Revolution” exhibit, which features Dave House 18 David L Anderson move our staff into the building by the faithfully fulfill our responsibilities to many of our artifacts. I hope those on ALLEGRO NETWORKS RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE SENDMAIL COLLECTION end of the year and unveil the first our supporters. For the important cause the East Coast will visit that exhibit Christine Hughes C Gordon Bell ACHIEVEMENT PLUS phase of our public presence on we represent, I’m proud to ask you to and experience something of the MICROSOFT CORPORATION John Mashey 19 Peggy Burke Shoreline Blvd. in May 2003 after a few please consider an increased or new Computer History Museum 3,000 miles SENSEI PARTNERS LLC REPORT ON MUSEUM ACTIVITIES 1185 DESIGN 14 Karen Mathews renovations are completed. Read more contribution to our annual fund, a away from California. Ike R Nassi Lori Crawford ALLEGIS CAPITAL about our exhibit planning process in donation to our capital campaign, and INFINITY CAPITAL LLC Suhas Patil Kirsten Tashev’s article on page two. to help spread the news about the Lastly, I want to thank everyone involved Andrea Cunningham 24 TUFAN ANNUAL DONORS Museum to others. Look carefully at for their personal sacrifices, the long CITIGATE CUNNINGHAM Bernard L Peuto Donna Dubinsky It is awesome to see how we have this issue of CORE to see what we hours, and the spectacular execution CONCORD CONSULTING HANDSPRING 25 grown, wrestled with major decisions, have accomplished, and remember this summer and fall in acquiring the John William Poduska Sr David Emerson UPCOMING EVENTS ADVANCED VISUAL SYSTEMS and emerged even stronger in that you are always a welcome part of new building. The passion, persistence, CLARENT CORPORATION CONTACT INFORMATION F Grant Saviers 19 commitment, passion, and action—all in our institution. and generosity of our Trustees, staff, Eric Hahn PRIVATE INVESTOR the past year or so. In that time, our volunteers, and supporters has enabled INVENTURES GROUP John Shoch ON THE BACK COVER Gardner C Hendrie strategies have definitely changed, but With the excitement of the new building, our bold move—I could tell story after ALLOY VENTURES MYSTERY ITEMS FROM THE COLLECTION SIGMA PARTNERS the goal remains the same: to build a don’t overlook the simultaneous story of how each person really made Stephen L Squires Peter Hirshberg HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY Copyright ©2002, Computer History Museum. major institution that preserves and extensive growth in our public programs, a difference. GLOSS.COM All rights reserved. The Museum is an independent presents the artifacts and stories of the which include world-class lectures that Pierluigi Zappacosta 501(c)(3) organization, FID #77-0507525. PO Box 367, information age. I’m convinced more contribute to our historical archive, oral It’s a wonderful but awesome Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA. Printed in the USA. than ever that we are setting the course histories, participation in special events responsibility to preserve a heritage. BOARD OF ADVISORS BACK Computer History Museum for an innovative future—our mission is to collect computing histories (such as I’m proud to report that we have been Gene Amdahl Burge Jamieson 1401 N Shoreline Blvd unique and focused, and we have one an IBM Stretch , DECWORLD taking some giant steps forward. Help William Aspray SIGMA PARTNERS Mountain View, CA 94043-1311, USA of the best collections of computing 2001, and upcoming Apple us continue to grow—the best is yet INDIANA UNIVERSITY Randy Katz +1 650 810 1010 artifacts in the world. retrospective and database panel to come! Robert Broderson UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA +1 650 810 1055 (fax) UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY (effective December 15, 2002) events), and numerous exhibitions that BERKELEY Steve Kirsch We owe much to the people at NASA for bring artifacts and history alive. Paul Ceruzzi PROPEL SOFTWARE CORPORATION WWW.COMPUTERHISTORY.ORG NATIONAL AIR & SPACE MUSEUM David Patterson their support and help in our own recent SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Submission guidelines: www.computerhistory.org/core history. We will continue to use It is motivating to meet people Federico Faggin BERKELEY or write [email protected]. buildings 126 and 45 at Moffett Field everywhere who share our dreams, SYNAPTICS James N Porter for critical storage for as long as including early supporters of the JOHN C TOOLE Samuel Fuller DISK/TREND EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR & CEO ANALOG DEVICES possible. We intend to foster great Computer History Museum. Although James Gray Cover: Humans have relied on calculation for over 2,000 years. relationships with partners in the NASA some of you are geographically distant MICROSOFT CORPORATION Foreground: an early method known since Roman times of storing numbers Research Park over time; after all, our from California, people everywhere on the fingers—first described by The Venerable Bede—and here shown in building on Shoreline is just one freeway want to be part of the Museum. With a woodcut from Jacob Leopold’s 1727 Theatrum Arithmetico-Geometricum. PUBLICATION STAFF Background: typical Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) circuit board used in modern-day digital computers. Karyn Wolfe Photo: Dag Spicer. EDITOR

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM CORE 3.3 PAGE 2 PAGE 3

Schematic Design is not just about content, but also about design; we begin to think about how the exhibits EXHIBITING will look. The Museum is working with exhibit designers Van Sickle & Rolleri, Ltd. (VSR) to develop conceptual exhibit COMPUTING HISTORY floorplans and elevations. From our curatorial outlines, VSR begins creating “elevations,” or wall views, of each BY KIRSTEN TASHEV exhibit area. (See elevations on page.) They also create conceptual floor INTRODUCTION however, with the abacus! Our challenge plans to determine adjacencies of Currently the Museum is working on the is to harness this fascination for the exhibit areas and potential traffic flow. Schematic Designs—the rough layout “next new thing” and to find ways to When we saw VSR’s visual inter- and look of the exhibitions—for our motivate our visitors to appreciate the pretation of our curatorial outlines for permanent home. This process is now achievements of the past as the the first time, we were surprised by the underway for our Timeline exhibit, which gadgets of their day. sheer scale required to accommodate will cover approximately 15,000 square text, photos, and audio-visuals in feet (s.f.) and focus on the milestones MUSEUM STEPS creating an exhibition rich in content. It of computing history. We are finding We are developing the curatorial outline looked nothing like our current Visible that while it is easy to select artifacts for the Museum’s future Timeline Storage Exhibit Area, with one machine for the Timeline, it is very hard to exhibit. The Timeline will be divided lined up next to another. The determine what to leave out, a problem into four eras, starting with pre- transformative power of context on an commonly faced by museums. We computing and ending with the Internet. artifact is truly amazing. struggle to tell the story of computer For each era, we have developed key history even in 15,000 s.f. Fortunately, that we want to convey and Our next steps are to develop we are also exploring ways to corresponding lists of potential Schematic Designs for the rest of our The Museum is working with exhibit designers to determine how our exhibits will complement the exhibits with online artifacts, images, diagrams, audio- exhibits, including the Theme Rooms. look and how best to use photographs and other supporting materials to exhibitions so that the World Wide Web visuals, and computer “interactives” Then we will begin the Design communicate key messages. Shown here are several “elevations” from our future becomes one of our “natural resources” that can help to communicate the key Development phase, in which each Timeline exhibit. as we build our permanent home. messages. One of the challenges that discrete exhibit component is selected we found in developing the Timeline is and when draft text, photo research, Another challenge we face is that the an inherent tension between showing and audio-visual design begin. In this story we are trying to tell is unique. advances chronologically versus phase, we will more fully flesh out how There are relatively few computer grouping them according to genre or we will capture different points of view history museums—let alone computer type. For example, a chronological and incorporate multiple layers of exhibits—in the world. On the one hand, layout allows visitors to see content for our diverse audiences. individual connections with the past. Hobsbawm wrote, “Historians are the The days of the “cabinets of curiosities” this gives us a lot of freedom; on the developments occurring around the The Computer History Museum, which professional remembrancers of what or the phylogenetic displays of the other hand, we have few opportunities same time in various fields of We still have a lot of work to do to open centers around a relatively their fellow citizens wish to forget.” traditional natural history museums are to learn from the successes and computing and their impact on each the new Museum, and many issues to contemporary topic, is faced with the a thing of the past. In the 1960s and failures of others. We also face the other, while a thematic-based layout resolve. Some of the challenges that we challenge of balancing memory and Our curatorial team is conducting 1970s, museums underwent a expectations of our future visitors who allows the visitor to see developments face in developing the exhibits range history. While exhibits indeed serve a research by speaking to both the renaissance, primarily influenced by have their own views on what a in a specific area, such as from the practical—such as whether the function of commemoration, the pioneers of computing history and to developments in the fields of computer history museum should be. As memory or software, in a linear Cray-1 is too heavy for a second floor— Museum must be careful to consider the many professionals who contributed communication, education, sociology, Ed Rodley (see page 6) discovered in and comparative way. to the conceptual, including who our the bias of its sources and obtain to the development of the industry. and psychology that had fundamentally his audience research for the MOS audience is and finding the right information from a variety of places. First-hand knowledge is balanced with re-shaped our understanding of how exhibit, ironically, many visitors expect a In developing the exhibit in our balance between technical content, Exhibits must balance the need for information from primary source people learn. These findings forced computer history exhibit to be about prescribed 15,000 s.f., we constantly people stories, and societal impacts. critical distance and objectivity with the materials, the input of our historian museums to rethink how they exhibited new stuff. The word “computer,” being have to ask ourselves whether an I would like to share with you some of evocative power of personal stories. advisors, and the views of subject- items. Concurrently, museums faced synonymous in our modern culture with artifact or story is a “headline” and our thoughts about these issues. For example, telling the story of the first matter experts. We are exploring ways reduced government funding and “cutting-edge,” seems to neutralize the thus deserving of a place on the inevitably brings to create exhibits that will capture therefore had to attract more visitors other word in the sentence, namely Timeline. In other words, is an MEMORY VS. HISTORY together people who reminisce about multiple points of view and we also want and increase gate receipts in order to “history.” Even in working with museum achievement revolutionary or Museums that seek to display the (1975), while the visitors to share their stories on the supplement their income. This new designers and other outside evolutionary? Fortunately, the new contemporary history have a unique historical record shows that several exhibit floor through both low- and high- focus on attendance pushed museums consultants, we’ve found that people Museum will have five Theme Rooms challenge: they are about both history others preceded it, such as the tech tools. to be more visitor-focused and to imagine a “tech” museum featuring (1,000 to 1,500 s.f. each), which will and living memory. History is a Kenbak-1 (1971), the Micral (1973), provide more intellectually-accessible exhibits full of the latest gadgets. In allow us to explore specific topics in discipline in which we try to take a and even the lesser known 008A CONTENT VS. ENTERTAINMENT exhibits. In order to attract visitors, many ways, our Museum is “the history more detail and show developments in distant and critical view of the past, Kit by RGS Electronics Museums have undergone a major exhibits had to be not only academically of the latest gadget,” beginning, sub-fields of computing side by side. while memory is personal and involves (1974). As English historian Eric transformation over the last 50 years. correct but also interesting and even

