DOCSLIB.ORG

Canada's University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Canada's University u Ottawa l.'Un/vcrsiltf i'.innrlicn;K- Ginacln's university FACULTE DES ETUDES SUPERIEURES mn FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ET POSTOCTORALES U Ottawa POSDOCTORAL STUDIES L'University eanadierme Canada's university Tracey Parker AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS M.A. (Education) GRADE/DEGREE Faculty of Education "FAcOlTiTFcoLTbT^ Education, Conflict & Development in Nepal: Historical Precedents & Modern Dynamics TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Richard Maclure DIRECTEUR (DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS SUPERVISOR CO-DIRECTEUR (C0-D"|RECTRICE) DEIATHESE /THESIS CO-SUPERVISOR EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THESE / THESIS EXAMINERS Cheryll Duquette Martin Barlosky Gary W. Slater Le Doyen de la Faculte des etudes superieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Education, Conflict & Development in Nepal: Historical Precedents & Modern Dynamics Tracey Parker Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the MA degree in Education Faculty of Education University of Ottawa © Tracey Parker, Ottawa, Canada, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-48643-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-48643-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor, Richard Maclure, for his invaluable assistance in the production of this thesis. Thank you also to the members of my thesis committee, whose comments on the initial drafts were very helpful. I also greatly appreciate those individuals who participated in interviews for sharing their time and expertise. 11 Abstract This thesis discusses the relationship between educational development, foreign aid, and socio-political conflict in Nepal, and explores how Nepal's donors have been responding to the country's escalating Maoist insurgency. It explores whether Nepal's donors have considered the role of education in socio-political conflict, or have reexamined their support to education in light of the violence. The study is guided by two seemingly contradictory perspectives on education. One perspective, espoused by development agencies and global movements, is that education is a benign force of social progress and modernization, while the other perspective, made evident by the role of schools in situations of violent conflict worldwide, is of education as a vehicle for hegemonic control by autocratic ruling groups and/or the transmission of the values and prejudices underlying social grievances. The dichotomy between these two perspectives is evident in Nepal. While it has not directly instigated Maoist violence, education has contributed to the perpetuation of socio­ political discord and has in effect become positioned at the centre of Nepal's protracted socio-political struggle. Donor-funded education reform programs in Nepal, however, have largely ignored the country's entrenched socio-political power balance and other contextual constraints, and have therefore merely obscured the continuance of traditional structures of elite dominance while doing little to improve education quality. Even with the onset of Maoist violence, Nepal's donors do not appear to have examined the contribution of education to social discord, nor the suitability of current vehicles of educational support in the context of conflict. Although these agencies have endeavored to respond to the conflict and make their overall programs conflict-sensitive, these efforts have generally circumvented the education sector. This thesis argues that conflict has helped to illuminate in Nepal what Bush and Saltarelli (2004) refer to as the "negative face of education". The case of Nepal serves as further substantiation of the importance of considering the role of schools in the perpetuation of discriminatory social practices. It also underscores Davies' (2005) exhortation for an increased research emphasis on conflict-sensitivity in education, a mainstreaming of conflict analysis within education planning, as well as a reconsideration of the purpose and methods of education in an increasingly interconnected and violent world. 111 Table of Contents List of Acronyms, Tables & Figures viii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: Education, Development & Conflict: A Literature Review 7 2.1 Education & National Development: Assumptions, Limitations & Contradictions 2.2 Education & National Development in Conflict & Post-Conflict Circumstances 2.2.1 Education During Conflict 2.2.2 Educational Reconstruction in Post-Conflict Societies 2.3 International Aid in Contexts of Conflict & Host Government Fragility 2.3.1 Rationale for Foreign Aid 2.3.2 Critiques of Foreign Aid 2.3.3 Typology of Aid Agencies 2.3.4 Development Aid in Conflict Zones 2.3.5 Aid to Fragile States 2.3.5 (a) Challenges in the Provision of Aid to Fragile States 2.3.5 (b) Definitions of State Fragility 2.4 International Aid for Emergency Education in Zones of Conflict & State Fragility 2.5 Summary of Literature Review 2.6 The Case of Nepal: An Overview 2.7 Research Questions Chapter 3: Methodology 37 3.1 Project Outline 3.1.1 Document Collection & Analysis 3.1.2 Interviews 3.1.3 Data Analysis 3.2 Anonymity 3.3 Scope & Limitations of the Study 3.4 Verifiability 3.5 Dependability Chapter 4: Nepal: Political & Educational Developments up to the Early 1990s 43 4.1 Political Developments IV 4.1.1 The Shah Period 4.1.2 The Rana Period 4.1.3 The "Democratic Experiment" 4.1.4 The Panchayat System 4.2 Nepal's Slow Economic Development & Socio-Cultural Constraints 4.3 Education in Nepal: Stages & Dynamics of an Emerging National System 4.3.1 Earliest forms of Education in Nepal: The Shah & Rana Periods 4.3.2 Education during the "Democratic Experiment" of the 1950s: The Vision of the National Education Planning Commission 4.3.3 Education During the Panchayat Years 4.3.3 (a) The Role of Education in Nation Building during the Panchayat Years 4.3.3 (b) Access & Enrollment in Panchayat Era Schools (1960-1990) 4.3.3 (c) The New Education System Plan (NESP) 4.3.3(d) Student Politics 4.4 Conclusion: The Interconnections of Political & Educational Development in Nepal Chapter 5: The Maoist Insurgency & Education in Nepal: Dynamics & Implications 72 5.1 Development of the Maoist Insurgency 5.1.1 Antecedents of the Insurgency: Governance, Discrimination & Endemic Poverty Post-1990 5.1.2 The Emergence of the Communist Party of Nepal - Maoist 5.1.3 The Escalation of the Insurgency 5.2 Impacts of the Insurgency on Nepalese Society 5.3 Education & the Underlying Dynamics of the Maoist Revolt 5.3.1 Critiques of Education in Modern Nepal 5.3.2 The Maoists & Education: Ideology & Strategy 5.3.2 (a) Maoist Agitation against Private Schools 5.3.2 (b) Maoist Ideology vis-a-vis Public Schooling 5.3.2 (c) Critiques of Maoist Educational Initiatives 5.4 Effects of the Maoist Insurgency on Education in Nepal v 5.4.1 Effects of the Insurgency on the Education System: Document Analysis 5.4.2 Effects of the Insurgency on the Education System: Interviews with INGO Representatives 5.5 Conclusion: Cause-Effect Dynamics between Education & Conflict in Nepal Chapter 6: Foreign Aid & Education in Nepal Prior to the Insurgency 107 6.1 Historical Overview of Aid to Nepal 6.2 Shifting Trends & Five Year Plans: Mixed Results 6.2.1 Development Trends in Nepal 6.2.1 (a) Growth Maximization: 1950s-1960s 6.2.1 (b) Rural Development: 1970s 6.2.1 (c) Basic Needs: 1980s 6.2.1(d) The 1990s 6.2.1 (e) The Tenth Plan & Other Recent Initiatives 6.2.2 Development Outcomes 6.3 The Politics of Foreign Aid in Nepal 6.4 Aid to Education in Nepal: An Overview 6.4.1 Aid to Education before 1990 6.4.2 Aid to Education during the 1990s 6.4.3 Aid to Education after 2000: The Education For All (EFA)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nepal's Constitutional Process
    NEPAL’S CONSTITUTIONAL PROCESS Asia Report N°128 – 26 February 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 II. THE END OF THE 1990 CONSTITUTION ............................................................... 2 A. IN WITH A BANG ...................................................................................................................2 B. SECOND THOUGHTS ..............................................................................................................3 C. OUT WITH A WHIMPER..........................................................................................................3 III. THE INTERIM CONSTITUTION............................................................................... 5 A. THE INTERIM CONSTITUTION DRAFTING COMMITTEE ...........................................................5 1. Process .......................................................................................................................5 2. Public participation....................................................................................................6 3. Substance ...................................................................................................................6 4. Lessons ......................................................................................................................7 B. THE FINAL DOCUMENT .........................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Nationalism and Regional Relations in Democratic Transitions: Comparing Nepal and Bhutan
    Wright State University CORE Scholar Browse all Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2018 Nationalism and Regional Relations in Democratic Transitions: Comparing Nepal and Bhutan Deki Peldon Wright State University Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all Part of the International Relations Commons Repository Citation Peldon, Deki, "Nationalism and Regional Relations in Democratic Transitions: Comparing Nepal and Bhutan" (2018). Browse all Theses and Dissertations. 1981. https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/etd_all/1981 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Browse all Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NATIONALISM AND REGIONAL RELATIONS IN DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS: COMPARING NEPAL AND BHUTAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By DEKI PELDON Bachelor of Arts, Asian University for Women, 2014 2018 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL [May 4, 2018] I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY DEKI PELDON ENTITLED NATIONALISM AND REGIONAL RELATIONS IN DEMOCRATIC TRANSITIONS: COMPARING NEPAL AND BHUTAN BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Thesis Director Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. Director, Master of Arts Program in International and Comparative Politics Committee on Final Examination: Laura M. Luehrmann, Ph.D. School of Public and International Affairs Pramod Kantha, Ph.D. School of Public and International Affairs Judson Murray, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal: a Monograph
    THE MAOIST INSURGENCY IN NEPAL: A MONOGRAPH CAUSES, IMPACT AND AVENUES OF RESOLUTION Edited by Shambhu Ram Simkhada and Fabio Oliva Foreword by Daniel Warner Geneva, March 2006 Cover Pictures – clockwise from the top: 1) King Gyanendra of Nepal; 2) Madhav Kumar Nepal, leader of the CPN-UML Party; 3) A popular peace rally; 4) Girija Prasad Koirala, President of the Nepali Congress party; 5) The Maoist leadership; 6) The Maoist People’s Liberation Army (PLA); 7) A political rally of the Seven-party Alliance in Kathmandu; 8) Soldiers from Royal Nepal Army (RNA). This publication has been possible thanks to the financial support of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Bern, and is part of a larger project on the “Causes of Internal Conflicts and Means to Resolve Them: Nepal a Case Study” mandated and sponsored by the SDC in May 2003. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not reflect the views of the PSIO. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means - electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise - without the prior permission of the Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales (HEI) Copyright 2006, IUHEI, CH-Geneva 2 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS __________________________________________________________________________________ LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................. 5 FOREWORD......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal and the Political Economy of Violence∗
    The Maoist Insurgency in Nepal and the Political Economy of Violence∗ Avidit Acharyay October 2009 Abstract This paper studies the incidence of political violence associated with the Maoist insurgency in Nepal. I take a cross-sectional approach where the unit of analy- sis is the district, and dependent variable is total killings by state and Maoists normalized by district population. I find no evidence that political and economic grievances are linked to the incidence of political violence. There is also very lit- tle evidence that district prosperity or political ideology are associated with the incidence of violence. On the other hand, I find that the intensity of violence was greatest in the Midwestern districts and in districts with low road density. His- torical evidence suggests that the dummy variable for Midwestern districts that appears significant and robust reflects the political entrepreneurship of leftist lead- ers more than half