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visitors be able to play with them?” Of SUMMARY OF EXHIBIT TECHNIQUES course, for reasons of preservation, it is not possible to allow visitors to “play” 1. Artifact displays with some with the machines, and it is very “touchability” through a “study expensive to keep them operational. collection” (artifacts with multiple However, we are thinking about software copies in the collection) and hands- simulation, hands-on models of on explanatory models machines, and, not to fear, select 2. Docent-led tours that are enhanced machines restored and operational for by live demonstrations of running visitors to enjoy with the help of a machines or hands-on viewing of the trained docent. For example, the “study collection” materials recently-restored IBM 1620 might be fired up once a week. Exhibit cabinetry 3. Graphic and text enrichment of might have special discovery drawers displays using diagrams, specs, that hold demonstration pieces for To understand how much space will be required for an exhibition and determine the best adjacencies of Konrad Zuse in his workshop (1986). photos, vintage advertisements, exhibit areas, exhibit designers create space study models such as the one shown here. docents to use to explain a concept or excerpts from technical documents, to simply allow visitors to feel how light and visual/numerical metrics for entertaining. A new type of museum Zuse, you can focus on the fact that in provide visitors with the unique findings, educators had focused on a silicon wafer is. comparisons emerged, namely the science center, 1941 he began building a machine opportunity to view this rich archival developmental learning stages, where 4. Recreated environments that achieve which took a hands-on approach to called the Z3 in 1941, widely footage in the context of the artifacts children share similar abilities according CYBER VS. ACTUAL REALITY learning. Many world-class science considered the first fully functional, and other supporting documentation. Of to their age group. What Gardner found “Cannot find REALITY.SYS...Universe a sense of “being there,” e.g. an centers were developed, including the program-controlled electromechanical course, this is not to say that we won’t was that while children did go through Halted.” –Anonymous 1890s punch-card office or a 1950s groundbreaking Exploratorium in San digital computer in the world. You can have the specifications of every developmental stages, they also had mainframe installation Francisco, California. also mention the fact that it was machine. We know that our “other” different learning styles. These In developing the Museum’s physical 5. Audio-video stations or mini-theaters controlled by punched paper tape and audience—the most astute, detail- individual learning styles continue into exhibits, we are exploring how they will that highlight people stories or As government funding decreased again that it could calculate with floating point oriented, skilled, and knowledgeable adulthood, making his discoveries interact and complement the promotional films from the period in the 1980s, the need to maximize numbers years before any other “geeks”—will be very disappointed if we applicable to exhibit planning. Gardner CyberMuseum. Many museums have gate receipts increased and the era of machine. On the other hand, there is a don’t tell them what the Z4 could do. outlined several fundamentally different Web sites, some have cyber exhibits, 6. Computer interactives that explain the blockbuster exhibit emerged, with a great personal story to be told. Konrad We are exploring ways to communicate learning styles, including: and even fewer have cyber archives that concepts, simulate software, or offer clear emphasis on entertainment over Zuse, born in Berlin in 1910, was a multiple perspectives, including allow direct access to collection access to the Museum’s rich cyber content—or “edutainment,” as it was young man uncertain about whether to technical data. We have talked about 1) Narrational: people who learn best by information over the Web. We are archive called. More recently, however, the be an engineer or an artist. Choosing everything from flip panels that reveal a hearing a story or a narrative when striving to develop our physical and 7. Hand-held devices that allow visitors pendulum has swung somewhat in a engineering, he soon grew tired of the machine’s specs to handheld devices presented with a concept; CyberMuseum concurrently so that each to drill down into information with reaction to “dumbed-down” exhibits. tedious manual calculations required to that allow the visitor to get the hardware 2) Logical-Quantitative: people who can inform the other. We see the increasing granularity Museums now realize that they can not do his work at Henschel Aviation perspective, the software view, and so approach a concept by using numerical CyberMuseum as the digital hub of the hope to compete with theme parks and Company. Zuse quit his job and began on. We also recognize that it will be or deductive reasoning processes; Museum’s exhibit halls, where many of that they shouldn’t try. Instead, their experimenting with some early impossible to appreciate the importance 3) Foundational: people who examine a the learning experiences will take place SUMMARY OF ORGANIZATIONAL unique products are content and access prototypes in his parents’ living room. of an artifact or story without some concept from a philosophical point of either on the exhibit floor at the EXHIBIT LAYOUT to the real thing. Furthermore, as His work was cut short during the war understanding of the technological view; Museum or in the homes of our virtual museums build endowments and use since Berlin was under constant Allied breakthroughs it represents, and for 4) Esthetic: people who respond to visitors. The CyberMuseum will also 1. Timeline Exhibit: major headlines in special events to help cover operating bombardment. Zuse and his pregnant that reason we will provide clear sensory stimuli, and learn through allow us to exhibit much more content computing history, multi-layered with costs, they are able to enjoy more wife, Gisela, fled the city and his Z4 explanations on the fundamentals of images, sounds, etc.; and than we could display in the context of a a rich variety of both people stories freedom and can develop unique, was transported to the countryside how something works for our non- 5) Experiential: people who learn best physical exhibition. We are also thinking and technological achievements content-rich programs. under cover of night. Desperate to technical visitors where necessary. with a hands-on approach, dealing about creating study areas within the resume work on the Z4, he survived the directly with the materials that convey galleries so that visitors can delve more 2. Theme areas: chronological focus on The Computer History Museum will difficult years after the war by making HANDS-ON VS. MINDS-ON the concept. deeply or, more likely, settle a dispute! developments within key areas of most certainly focus on content, and woodcuts and selling them. Eventually, “I hear and I forget. I see and I computing history: networking, I/O, our goal is to make our exhibits Zuse went on to found the first remember. I do and I understand.” Fortunately, museums are ideal settings Ask your friends what they expect to software, storage, and processors intellectually accessible to both people computer company in Germany, Zuse – Confucius for people to acquire new information see in a computer history museum; you 3. Topical exhibits: changing exhibits on who have significant knowledge of KG, and built 250 computers. He using various learning styles. Exhibits might be surprised by what they say. special topics such as privacy and computers as well as those who do not. continued to paint throughout his life. While most people associate hands-on can be rich with text, data, sensory And next time you are in the Visible computers, AI, robotics, computer The primary target audience of the exhibits with science centers and stimuli, and hands-on experiences. Storage Exhibit Area, picture the advertising, computers and Museum is adults and the content will Given that we are working with children’s museums, interactivity also Although our audience is primarily adults artifacts in content-rich exhibitions medicine, games, etc. be geared for high school age and contemporary history, we are fortunate has its place in the history museum. who tend to be “minds-on,” many of and, if you can, try to see if you can above. In order to address this diverse to have a rich collection of film footage The process of developing exhibitions them will be attracted to experiential decide what artifact to leave out. It’s 4. Visible storage: access to sections audience, we are working on exhibits of pioneers telling their stories as well has been influenced greatly by the work hands-on activities as well. I can’t count not easy! of the Museum’s rich collection of that tell stories about technological as the opportunity to collect oral of Dr. Howard Gardner at the Harvard how many times I have been asked by artifacts in a densely-displayed area achievement as well as people. For histories from the innovators of the School of Education over the past 30 members and visitors, “will the Kirsten Tashev is Building and Exhibits Project with minimal interpretation (including Manager at the Computer History Museum example, in telling the story of Konrad recent past and today. Exhibits can years. Prior to Gardner’s groundbreaking machines be operational and will artifact labels, hand-held audio guides, or docent led tours)

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BY ED RODLEY MUSEUM OF SCIENCE, BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS

Editor’s Note: As the Computer History INTRODUCTION Rather than create a typical museum Museum plans and designs its future The opening of “The Computing display of objects with small descriptive exhibits, we will share many “inside Revolution,” a new exhibit at MOS on labels of 50 words each, we selected a looks” into our progress, including the computing history, highlights the 1999 dozen “highlight” objects to stand in for update on page two by Building and merger of The Computer Museum in entire generations of computers. These Exhibits Program Manager Kirsten Boston and the Museum of Science. items provide focus for conveying layers Tashev. Meanwhile, we have many This exhibition, developed in of historical, social, and technological important collaborations with peer consultation with the Computer History information. The circumstances that institutions that both educate and Museum, will be the first of many gave birth to the machines will be highlight the artifacts and stories of anticipated collaborations. explored and the items compared to a the information age. See page 25 for a personal computer of about the year list of current exhibits that feature What does a computing history exhibit 2000, in terms of power consumption, Museum artifacts. at a science museum look like? physical size, memory, processing “The Computing Revolution” is not the speed, etc. Since the machines are non- One important collaboration is with the typical kind of exhibition done at MOS. functional, we will bring them to life Museum of Science (MOS) in Boston, For the past decade, the museum has using media-rich experiences. Visitors Massachusetts. Over the past year, focused on developing interactive will be able to explore how they worked; Whirlwind control room, 1954, from the film Making Electrons Count. Courtesy of MIT Museum. Museum staff have worked closely with exhibitions that help visitors develop listen to inventors and users; and take Ed Rodley, an exhibit planner at MOS, in science thinking skills. Creating a small, in the sights and sounds of the era, creating an exhibit called “The artifact-based historical exhibition has from newsreels to TV ads. This survey that probed their level of aspects of computing—like how a hard so it was good to get confirmation that Computing Revolution,” which opened been a real change of pace and quite a inevitably excludes a tremendous knowledge and interest in computers. drive works, what’s inside a mouse, the ideas were appealing. The least this fall. We have provided artifacts, challenge. amount of information, but it allows us It became clear that the artifact exhibit and what “hacking” means—and would popular ideas were mechanical video footage, and research to support to do justice to a few objects, and to I had envisioned would need some be placed throughout the gallery, so calculators and the binary number the design process (see sidebar on When The Computer Museum in Boston tell some good stories. rethinking. When we asked visitors, that each section would appeal to system. Both of these were important page ten). This collaboration highlights originally opened its “People and “What would you expect to see in an many people. to us, so we knew we had our work cut the shared history between the Museum Computers” exhibit, it used almost EVALUATION (OR PLANNING FOR exhibit called ‘The Computing out for us. and MOS and is a mutual opportunity to 6,000 square feet (s.f.) to tell the story SURPRISES) Revolution?’” over half indicated We brainstormed a number of possible exhibit important computing history of computing history. Our gallery for this The longest part of the exhibit historical objects. In second place, interactive ideas and went back out Most troubling was finding that the least information. Read the details on the exhibit is a bit over 1,200 s.f., so development process here at MOS is however, came “new stuff.” When we onto the exhibit halls to talk to visitors popular ideas were all slated for the Museum’s history in CORE 1.2 at clearly it would be impossible to do an the formative evaluation phase. Since asked the similar question, “What would with our top dozen ideas. We asked very beginning of the exhibit. So, we www.computerhistory.org/core. encyclopedic exhibition. We chose exhibitions, especially interactive ones, you like to see in such an exhibit?” the them to rate their interest in each idea dropped a couple of these ideas and instead to display even fewer objects are so expensive to design, we spend results were enlightening. Almost half on a simple four-point scale and to tell altered the layout to make the initial In his article, Rodley describes the than possible but to interpret those as much time as possible testing the visitors said they’d like to see “new us their age and gender. We collected experience more dynamic and hopefully “behind the scenes” process of exhibit objects in greater depth. concepts in prototype, creating a rough stuff” and another quarter wanted to 101 surveys and sat down to the tempt visitors into the gallery. We creation, particularly where computing approximation that does what we want know how computers worked. History, much longer process of interpreting moved the 21st Century into the entry history is being presented at a hands-on Our exhibit follows a chronological order, it to do. Once we’ve determined that even though the visitors knew it was a the results. opposite Prehistory and moved The science museum. Two machines will be starting with the development of the basic concept works, we’ll build a history exhibit, came in a distant third. Whirlwind so it could be seen as soon discussed in detail: the MIT Whirlwind, mechanical calculators and following slightly more polished version and test There were some interesting differences as one walked through the door. which belongs and will return to the computing up to the present. The exhibit that. This process continues until we Based on this feedback, we tried to between groups. Women tended to like Museum’s collection, and a model of will have six theme areas, correspond- are confident that the exhibit will be identify ways to make the exhibit more components that explained how WHIRLWIND Schickard’s Rechenmaschine, created ing not to decades, but to eras, based successful. appealing to the museum’s traditional computers worked. Hacking seemed to A good example of our approach to by master fabricators at MOS. on society’s perceptions of computers. visitors who are accustomed to interest adults in the 19–34 age range. artifact interpretation is the Whirlwind The eras are: Computer Pre-History, For this project, I wanted to know what interactive exhibits. I decided to add a Overall, the most popular exhibit ideas computer. It is difficult to imagine a World War II, Big Machines, Personal attitudes visitors would have about a number of exhibits that had nothing to were on WWII code machines, when more exciting piece of computing Computers, The Internet, and the 21st computer history exhibit at the do with the chronology of computing. computers go wrong, and hacking. We history. The first electronic digital Century. museum. We administered a very brief These would address some basic liked all these components ourselves,

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SCHICKARD’S RECHENMASCHINE OF 1623 To provide a sense of the deep history of computing and to counter the notion MITRE Corporation Archives. that the only kind of computer is what

Courtesy of the Museum Science. Courtesy of the Museum Science. we see on our desks, we have built a reconstruction of the world’s first mechanical calculator, invented in 1623 by a German scientist named Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635). His Rechenmaschine (calculating or “reckoning” machine) combined a version of Napier’s bones with two Whirlwind alumnus and ACM Turing Award winner discrete gear mechanisms that allowed Fernando Corbató went on to pioneer timesharing the user to perform basic arithmetic at MIT with CTSS and later Multics. operations on numbers up to six digits long. Only two examples of Schickard’s Whirlwind was the first real-time, parallel-processing computer with core memory. At left are the marginal Magnetic core memory, first exhibit prototype at the Museum of Science. checking and toggle-switch test control panels. From left to right: Stephen H. Dodd, Jay W. Forrester, Robert machine were ever built during his computer built at MIT, Whirlwind was a R. Everett, and Ramona Ferenz, 1951. lifetime, and after his death all pioneer first-generation computer. It was knowledge of it was seemingly lost. also the prototype for the ’ Records of the machine resurfaced in first air defense system, known as the 1930s among the papers of the SAGE. The Whirlwind team, led by Jay astronomer Johannes Kepler, a friend of Forrester and Bob Everett, invented Schickard’s. These notes were again magnetic core memory to replace the lost during World War II, only to notoriously unreliable electrostatic MITRE Corporation Archives. reappear again in the 1950s.

memory systems then in use. By doing Courtesy of the Museum Science. so, they created the dominant form of They came to the attention of Baron for the next 25 years. Bruno von Freytag Löringhoff, an Throughout the 1950s, Whirlwind was historian from Schickard’s hometown of the machine on which a generation of Tübingen, Germany. Using Schickard’s MIT scientists and engineers learned notes and sketches, the Baron spent computing and developed a style of years piecing together how the machine human-computer interaction very worked and eventually built a working different from that being promoted by model. From the 1970s on, he commercial computer manufacturers commissioned numerous copies that such as IBM, Remington Rand, and can now be found throughout Germany. others. Computer hacking (in the non- I had been looking for a mechanical pejorative sense still used at MIT) calculator to include in the exhibition, so started with Whirlwind. pursuing the Rechenmaschine seemed like an easy decision. There must be Whirlwind originally occupied an entire First prototype Schickard Rechenmaschine in the workshop at the Museum of Science. plans with modern measurements, The internal workings of Whirlwind. Here, the machine’s size dwarfs three technicians (John A. floor of the Barta Building (N42) at MIT. O’Brien, Charles L. Corderman, and Norman H. Daggert) working on the Electrostatic Storage albeit in German, and it should just be The Computer History Museum owns Rack. At left, Jay Forrester and Norman H. Taylor inspect the Arithmetic Element Rack, 1952. technology in which it was possible to the compass needle would gyrate wildly a matter of getting a copy of the plans the bulk of the surviving pieces of detect what was going on without the for several seconds before settling and building our own. Or so it seemed. Whirlwind. For this exhibit, MOS is to a lay audience. The most We also decided to add a simple aid of complicated sensors. Our test down. The cores would stay magnetized displaying six racks from the Whirlwind straightforward way to do that was to interactive display of the basic concept array of eight cores has compasses for some time, so if the visitor didn’t After a year of e-mails and phone calls, control room, along with one of its core have Whirlwind users tell their stories. behind magnetic core memory. Early on, sitting next to each core. When a core clear the array before writing a number I had learned a great deal about memory stacks and a “Flexowriter,” a We interviewed a number of Whirlwind we discussed the merit of spending is magnetized, you can see the to it, he or she might get an unexpected Schickard and the circle of scholars typewriter-like device used to alumni, many of whom are still active in time (and money) developing interactive compass needle move and read the answer. This “non-volatility” was the studying him, but had nothing concrete communicate with the great machine. computing. Their first-hand accounts of material on an obsolete technology. In array to determine the value (a “0” or major selling feature of core memory, on the Rechenmaschine. The Baron had Thus, we have a non-functional fragment using Whirlwind provided not only the end, though, we agreed to make a a “1”) of each core. but it proved to be a problem for us. died some years ago and there were no of a machine that doesn’t even technical insights, but also personal simple core memory array that visitors Some of the Whirlwind programmers we plans among his papers. I finally located resemble a computer to a large views of the project and its people. We could operate. The reasons were two- The prototype had several shortcomings interviewed mentioned having had the the company that had built the Baron’s percentage of our visitors. Our challenge will supply the larger context through fold: first, I felt it would be very difficult that became apparent during testing. same problem when core memory was reconstructions in the 1970s, only to from the outset was, therefore, how to the use of contemporary film and to interpret the artifact unless visitors Hard ferrite cores aren’t easy to come first installed in Whirlwind. The final find that they had destroyed all their convey that importance and excitement television footage. could see what it did; and second, core by anymore, so we made do with dirty version of the exhibit will have a better plans after his death. But then another memory was also the last storage steel, which required quite a bit of ferrite material for the cores and hope appeared. A high school in current. When a core was magnetized, compasses that are a bit more stable. Bautzen, Germany had built a

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM CORE 3.3 PAGE 10 PAGE 11 HISTORY MATTERS Rechenmaschine, based on one of the visitors to successfully use the AN EXHIBIT READY FOR VISITORS BY MICHAEL R WILLIAMS Baron’s copies. After several e-mails machine. However, after only three days Over the summer, we entered the main and more weeks, a reply. They had built of user testing, it became clear that the production phase of the exhibition. By a machine and had plans they would let machine was very popular. This may the opening in September, we had A PERSONAL PERSPECTIVE us use. They would even machine the have something to do with its prepared the gallery, finalized designs if we wanted! appearance. It is the only wooden object for components, evaluated our in a room full of metal and plastic. Or it remaining prototypes, and installed the ON KONRAD ZUSE More months passed until we received may have been labeling the item as “a artifacts. If you happen to be in Boston blueprints for the cabinet of the calculator from 1623.” What was clear this fall, I encourage you to see how it machine. We looked for the plans for was that adults and children would all turned out. I am privileged to have met many of the machines, probably only a handful of the gear mechanisms, but to no avail. spend several minutes calculating with great pioneers in computing. Some of people in the world at the time could More months, and more e-mails passed the machine. Completing the machine them were aloof, some unpleasant, have. He was released to go back to as we tried to ascertain whether plans took on a new urgency. Ed Rodley is an Exhibit Planner at the Museum of Science, Boston. In his 15 years there, he has some remarkably friendly, but all were his family. for the gears existed. In the meantime, developed exhibitions on topics ranging from the interesting. Of course, many of the we built a cabinet and rotating drum Finally, out of the blue, an extremely Soviet space program to Leonardo da Vinci. His earliest pioneers (Schickard, Pascal, The next time you tune into a assembly so that we could at least test heavy package arrived from Germany. current research interests involve using handheld Leibniz, etc.) didn’t live during my documentary about the end of the war, that much of the machine with the It was full of gears… and nothing else— computers in a museum setting. lifespan, and I couldn’t meet others watch von Braun’s surrender closely. public. no plans, no assembly instructions. One such as Russian pioneer Sergey Emerging from a DC3, he appears to be of our technical designers sat down with Lebedev due to political considerations. Konrad Zuse’s workshop was filled with paintings raising his arm in a Nazi-style salute. In Once you learn how to use the machine, the pile and some photographs of the It is possible to research these people’s made by the pioneer himself. actuality, he was wearing a body cast you can do multiplications on it faster mechanism and managed to put all the lives, but still, nothing matches the from neck to waist, his arm in a raised than you can on paper, but we weren’t pieces together. chance to meet someone in person. drew large crowds. One in particular position. In the effort to squirrel away at all confident that we could get aimed directly at political figures of the the Z4, the massive machine had tipped Artifacts tell the story of the day; Hitler’s police raided the theater over on von Braun, badly injuring him. development of computing, but it is the and shut them down, while more severe people behind these devices that I find sanctions were taken against several Post-war Germany was not an easy most fascinating, and among them, I Jewish performers. This impacted Zuse place to start a computer firm. Initially, have a great fondness for Konrad Zuse. deeply and although, like many in genuine hardship, Zuse found himself I first met Konrad in the late 1970s and Germans, he worked in the war effort looking through farmers’ fields for the was immediately struck by his friendly, and was intensely proud of his German occasional forgotten turnip in order to ITEMS ON LOAN TO MOS BY FOR open ways. We had supper together one roots, he remained distrustful of feed his family. Even when basic food night and I spent additional time with political parties and their leaders for the and shelter became more available, it “THE COMPUTING REVOLUTION” EXHIBIT him over a one-week period. rest of his life. I well remember that was still surprising to find someone when asked publicly how his machines refurbishing a computer—the Z4—and Anderson-Jacobson acoustically-coupled modem Hollerith punch card UNIVAC Unityper He is best known for his early creation had contributed to the Holocaust, he gathering engineers together to create Apollo Guidance Computer logic module IBM “THINK” sign US Army firing gun, 155-MM, M1 and of automatic mechanical and relay- was particularly incensed. He quietly computing machines. M1A1 firing shell, H.E., M101 based calculating machines: the Z1 explained that such an inquiry only Apollo memory stack module IBM Model 016 keypunch through the Z4 and several special- showed a lack of knowledge about his Konrad Zuse was a visionary who USAF SAGE background material, photos, Apple II, Drive II IBM PC CPU, keyboard, and monitor press kit, and red book purpose machines that were used on life and views; and, he remained visibly always managed to find a way through Apple CPU, keyboard, and mouse Internet Worm Source Code the assembly line of the Henschel upset for the rest of the day. difficult situations and rightly deserves USAF SAGE exhibit background references Aircraft factory where he worked. He a place in our memories as both a Assorted punch cards (077 plugboard, 96 col S/3) Marchant adding machine USAF SAGE lightgun was also instrumental in devising the In the last days of the war, with Russian fascinating person and a pioneer of Bell Telephone Labs transistor MITS Altair 8800 Visicalc for Apple V1.0 (1979) first high-level language, the Plankalkül, troops on the outskirts of Berlin, Zuse computing history. Control Data Corporation memory disk MITS Altair BASIC source tape for describing the actions of a computer and Werner von Braun, the famous Whirlwind core memory stack A 69 program. These technical achievements rocket scientist, spirited the unfinished Michael R Williams is Head Curator at the Data General core planes (2) MS-6502 BASIC, data cassettes (22) Whirlwind filament transformer panel are noteworthy, but he also had other Z4 into a farmhouse basement for Computer History Museum. Digital Equipment Corporation core plane PCB Paper tapes including table accomplishments that shaped his life. safekeeping. Later, proud of their Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8e from the Remington-Rand 1958 UNIVAC brochure Whirlwind indicator panel (s/n 18) accomplishments and hoping to Massachusetts General brain surgery station SpaceWar! source tape Whirlwind indicator panel (s/n 78) Zuse was a painter of note. He gave up continue their work, the men willingly Overleaf: A typical IBM System 360 installation. Early IBM brochure early ambitions of becoming an architect surrendered to American troops and SWAC Williams tube Whirlwind operations matrix driver mating panel #1 to pursue aircraft engineering. His explained what they had been doing Introduced in April of 1964, the System 360 was a First black-and-white TV used with an Apple on family of software-compatible mainframe computers UNIVAC I supervisory control console Whirlwind operations matrix driver mating panel #3 the East Coast interest in cityscapes is clearly evident during the war. Of course, the rocket spanning a 40:1 performance range. The Model UNIVAC instructional manual Xerox PARC Ethernet transceiver in his paintings, many of which have expert was immediately shown off to 40, one of the smaller models, is shown here. With Friden Flexowriter abstract futuristic city themes (see the press, while Zuse was almost IBM’s legendary sales and customer support, as UNIVAC products St. Paul (1959) well as a complete line of new peripherals, the Hollerith Census Machine model photo on this page and on page five). completely ignored. A man from announcement allowed IBM to consolidate its UNIVAC system routines (1958) Hollerith Electric Tabulation System Pantograph Hollerith, the British tabulating machine divergent product lines into one unified (reproduction) UNIVAC Uniservo While at the university, he and a group company, interrogated him. Although the architecture. The result was near total dominance of friends put on a weekly cabaret. Like representative didn’t seem to either of the computing market by IBM for the next decade, with half a dozen other companies fighting many such performances in pre-war appreciate or understand the concepts over only 20% of the market. (WWII) Berlin, they were satirical and behind Zuse’s automatic computing

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM CORE 3.3

PAGE 14 PAGE 15

UNIVAC THE FIRST AMERICAN COMMERCIAL COMPUTER

BY CHRIS CARCIA

Operator (front) at the UNIVAC console while colleague mounts a new data tape on a UNISERVO tape drive. While an operator looks on, Presper Eckert (standing, left) and a young Walter Cronkite (right) examine UNIVAC’s 1952 election prediction results.

When you think of 1950s computers, completed by 1946, and design of the “Universal Automatic Computer”) in mercury delay lines and a magnetic time these contracts were signed, use punched card equipment with the does the “UNIVAC” come to mind? follow-on “EDVAC” machine had begun 1947, the research project led to a tape unit for I/O. In August of 1949, EMCC was running out of money, putting UNIVAC led many companies to go to Besides being the first commercial by the time the pair left the school over design contract for $169,000 in June EMCC delivered the BINAC to Northrop the future of the company in jeopardy. IBM for computers that could be used computer in the United States, the patent issues in March of that year. 1948. These amounts did not cover after several months of operation in Fortunately, a new investor, the with the IBM accounting machines they UNIVAC became synonymous with Eckert and Mauchly stayed in actual costs, but Eckert and Mauchly Philadelphia. The BINAC cost almost American Totalisator Company (ATC), already owned. Eckert and Mauchly “computer,” due in part to the power of Philadelphia and founded a partnership, hoped to recover the difference in three times as much to build as Eckert the makers of Tote® boards for posting recognized this weakness and offered a a single event: the CBS television the Electronic Control Company (ECC), sales. They applied for additional and Mauchly had estimated and was of racetrack odds, saw promise in the 100-card-per-minute card-to-tape option. coverage of the 1952 election. Now, to produce computers for both scientific government grants and pursued private marginal reliability, leading some key UNIVAC for racetrack use, and gave Originally designed for 80-column IBM during the 2002 election season, it and business use. The company investors but met with little success. In members of EMCC staff to leave for EMCC $500,000 to keep the company cards, the system was redesigned after seems appropriate to remember that received a National Bureau of Standards the climate of the Cold War in the firmer ground with companies such as afloat. Even with the infusion of cash, the buyout to use Remington Rand’s 90- event 50 years ago. grant of $75,000 to study mercury United States, “security issues” were Burroughs and GE that were just EMCC could not cover the development column cards, a system that employed delay line memory systems and tape raised about Mauchly and several other entering the business. costs of the UNIVAC, and so, on round holes instead of rectangular ones FOUNDATIONS IN THE CITY OF I/O (“input/output”) devices. ECC hired employees and the company lost sales February 1, 1950, Remington Rand as IBM’s did. BROTHERLY LOVE employees and took out space on to the Navy as well as a nuclear project BECOMING UNIVAC Corporation purchased the company, The UNIVAC was the second Walnut Street in Philadelphia. The two at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. After the completion of the BINAC, paying stockholders $100,000 plus THE ELECTION OF 1952 commercially sold electronic computer soon came to realize that the study EMCC contracted with the U.S. 49% of profits over the first eight years. In August of 1952, CBS’ director of in the world, beaten by one month by could be turned into a complete THE BINAC government to build three computers, News and Public Affairs, Sig Mickleson, the Ferranti’s Mark I in Manchester, computer system and changed the In the interim, Eckert and Mauchly one for the Census Bureau, and one The UNIVAC had one thousand words of met with a Remington Rand public England. A 30,000-pound, room-sized name of the company to Eckert-Mauchly agreed to build a machine for Northrop each for the Air Force and the Army Map mercury delay line memory and a basic relations representative who indicated computer with 5,400 vacuum tubes that Computer Corporation (EMCC). The Aircraft called the BINAC (“BINary Service, with contracts of $150,000 for clock rate of 2.25 MHz. The machine that they could provide a machine that consumed 125,000 watts of power, the EDVAC was never formally completed Automatic Computer”). EMCC accepted the first machine and $250,000 for the came with eight “UNISERVO” tape would help predict the election returns UNIVAC had origins in the “ENIAC,” built but formed a test bed for the pair’s next the contract in October of 1947, with other two. EMCC had also signed deals drives, using 1,500-foot reels of metal of that year. While Mickleson knew by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly for machine, the “UNIVAC.” the ambitious—some would say with the Prudential Insurance Company tape. No punched card equipment was enough about computers to see the the U.S. Army at the University of unattainable—goal of completing the and A.C. Nielsen—contracts that made available at first, so the UNITYPER was fault in this proposition, he thought that Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Originally referred to as an “EDVAC-type machine by the next May. The BINAC IBM stand up and take notice that a developed to enter information directly the machine could speed up the . The ENIAC was machine,” and renamed UNIVAC (for was a dual-CPU system, which used new business might be forming. By the from keyboard to tape. The inability to processing and analysis of the returns,

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM CORE 3.3 PAGE 16 PAGE 17 giving CBS an edge over the other networks. Mickelson arranged for several CBS staff members, including \ anchor Walter Cronkite and reporter Charles Collingwood, to visit the UNIVAC that would be used in Philadelphia. Collingwood arrived late for the meeting, which allowed a mischievous coder to program a Teletype to print, “Collingwood, you’re late. Where have you been?” This simple event completely astonished Collingwood, making him the perfect person to sell the UNIVAC to television viewers.

With only three months until the debut, the UNIVAC team went about designing a way to interpret the results. Max Woodbury, a mathematician at the University of Pennsylvania, wrote a (above and right) With its “UNISERVO” tape drives, the UNIVAC was probably the first commercial machine program that would make a prediction to use magnetic tape as a storage medium. Customers initially resisted this technology since they could based on returns from precincts CBS no longer “see” their data as they could with punch cards. IBM salesmen played up this fear, “hinting” that the UNIVAC, if it went out of control, could project shards of metal tape, potentially injuring or even had decided were most significant. He killing customers. devised an “if X, then Y” program that would bring the results into focus. It turned out to be a bigger task than with them and to have the numbers the total vote. Many have said that the John Mauchly (left) and Presper Eckert with a piece of the ENIAC machine at a 1966 conference in San Francisco. expected, and the team had to be rerun. Woodbury ran another set of availability of such early computer expanded to six people in order to information, with the UNIVAC coming up predictions, often before the polls are complete it in time for election night. with odds of 8–7 in favor of Eisenhower, closed on the West Coast, have which Collingwood announced about changed the course of elections, giving The program completed, the election 9 p.m. While reviewing the results, early front-runners a large advantage UNIVAC I SPECIFICATIONS Size: 1,000 square feet McCartney, S., ENIAC: The Triumphs coverage was set, with Woodbury, Woodbury detected an error in the data: with the weight of these computer and Tragedies of the World’s First Mauchly, and stationed at the he had added a zero to Stevenson’s predictions and discouraging voters in Architecture: serial, decimal, Purchase price: $950,000 [1953 Computer, New York: Walker and Philadelphia site with the UNIVAC serial totals from New York State. He reran western states from going to the polls. stored program dollars] for CPU + 10 UNIVSERVOs Company, (c) 1999. [Note: this is a number 5, and Collingwood and Cronkite the correct set of numbers, and popular account; ENIAC was not the at the CBS studio in New York. A Eisenhower’s odds were back up to Significant parts of the UNIVAC I form Word length: 11 digits + sign Rental cost: $16,200 per month for a “world’s first computer.” –Ed.] Teletype allowed communications 100–1. At that point, there was no part of the Computer History Museum’s 1 shift, 5 days per week between the various teams and a interpreting the results in any other way permanent collection and may be seen, Memory size: 1,000 words (Mercury Ralston, A., Reilly, E.D., Hemmendinger, console with blinking lights was set up and CBS became the first network to on temporary exhibit, at the Museum acoustic delay line) + 100,000-word Weight: 29,853 lbs D., Encyclopedia of Computer Science, in New York, with the teletype relaying call the election. As it turned out, the of Science in Boston, until 2005. magnetic tape (metal substrate) 4th Edition, London: Nature Publishing the output from the UNIVAC in UNIVAC’s calculations were remarkably A UNIVAC I mercury delay line is on First shipment: March 1951, Group, 2000. Philadelphia. The election night accurate, with predicted totals for display at the Museum’s Visible Speed: Mercury delay line: 400µs; U.S. Bureau of the Census coverage began at 8 p.m. EST and the Eisenhower being 32,915,000 votes, Storage Exhibit Area in Mountain 12, 800 characters per second Stern, N.B., From ENIAC to UNIVAC: An first round of results was run at about while the actual total was View, California. Number built: 46 Appraisal of the Eckert-Mauchly that time, before the polls had closed in 33,936,252—a difference of less Clock rate: 2.25 MHz Computers, Bedford (Mass.): Digital the western states. than 3%. Typical customers: U.S. Census, USAF, Equipment Corporation, 1981. Christopher Garcia is Historical Collections Arithmetic element: fixed-point (software GE, Metropolitan Life, U.S. Steel, AEC, Coordinator at the Computer History Museum. NOT THE ANSWER WE’RE LOOKING FOR ELECTIONS HAVE NEVER BEEN floating point) Westinghouse, Consolidated Edison, Weik, M.H., A Survey of Domestic The first run of all the returns from the THE SAME Dupont, Chesapeake, and Ohio Railway Electronic Digital Computing Systems, CBS “key precincts” returned an The effects of CBS’s use of the UNIVAC Instruction format: 2 instructions per Report # 971 (December 1955), unexpected result: odds of 100–1 in became clear during the next election word; 45 instructions Ballistic Research Laboratories, favor of an Eisenhower victory. Pre- when every major network began using FURTHER READING Aberdeen Proving Ground, election poll results had indicated a a computer to predict the results. As I/O: magnetic tape (“UNISERVO”), 80- U.S. Department of the Army, very close election with Adlai Stevenson computer speeds increased, so did the or 90-column punch cards, printer Bell, C. G., and Newell, A. Computer Maryland, U.S.A. as the front-runner. The word of the ability of news organizations to call (“UNIPRINTER”), paper tape Structures: Readings and Examples, prediction sent the crew into hurried elections quickly. As early as 1972, New York: McGraw-Hill (c) 1971. Wilkes, M., Automatic Digital debates over whether or not to elections were thought to be over as Technology: vacuum tube (5,800) + Computers, New York: John Wiley and announce the numbers. Mickleson soon as a computer gave an early diode (18,000) Lundstrom, D. E., A Few Good Men from Sons, 1956. eventually made the call not to go on air prediction based on as little as 3% of UNIVAC, Cambridge: MIT Press, Power consumption: 124.5 KVA + (c) 1987. 35-ton air conditioning unit

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM CORE 3.3 PAGE 18 PAGE 19 REPORT ON MUSEUM ACTIVITIES RECENT ADDITIONS BY KAREN MATHEWS TO THE COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM COLLECTION monochrome silver-halide technology to produce color images, culminating in the Assorted documentation, including several early Lotus, Lotus 1-2-3 documentation (1983), U.S. Census Bureau, UNIVAC I serial number plate introduction of Kodachrome in 1935. Texas Instruments calculator manuals X2456.2002, Gift of Laurel V Kaleda (S/N 1) replica (1963), X2459.2002, Gift of (1972–1980), X2466.2002, Gift of David G. Pitts F Grant Saviers The first electronic images were Marchant, ACRM adding machine (c. 1932), captured by vacuum tubes, and more Carterphone, Inc., original Carterfone (c. 1959), X2482.2002, Gift of Mike Smolin University of Texas at Austin, computer-generated X2468.2002, Gift of Scott Brear bronze casting of an earless monitor lizard, recently by solid-state sensors. Once Karen Mathews is Executive Maxis, SimCity V1.0 for Windows (1989), X2488.2002, Gift of Tim Rowe Vice President at the again, the underlying photosensitive COBOL document collection (1965–1986), X2486.2002, Gift of Lisa Pegg Computer History Museum process was basically monochrome, and X2461.2002, Gift of Jitze Couperus WaveMate, Jupiter Processor and associated Metaphor, 1200 ML5 workstation (1988), manuals (c. 1975), X2483.2002, Gift of the efforts to convert it to a color Collection of Don Hoeffler’s Micro Electronic News X2479.2002, Gift of Charles Irby Ira D Baxter A wise person once said, “If you want to technology showed striking parallels (1979-1984), X2464.2002, Gift of Thomas S Knight predict the future, go to history for with the earlier silver-halide approaches. Regis McKenna reminisced about technology NEC, SX-4 promotional video collection (c. 1996), 6 books (various dates), X2474.2002, Gift of advice.” In the world of information In 2002, Foveon introduced X3, the first marketing in the Silicon Valley over the past 30 Collection of historic computing printed circuit X2457.2002, Gift of Philip Tannenbaum Gary Bronstein years, and made a few recommendations to boards, documents, books, and magnetic technology, we seek to provide access electronic full-color technology, thereby current entrepreneurs. media (various dates), X2487.2002, Gift of NLS chord set keyboard (c. 1972), X2481.2002, 10 linear feet of early computing documents to the wisdom of history, every day. completing the evolution of color-image- Shushan Teager Gift of Douglas Gage and manuals, including an IBM 701 Manual of Here are some highlights of our sensing and, in fact, challenging the today’s entrepreneurs and business Operations (1951), X2454.2002, Gift of Collection of 19 antique vacuum tubes (c. 1940– Persci, dual-floppy 8” disk drive (c. 1977), Gloria M Bauer activities since the last CORE definition of “” to include red, green people to concentrate on building 1960), X2455.2002, Gift of Martin B Cowan X2483.2002, Gift of Ira D Baxter publication. and blue in one complete picture infrastructure and standards rather than element. brands. “Marketing is going to follow Collection of UNIVAC manuals and documentation Quantum Corporation, hard disk drives collection CARVER MEAD ON ELECTRONIC quality,” he said, “and if you are (c. 1955), X2480.2002, Gift of Robert Garner (1985–1995), X2460.2002, Gift of John Levy GIFTS OF THE MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HERITAGE, PALO ALTO PHOTOGRAPHY—HISTORY IN Attendee Baldwin Cheng, of McCann successful it almost doesn’t matter The Community Computerist’s Directory, two issues Russian “Felix” arithmometer (c. 1932), THE MAKING Erickson, said, “Carver Mead is a what you call the effort.” (1981), X2470.2002, Gift of Stephen Pizzo X2480.2002, Gift of Robert Garner Abacus (c. 1980), X2469.2002 On May 21, AMD graciously hosted 300 fascinating innovator and a true attendees for a reception and lecture by character. His talk was not only an CompuPro, microcomputer system and software Scientific Data Systems, Sigma-5 computer system Assorted flexible disk drives and media, collection (c. 1978), X2472.2002, Gift of NASA (1965), X2473.2002, Gift of Carnegie Mellon X2469.2002 Carver Mead, Foveon chairman and educational review of the history of Ames Research Center University’s NMR Center for Biomedical Studies Caltech Gordon and Betty Moore photographic technology but also an Assorted optical media and drives (1990–1999), professor emeritus. Mead pointed out exciting look at its future. Now my Digital Convergence Corporation, CueCat barcode SCOPUS, disk pack (c. 1975), X2461.2002, Gift of X2469.2002 scanner (c. 1998), X2460.2002, Gift of John Levy Jitze Couperus that the pioneers of photography, like 1.3 ‘megapixel’ Olympus seems as Dataplay disks (c. 2000), X2469.2002 those of computing, have repeatedly advanced as a Brownie.” E.S.R., Inc., DIGI-COMP I (1963), X2463.2002, Softbook Press, Softbook Model SB-200 e-book stumbled through an array of steps Gift of Peter Schwarz (1998), X2484.2002, Gift of Gordon Bell IBM, Foxtail diskette (c. 1983), X2469.2002 before they were able to arrive at new REGIS MCKENNA ON EARLY Fujitsu Technology Solutions, Inc., 5990 Sony, Magic Link Personal Intelligent Communicator SmartMedia and Compact Flash card assortment solutions. TECHNOLOGY MARKETING IN document and photograph collection (c. 1988– and keyboard (c. 1994), X2465.2002, Gift of (c. 1998), X2469.2002 SILICON VALLEY 1992), X2458.2002, Gift of Fujitsu Technology Steve Wildstrom Although the first photographic images Together with the Silicon Valley John Wharton and a crowd of 250 people Solutions, Inc. assembled on June 4 at PARC to hear a lecture by Summagraphics, MM1201 tablet with light pen (Dates represent dates of introduction and not were obtained in 1727, it was not until American Marketing Association, the Silicon Valley marketing legend Regis McKenna. IBM, commemorative reproductions of the FORTRAN (c. 1985), X2474.2002, Gift of NASA Ames necessarily dates of manufacture.) 1837 that a repeatable and useable Museum hosted a lecture by Regis language manual and programming guide for the Research Center photographic process was developed. McKenna on June 4 to an audience of Museum volunteer and lecture attendee 704 (1982), X2477.2002, Gift of Don Ewart Various schemes were tried over the 250 at PARC in Palo Alto. McKenna, Tim Boyd remarked, “I most enjoyed his Synertek, KTM-3 user’s manual (1979), IBM, complete English language documentation for X2482.2002, Gift of Mike Smolin ensuing century for enabling who has worked with some story of his grandkids. His grand- the first office software suite for the IBM PC of the most recognizable companies in daughter’s [remark] that, ‘we don’t need (1984), X2478.2002, Gift of Paul F May Synertek, MOS data catalog (1979), X2482.2002, Silicon Valley and helped launch many software—we just go on the Internet Gift of Mike Smolin important technological innovations, and get what we want’ was very on- IBM, FORTRAN 25th Anniversary videotape (1983), X2477.2002, Gift of Don Ewart System Integrators, Inc., Coyote workstation discussed his personal experiences point, and fun to hear the telling of it. (c. 1985), X2467.2002, Gift of Paul Saffo and observations from 30 years in the Like other nerds…I’ve been caught in IBM, mainframe subroutines from a Russian library marketing trenches. He recalled that, the middle of the religious argument (1984), X2475.2002, Gift of Michael Lehner Teletype Corporation, ASR-33 Teletype (1971), X2485.2002, Gift of Tom Kochenderfer in the 1970s, only science writers about whether my friends or family IBM, PC Technical Reference Manual (1981), were covering technology and prior to should buy Macs or PCs. Like Regis, I’d X2456.2002, Gift of Laurel V Kaleda Texas Instruments, Inc., PASS (Portable Analysis 1983, the Wall Street Journal would concluded that for most people the Synthesis System) device and microphone (1985), not publish an article about any larger number of software titles gives IBM, ThinkPad Trans Note (1999), X2465.2002, X2472.2002, Gift of NASA Ames Research Center Gift of Steve Wildstrom company not already on the New York the PC the nod. About three years back Texas Instruments, Inc., TM 990/189 Stock Exchange. I had the epiphany...that for many IBM, two Japanese language software and trainer (1979), X2471.2002, people browsing was the thing, along documentation packages applications for the Gift of Christopher Garcia IBM PC (1984), X2478.2002, Gift of Paul F May One of McKenna’s main messages was with e-mail, and it mattered not which that Silicon Valley is missing a dialogue hardware you choose.” Carver Mead explains in a lecture on May 21 how the electronic full-color imaging technology developed by with the past. He said, “It’s not just re- Foveon, a company he co-founded, addresses a long- investing money, it’s re-investing standing vision for color-image sensing. knowledge.” In this regard, he advised

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM CORE 3.3 PAGE 20 PAGE 21

AL SHUGART: HALF A CENTURY OF that guys like Shugart made. We ‘old- The panel was arranged by Museum The performance group Teatro Zinzanni presentation, “Preserving Computing DISK DRIVES AND PHILOSOPHY: FROM timers’ will never forget where we have Trustee Donna Dubinsky, who remarked, delivered a Computer History Museum History: From Teller to Teraflops.” The IBM TO SEAGATE been.” “I was most struck by the notion of rendition of The 12 Days of Christmas visit by Teller was a surprise to many, Al Shugart spoke on September 5 to an these pioneers as ‘company builders’ and a fortuneteller provided readings. including Toole, who had named his talk audience of 250 at Xerox PARC about rather than ‘promoters.’ I think that Some of the lucky attendees received after Teller. Toole was privileged to enjoy five decades of rich experience in the MITCH WALDROP: THE REVOLUTION concept got lost a bit in the bubble, so autographed lecture posters and a photo shoot and conversation disk drive industry. Shugart joined IBM THAT MADE COMPUTING PERSONAL it was nice to hear it reiterated.” Museum logo merchandise. Thanks to afterwards with the pioneer. “Even the as a customer engineer in 1951 and In a lecture on September 19 co-hosted our hosts, Alexia, Colin, Sheila and John ‘youngsters’ in the audience could later participated in the development of by Hewlett-Packard, author Mitch Museum Trustee Ike Nassi noted, “At Banning, and everyone who came and appreciate our computer history, though IBM’s 305 RAMAC, the precursor to Waldrop brought us the fascinating story the Computer History Museum we often made the event such fun. they didn’t live through it like some of today’s hard drives. He pioneered the of JCR Licklider and the personal have the opportunity to interact with the rest of the audience,” said LLNL at Shugart Associates, and computing revolution. Licklider may well A reception in the Museum’s Visible Storage pioneers, to hear their thoughts. At the Associate Director of Computation, later co-founded Seagate in 1979 (with have been one of the most influential— Exhibit Area before the “Pioneers of Venture VC panel, we had an opportunity to not Dona Crawford. The LLNL exhibit Capital” lecture enabled many local VIPs to see the an eight-page business plan and and east known—people in the history Museum’s collection for the first time. only see some of the unquestioned features dozens of artifacts it has $500,000 in funding on a handshake) of computer science. As a division pioneers of this revolution comment on donated to CHM over the years, and to develop small hard drives for director in the Pentagon’s Advanced what it was like…but to hear them which the Museum lent back to LLNL for personal computers. Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in the interacting with each other, trading the exhibit. early 1960s, Licklider put in place the stories…” funding priorities which led to the Internet and the inventions of the Generous funding for the presentation “mouse,” “windows,” and “hypertext.” was provided by Allegis Capital and an anonymous donor. Sponsorships like these allow the Museum to fulfill its mission and to produce high-quality Bill Draper (Draper Richards) and Pitch Johnson programming. (Asset Management Company) A videotape of this presentation may be obtained through the Museum’s website at www.computerhistory.org/store.

Disk drive legend Al Shugart spoke on September 5 at PARC’s Pake Auditorium about 50 years of DONOR APPRECIATION PARTY Members of the performing group Teatro Zinzani Museum Executive Director and CEO John Toole experience in the industry. kicked off the donor appreciation party with a The Museum held a special donor with LLNL Director Emeritus Edward Teller and LLNL lighthearted song and dance about the Museum. Said Shugart, “One of my earlier Mitch Waldrop spoke at Hewlett-Packard Labs on appreciation party on June 8 to Associate Director for Computation Dona Crawford recollections of [the] IBM lab at 99 September 19 about the life and accomplishments celebrate and thank our valued (left to right). of JCR Licklider, further detailed in his book The Notre Dame Street in San Jose was Burt McMurtry (Technology Venture Investors) and supporters. More than 100 current Dream Machine. watching Don Johnson, one of the moderator Gordon Davidson (Fenwick & West LLP) members—including pioneers, COLLECTION HIGHLIGHTS pioneers of this development, pouring Attendee Todd Anderson remarked, engineers, industry fans, executives, An original Carterfone Communications iron oxide paint onto a rotating 24-inch “Another great piece of the puzzle… computer users, and VCs—assembled Corporation “Carterphone” was recently disk from a Dixie cup. No cleaner, no Waldrop showed how quickly a good at the home of Alexia Gilmore and Colin donated by Scott Brear. Manufactured equipment. The equipment was so piece of history and perspective Hunter in Atherton, California. Some by Carter Electronics in 1959, the crude the Dixie cup didn’t look out of [almost!] slipped past us without traveled from as far away as telephone allowed mobile radio users place. And I certainly had no idea I was anybody capturing it. At least we know Massachusetts for great food, walking into the beginning of a we are missing parts.” entertainment, and conversation. technology and a product development program that would have such a This year’s party recognizing annual donors was profound impact upon the entire PIONEERS OF hosted by John and Sheila Banning, Colin Hunter, Arthur Rock (Arthur Rock & Co.) computer industry.” Legendary venture capitalists Bill and Alexia Gilmore (left to right). Draper, Pitch Johnson, Burt McMurtry, Attendee Pete Delisi said, “It’s always Tom Perkins, Arthur Rock, and Don EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR HELPS LAUNCH awe-inspiring to hear first person from Valentine gathered at Moffett Field on LLNL MUSEUM the people who created these September 30 to participate in a panel On July 11, 2002, Lawrence Livermore industries. I remember very well the moderated by Fenwick & West’s Gordy National Laboratory opened the LLNL disk drive products that Al was Davidson. To a standing-room-only Computer History Museum exhibit in describing and remember them as audience of over 300 people, these conjunction with its 50th anniversary. More than 100 Museum members gathered at the significant shifts every time a new founders and pioneers of the field told After a brief talk by LLNL Director An original Carterfone, which sparked a debate home of Alexia Gilmore and Colin Hunter for a that eventually led to the FCC’s landmark product came out. Now we’re dwarfed fascinating tales of how they got their donor appreciation party on June 8. Emeritus Edward Teller, our own “Carterphone decision,” allowing third-party by progress in every segment of the start, their “aha” moments, their Tom Perkins (Iolon, News Corporation, and the Executive Director and CEO John Toole companies to manufacture and connect equipment computer industry and it’s easy to lose biggest hits, what they learned, and the Hewlett-Packard Company) and Don Valentine participated in the event with a to the public-switched telephone network (PSTN). sight of the tremendous contributions ones that got away. (Network Appliance)

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM CORE 3.3 PAGE 22 PAGE 23 to connect with the public telephone to our operation and growth. Thank you his lifelong achievements in computer Together, John Warnock and Charles network. In 1966, telephone for everything you do. science. Cocke graduated in 1956 from Geschke created PostScript, the PDL companies challenged its legality, and Duke University with a Ph.D. in that revolutionized the creation and a lengthy struggle began. Eventually, Once every month, volunteers gather on mathematics. He passed away on printing of documents and introduced a the Federal Communications a Saturday to assist Museum staff with July 16 of this year. new computer-based industry—desktop Commission handed down the landmark a variety of tasks. In June, volunteers publishing. Over the years, the two men “Carterphone Decision,” which allowed helped build pallet racks in one of our have worked closely together and greatly an open, competitive market to exist for warehouses. It took about 12 hours to influenced the development of the communications equipment and move artifacts out of the warehouse, industry over time. PostScript was facilities. This Carterphone is one of a build the racks, then reorganize the selected by the International Standards few remaining such devices in items in a much more accessible Organization (ISO) as the standard PDL. Barbara Warnock, Peggy Asprey, and existence. arrangement. What a difference to the Marva Warnock collections and warehouse staff! Master of Ceremonies and Trustee John Shoch, Said attendee Alex Osadzinski, “I found Thomas S. Knight donated a collection new Fellow Carver Mead, and Executive Director the Fellows banquet very moving. The (1979-1984) of Don Hoeffler’s Micro Another group of volunteers helped and CEO John Toole (left to right) after the montage playing on the ceremonies at the Fellow Awards Banquet in Electronic News. Hoeffler was a Silicon receive and organize a delivery of October screens…reminded me of how this Valley icon who reported on the almost 200 boxes from the Digital A reception prior to the Fellow Awards Banquet industry is built on the achievements of semiconductor industry for many years. Equipment Corporation archive recently The theme of the evening was featured a walk through the accomplishments of all just a few talented and visionary 24 Museum Fellows He is widely accepted as the person donated by HP/. “Architects of Change” and attendees people. The humility exhibited by the who, in 1972, first put into print the were treated to a reception exhibit Visionary and inventor Carver Mead has newly-elected Fellows was very term “Silicon Valley.” featuring the stories and artifacts of all spearheaded major innovations across inspiring.…These folks are such 24 past and present Museum Fellows. many disciplines and made many tremendous role models; we can all It was a wonderful opportunity to reflect contributions to the field of learn something from them.” Museum Trustee Eric Hahn and volunteer DOCENT TRAINING on the stunning intellect, creativity, and microelectronics. He created what is Angela Hey The Museum has a small cadre of vision that these innovators have now called HEMT, the standard Sincere thanks go to the many people dedicated volunteers who have provided brought to our world. on the Museum’s history, from some of amplifying device used in who supported the banquet. Hewlett- docent services at the Visible Storage the earliest lectures and communications. He pioneered the Packard Company was our Lead Exhibit Area over the past few years. Alloy Ventures general partner and advertisements, to the move west, design concept for VLSI (very-large-scale Sponsor, and 1185 Design and Adobe Now, our exposure is increasing and we Museum Trustee John Shoch through current visions for the building integrated) circuits, which is now Systems were Patron Sponsors. The have a need for more trained docents to entertained the audience and led the and exhibits. ubiquitous in the semiconductor Wizard circle of tables included Warburg lead visitors through the collection. Slava Mach assists with the installation of artifact evening as Master of Ceremonies. industry. Mead has also experimented Pincus, WIRED magazine, Garner Head Curator Mike Williams has created shelving during a volunteer work party. Board of Trustees Chairman Len For those of you who missed this gala with neuromorphic electronic systems, Hendrie and Karen Johansen, and Len a new docent training program and Shustek addressed the group about the event, here are highlights of the which imitate functions of living nervous Shustek and Donna Dubinsky. The Guru classes are available. If you are Volunteers also participated as part of importance of preserving the artifacts contributions for which our new Fellows systems. circle of tables included Alloy Ventures, interested in becoming a docent, please our annual Fellow Awards event team, and stories from this incredible time we were honored. Gwen Bell, Paul Borrill, Goldman Sachs, contact Betsy Toole for information on many and varied fundraising efforts, are experiencing—an information A professor for over 40 years at John Mashey, and Bernard Peuto. Our upcoming training sessions. volunteer planning, and various office revolution that is creating tools to At IBM, John Cocke developed the Caltech, Mead also contributed to an gratitude also to the evening's hosts: duties. Others provided graphic design, amplify the human mind. John Toole, concept of reduced instruction set explosion of new chips on the market Robin and David Anderson, Donna web design, and scanning services. Executive Director and CEO, announced computer (RISC) technology, a through his mentoring of students. He Dubinsky and Len Shustek, Elaine and the purchase of our new building at cornerstone of high-speed computer holds over 50 US patents, has written Eric Hahn, and Karla and Dave House. If you are interested in helping the 1401 N Shoreline and presented a design, relying on a minimal instruction and contributed to more than 100 Museum in any of its tasks to preserve retrospective multi-media presentation set and highly efficient compiler design. scientific publications, and has received and present computing history, please He was a multifaceted talent at IBM, numerous awards. 1401 N SHORELINE BLVD., MOUNTAIN contact Betsy Toole for more working in compilers and inventing the VIEW, CALIFORNIA—THE MUSEUM’S information. concept of “lookahead” for the IBM Like many pioneers, Charles Geschke NEW HOME STRETCH computer. He inspired and John Warnock left the structure of We hope you are as excited as we are generations of engineers and won the a large corporation to move the industry about our new building. Staff, ANNUAL FELLOW AWARDS BANQUET National Medal of Technology (1991), forward on their own as entrepreneurs. volunteers, and Trustees have been This year, the Museum once again the National Medal of Science (1994), In the early 1980s, Geschke and working hard behind the scenes to celebrated the inventors and visionaries and the ACM Turing Award (1985) for Warnock were working at Xerox’s Palo prepare for operations in the new of the information technology revolution Alto Research Center to develop a page- space. Be sure to check out John Head Curator Mike Williams leads a group of at our Fellow Awards Banquet. About description language (PDL) called Toole’s letter on the inside front cover docents in training through the items in the Visible 400 people gathered to honor four new Interpress. When Xerox did not of this issue of CORE to learn more Storage Exhibit Area. Fellows: John Cocke, Charles Geschke, introduce it, Geschke and Warnock about our plans. Stay tuned for details

Carver Mead, and John Warnock. 2000 (left to right): 2002 Museum Fellows John Warnock, started Adobe Systems, Inc. in 1982 as they develop! And please feel free to VOLUNTEERS IN MOTION Museum Fellow Fran Allen delivered an Charles Geschke, Carver Mead, and Fran Allen and began to work on solving some of contact us if you would like to have Over the past months, our volunteers acceptance speech on behalf of John (who accepted the award on behalf of John Cocke) the long-standing problems that plagued more information. have contributed a tremendous amount Cocke, who passed away earlier this the relationship between PCs and of help to the Museum. This help is vital year. Trustee Peggy Burke and the 1185 Design table printers.

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM CORE 3.3 PAGE 24 THANKS TO OUR ANNUAL DONORS PAGE 25 UPCOMING EVENTS

THE CORE CIRCLE Violet & Evan Brooks SUPPORTING MEMBERS ($100) Donn B Parker Deborah & Michael Cussen David Meyers Please RSVP for all events. Register by phone: +1 650 810 1027. Register online: www.computerhistory.org CORE BENEFACTOR Jack & Casey Carsten Anonymous Jeff Parker & Barbara Waddy William Danielson Anthony Mezzapelle 64K ($65,536+) Ned Chapin Donald & Nancy Alpert Doug & Shirley Pearson Naren Dasu Jeremy Mika Gwen & C Gordon Bell Bruce & Gail Chizen Saul & Irene Amarel Perforce Alistair Davidson Mike Mika L John Doerr & Ann Doerr Cisco Foundation Carl & Debi Amdahl Marc E Phillips Pete DeLisi Celia & Gary Miller TUE, NOVEMBER 12 MON, FEBRUARY 10 Donna Dubinsky Richard J Clayton Melissa Anderson & Howard Look Christopher Poda & Nancy Mason Michael diVittorio Peter & Mary Mills ADOBE SYSTEMS— DATABASE PANEL DISCUSSION Elaine & Eric Hahn The Computer Language Company Inc Paul & Joan Armer Hudi & Joe Podolsky William Donnelly Chris Minneili Jeff Hawkins & Janet Strauss R T Coslet Mary Artibee Polytechnic Alumni Association of Kathleen Down-Logan Charlene Miyashita THE FOUNDERS’ PERSPECTIVE Chris Date, Herb Edelstein, Bob Epstein, Gardner Hendrie & Karen Johansen Lori Kulvin Crawford Connie & Charlie Bachman Northern California Mark Duncan P J Mode John Warnock and Chuck Geschke Ken Jacobs, Pat Selinger, Roger Sippl, and David & Karla House Yogen & Peggy Dalal John Backus Jane & Bob Puffer John Dykstra W E & Sharon Moerner Janice & Bob Lisbonne Davidow Foundation Sandy & Ann Benett Donald & Sandie Pugh Marlene & John Eastman Carol Moller Member and VIP Reception—6:00 pm Michael Stonebraker with George Schussel Leonard J Shustek Eleanor & Lloyd Dickman Doris & Alfred Bertocchi Heidi Roizen & David Mohler Glenn Edens Michael Morganstern TOUR THE MUSEUM Friend in Honor of Computing History Frederick & Nancy Brooks Lynn & George Rossmann Stephen Ellis & Aglaia Panos Robert Morrisette Computer History Museum, Bldg 126 Lecture—7:00 pm CORE PATRON at Lawrence Livermore National Andrea Butter Kathleen L Rydar Walter Enos Edward Munyak Lecture—7:00 pm Moffett Training and Conference Center, Bldg 3 Tours of the Museum’s Visible Storage 32K ($32,768+) Laboratory Peggy & Dick Canning June Rynne & David Rynne Daniel Evans Stephen Nagy Eric Brewer Whitfield Diffie & Mary Lynn Fischer Ruth Carranza & Pamela Walton John & Linda Sailors Judy & Mike Falarski Dennis Nicholson Moffett Training and Conference Center, Bldg 3 Moffett Field, California Exhibit Area are held on Wednesdays Bill & Roberta Campbell Les & Marian Earnest Alison Chaiken & Wolfgang Rupprecht Rita Seplowitz Saltz Nicholas L Feakins Rich Pasco County of Santa Clara David Emerson Pamela Cleveland John & Christine Sanguinetti Marilyn Fedele Jerry Lee Perkins Moffett Field, California and Fridays at 1:00 p.m. and on the 1st Mike & Kristina Homer Judy Estrin & Bill Carrico Nancy & Thomas Colatosti Gail Schure Guy Fedorkow Steve Perlman & Sandi Dobrowolsky Grant & Dorrit Saviers Foundation Edward A Feigenbaum & Penny Nii Compaq Computer Corp Matthew & Melissa Shafer Elizabeth Feinler S Michael Perlmutter and 3rd Saturdays of each month at John & Sheree Shoch The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation George Comstock Thomas Siekman & Pamela Siekman Alan Scott Fitz Lakshmi Pratury TUE, DECEMBER 10 Trip Hawkins Michael Coulter Dan & Karon Siewiorek Jeanne Friedman James Quinn 1:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m. Please make a CORE SPONSOR John & Andrea Hennessy Charles Crabb Silicon Valley Forth Interest Group Steffen Frost Sandhya Ramanathan AN EVENING WITH 16K ($16,384) Mary Henry & Rajpal Sandhu Clive B Dawson Rebecca Elizabeth Skinner Jim Fruchterman Carol Randall Steve Wozniak reservation at +1 650 810 1010. Steve Blank & Alison Elliott Chuck & Jenny House Sharon Brunzel & Stephen Deering Sally & Dick Smith Nancy Gabriel Anne & Thomas Rarich David Bohnett Foundation IBM International Foundation Peter & Dorothy Denning SmithKline Beecham Foundation Max Gebhardt & John Gebhardt Earnest J Ray Member and VIP Reception—6:00 pm Eric Schmidt IEEE—Hot Chips Symposium 2002 Lena M Diethelm Sharon & Mark Smotherman H M Gladney Vicki & Marc Rozycki Computer History Museum, Bldg 126 Matthew B Ives Lee & Daniel Drake David & Shirley Stackpole Dr Bob Glass Dick Rubinstein CORE PARTNER Jerry & Judy Klein Lillian & Alfred Dubinsky Steven Stepanek Arlene & Earl Goetze Rex Sanders Lecture—7:00 pm 8K ($8,192) Dr & Mrs Leonard Kleinrock John Ehrman Studio Mobius Steve Goldammer Fred Saviers VOLUNTEER Andrea Cunningham Donald & Jill Knuth David Ellsworth Christopher Swenson & Misty Azara Robert E Goldberg Wolf Schaechter Moffett Training and Conference Center, Bldg 3 Steve & Michele Kirsch Foundation Tom Kopec & Leah Carneiro Thelma & Gerald Estrin Ilene Chester & Frank Tobin Bert Graeve Marisa & Werner Schaer Moffett Field, California Sheldon Laube & Dr Nancy Engel Ron & Deb Marianetti Maria & Bob Evans The Vanguard Group Foundation Mark Graham Conrad Schneiker OPPORTUNITIES Ike & Ronee Nassi James Markevitch Gloria A Everett Daniel Wade Martin & Selma Graham Michael & Wyn Schuh The Museum tries to match its needs Bernard L Peuto Frank & Judith Marshall Douglas G Fairbairn Duane & Lorna Wadsworth Gary L Gray David Schwaderer Sigma Partners Karen Mathews Rita Foley Greg & Susan Wageman Karen J Gregory RN Gavin Scott with the skills and interests of its James McElwee Shawn Ford Rob & Susan Walker Douglas Greig Catherine Povejsil & William Scull THE CORE CLUB Tom & Sharon Melcher Barbara & Joseph Fredrick Greg Watson Kathleen & Philip Gust Chris Sheedy & Marsha Brewer volunteers and relies on regular CORE INVESTOR George A Michael Gordon Garb Michael Weaver Geri Hadley David Shelley 4K ($4,096) Elizabeth & Paul Mockapetris George Glaser & Karen Duncan Carol Welsh Martin Haeberli Michael P Simon MUSEUM ARTIFACTS ON LOAN volunteer support for events and Peggy Burke Tashia & John Morgridge Bob & Dee Glorioso Gio & Voy Wiederhold Matthew Hamrick Chris & Jade Simonson Eric D & Marilyn G Carlson Malachy & Jane Moynihan Gary M Goelkel Kevin Wilke & Valerie Shaw Rollin C Harding Rafael Skodlar projects. In addition to special projects, Mr & Mrs Reid W Dennis Joan Myers & Stanley Myers Steve Golson W Roger B Willis Ann Hardy Randel A Sloan JULY 30–AUG 2, 2002 MARCH 6, 2002–MARCH 6, 2003 Carol & Chris Espinosa Donald & Helen Nielson John C Green Jr Duane Wise Andrew Hargadon Eric Smith monthly work parties generally occur on Robert Garner & Robin Beresford Jeffrey Berg & Debra Paget Earl Haight Jon & Marsha Witkin Richard Harrington Richard A Smith “TRANSFORMING FANTASY” “CENSUS CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION” Peter Hirshberg Max Palevsky Norman Hardy Jim & Sylvia Work Glen B Haydon Frank Snow the 2nd Saturday of each month, Shawn & Doug MacKenzie Paul Pierce Lorraine Hariton & Stephen Weyl Ko Yamamoto Donald Head John L Sokol DARPATech 2002 U.S. Department of Commerce, Deborah Meredith & Curtis Cole James N Porter Alys Hay Mark Showalter & Frank Yellin Kevin & Shelby Hogan Linda Speer including: Gordon E & Betty I Moore Bill & Shelly Pratt Dan Henderson Bill Yundt Cynthia Holladay Phil Spiegel Anaheim, California Bureau of the Census John & Elizabeth Toole Dennis Ritchie Winston Hindle John G Zabolitzky Judy Horst Daryl Spitzer www.darpa.mil/DARPATech2002/ On-line exhibit Peter & Valerie Samson James Hurd George D Zuras Joseph Impellizeri Tom Stall CORE CONTRIBUTOR Robert Shaw Hyperion Luanne Johnson Donald Stewart www.census.gov/mso/www/centennial/ NOVEMBER 9, DECEMBER 14 2K ($2,048) Bob & Verna Spinrad Joanne & Irwin Jacobs GENERAL MEMBERS Lily Jow Harry B Stewart APRIL–SEPTEMBER 2002 Sally M Abel & Mogens Lauritzen Robert & Lee Sproull Ole Jacobsen Anonymous Mark Kaminsky Jeff Stuesse JANUARY 11, FEBRUARY 8 Allan Alcorn SRI International Curtis Jones & Lucille Boone Judith & Curt Anderson Chester Karl Elaine Sweeney “WORLD’S FAIRS” JULY 11–OCTOBER 15, 2002 Asset Management Company Edward Taft Marlene & Jeffrey Kalb Joseph Barrera Yumi Kelley & Tom Kelley Brad Templeton Charles & Nancy Geschke Edward Thelen Christopher A Kantarjiev Ross Bassett Martin Kenney Dr Bradley S Tice San Francisco International Airport “50 YEARS OF COMPUTING AT Rob & Yukari Haitani Kayton & Steve Weinstein Randy Katz Owen Bates Tracy Holloway King Philippe Tobler Terminal C3 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL Please RSVP at least 48 hours in Christine Hughes & Abe Ostrovsky Ray & Carol Williams Thomas & Mary Kornei Leslie Berlin & Rick Dodd Steven Klooster Stephen Trimberger Laura & Gary Lauder Paul Winalski Ed Kramer Philip Bernosky Rebecca Burwell & Leigh Klotz Jr Richard & Pamela Tucker San Francisco, California LABORATORY” advance to Betsy Toole for work parties, Jim & Stephanie Nisbet Anthony J Wood Thomas Kurtz Paul Berry Daniel Kottke Alex Varanese www.sfoarts.org Livermore, California Toni & Arthur Rock Wm A Wulf & Anita K Jones Kenneth Larsen Mohan Bethur Raymond Koverzin Thomas Velis and contact us if you are interested in Dave & Jan Rossetti Warren Yogi Robert A Lerche Lyle Bickley Felix Kramer, Kramer Communications Vicki Viso Tours must be reserved in advance. Jean Sammet Robert & Carrie Zeidman Carl & Claudia Lowenstein Lutz Birkhahn Winston Kriger William A Vorbau lending a hand in other ways! For more Alvy Ray & Zu Smith Cindy & Peter Ziebelman Jimmy & Dora Lu Philip Blanchar Richard & Joanne Kurkowski Lisa Apfelberg & W Michael Walton OCTOBER 19, 2002–FEBRUARY 2, 2003 Call +1 925 424 6575 or visit www.llnl.gov/PAO Stephen Squires & Walt Main Michael & Sharon Blasgen Andre Lamothe Michael C Ward information, visit our web page at Ann Marmor-Squires GENERAL SUPPORTERS Milt Mallory Philippe Bouissou Richard Lamparter John Weirich “GAME ON! THE WORLDWIDE CULTURE Rich & Cindy Tennant CHAMPION MEMBERS ($500) John Maloney & Stuart Bowen John L Larson Marguerite & James Wengler AND HISTORY OF VIDEO GAMES” SEPT 2002 (ONGOING) www.computerhistory.org/volunteers. The Dennis & Janet Austin Fund Roxanne Guilhamet Maloney Timothy Boyd Robert H Lashley Wyleczuk-Stern CORE FRIEND Check Point Software Technologies Inc Julius Marcus Ron & Margaret Brender Sofia & Jan Laskowski Wai Chee Yee National Museums of Scotland “THE COMPUTING REVOLUTION” 1K ($1,024) Stephen Crocker Michael Maulick Doris & John Brown Karl Lautman Robert Yeh Edinburgh, Scotland Museum of Science Anonymous Tracey Stewart & Barry James Folsom Terry Mayer Dorothy & W H Burkhart John V Levy Steve Yencho Adobe Systems— Robert Kahn & Patrice Lyons William D & Dianne Mensch, Jr Sally & Amos Carey Slava & Hana Mach Martin Zam www.nms.ac.uk Boston, Massachusetts Matching Gift Program Laurel & Ray Kaleda David Miller Brian Carlisle William Maddox Fred Zeise Frances Allen Larry Kwicinski John & Frances Morse Everett Carter Daniel Mall Douglas & Barbara Zody www.mos.org David & Robin Anderson David & Grayson Lane Nicholas J Naclerio M Trace Carter Bob Marinelli Maria D Zorsky Sheila & John Banning Frank McConnell Ronald Nicholson Christopher Charla Bill & Sandra Martin Maureen & John Zuk Craig & Barbara Barrett David Miller Marilee J Niemi Karl Chester Robert Matthews Allen Baum & Donya White Arati Prabhakar & Patrick Windham Landon Noll Sanford Clark Russell McHugh Current as of October 15, 2002. Barry & Sharla Boehm Virginia Shuler Mike & Betsy Noonen Alexander Cole Madeline McMenamin, Watson Wyatt To correct your listing, please contact Gary Boone Floy & Willis Ware Arthur Norberg Gordon Collins Carolyn & Mike McPherson [email protected]. Jerry Brenholz Philip & Susan Yost Ted Panofsky George Crabb Philip Menzies

CONTACT INFORMATION APPAREL COOL EXECUTIVE STAFF MARLEN CANTRELL DAPHNE LISKA PART-TIME STAFF BETSY TOOLE Clothing in many colors and styles with Executive Assistant Development Associate Hospitality & Facilities Support JOHN TOOLE +1 650 810 1018 +1 650 810 1029 LEE COURTNEY +1 650 810 1038 the Museum logo shows your support Executive Director & CEO [email protected] [email protected] Volunteer Coordinator [email protected] +1 650 810 1000 [email protected] STUFF for computing history [email protected] JENNIFER CHENG JACKIE McCRIMMON JOHN J VILAIKEO Events Coordinator Graphics & Cyber Design Coordinator DAVID CANTRELL Technical Support Intern MICHAEL FALARSKI +1 650 810 1019 +1 650 810 1031 Oral Histories Intern +1 650 810 1039 Vice President of Operations [email protected] [email protected] +1 650 810 1017 [email protected] AT THE VIDEOS & Facilities [email protected] +1 650 810 1001 JEREMY CLARK DAG SPICER Hundreds of computing history videos, [email protected] Registrar Curator of Exhibits KELLY GEIGER including: +1 650 810 1020 +1 650 810 1035 Accounting Intern MUSEUM KAREN MATHEWS [email protected] [email protected] +1 650 810 1025 Executive Vice President [email protected] +1 650 810 1011 PAM CLEVELAND CATRIONA SWEENEY Effective December 15, 2002: “Pioneers of Venture Capital” [email protected] Events Manager Development & PR Associate MANPREET KAUR COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM +1 650 810 1021 +1 650 810 1036 Events & PR Intern 1401 N Shoreline Blvd STORE! featuring Bill Draper, Pitch Johnson, DAVID A MILLER [email protected] [email protected] +1 650 810 1027 Mountain View, CA 94043-1311, USA Vice President of Development [email protected] +1 650 810 1010 Burt McMurtry, Tom Perkins, +1 650 810 1002 WENDY-ANN FRANCIS KIRSTEN TASHEV +1 650 810 1055 (fax) [email protected] Office Administrator Building & Exhibits Project Manager SOWMYA KRISHNASWAMY POSTERS, POSTCARDS, Arthur Rock, and Don Valentine. +1 650 810 1023 +1 650 810 1037 Database Services Intern Until December 15, 2002: 2003 CALENDAR MICHAEL R WILLIAMS [email protected] [email protected] +1 650 810 1028 COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM VIDEOS, CLOTHING, Head Curator [email protected] Building T12-A This beautiful calendar features +1 650 810 1024 CHRIS GARCIA MIKE WALTON Moffett Field, CA 94033, USA “The PalmPilot Story” [email protected] Historical Collections Coordinator Director of Cyber Exhibits KAI MEI +1 650 604 2579 AND MORE! “Computing Pioneers and Their +1 650 810 1041 +1 650 810 1040 E-Commerce Intern +1 650 604 2594 (fax) with Jeff Hawkins, Donna Dubinsky, and [email protected] [email protected] +1 650 810 1032 Inventions” on simulated blue bar OTHER FULL-TIME STAFF [email protected] Ed Colligan JENNIFER HAAS KARYN WOLFE WWW.COMPUTERHISTORY.ORG WWW.COMPUTERHISTORY.ORG/STORE tractor-feed printer paper. SHARON BRUNZEL Data Coordinator Special Projects Manager TANYA PODCHIYSKA Archivist +1 650 810 1026 +1 650 810 1042 Web Services Intern Current staff openings can be found +1 650 810 1016 [email protected] [email protected] +1 650 810 1034 at www.computerhistory.org/jobs. [email protected] [email protected]

COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM CORE 3.3 This modern-day recreation of a critical history (Honeywell vs. Sperry-Rand), MYSTERY module in the ABC machine consists of centering on the “invention” of the seven vacuum tubes mounted on a digital computer. Though Atanasoff was ITEMS sheet-metal chassis wired identically to legally credited with this invention at the FROM THE COLLECTION OF the original 1942 prototype, and hand- trial’s conclusion in 1973, most THE COMPUTER HISTORY MUSEUM assembled by engineers at Iowa State historians feel this strict legal University’s Ames Laboratory in the mid- interpretation to be inaccurate and that Explained from CORE 3.2 1990s using authentic antique compo- credit properly goes the team at nents. Approximate size: 8” x 5” x 4.” Manchester University in Britain for their “Baby” machine (1948). ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC) John Vincent Atanasoff (1903-1995) and graduate student Clifford Berry Whatever one’s position on this issue, (1918-1963) started on the ABC design the recreation is an impressive in 1937 (completing it in 1942) as a accomplishment in itself. Costing means of solving the thorny $350,000 (1997 dollars) to complete, a mathematical problems they faced on a team of devoted faculty, students, and daily basis. The machine was built into interested individuals invested a desk-sized cart and cost about thousands of person-hours into $5,000 (1940 dollars) to develop and research, fabrication, and testing to build. Using a form of capacitor memory bring back to life a machine from the of Atanasoffís own design, the ABC prehistoric era of computing. This could solve up to 29 simultaneous module is a spare from that linear equations in 29 unknowns. While reconstruction effort. For more Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), Add-shift the machine was somewhat unreliable information, see: http://www.cs. module replica (c. 1995), X2446.2002, Gift of John Gustafson. (some question it ever having worked at iastate.edu/jva/jva-articles.shtml. all), it was involved in one of the most protracted patent disputes in U.S.

Please send your best guess to WHAT IS [email protected] before 12/31/02 along with your name, THIS? shipping address, and t-shirt size. The THIS ITEM WILL BE EXPLAINED IN THE first three correct entries will each NEXT ISSUE OF CORE. receive a free t-shirt with the new Museum logo and name.

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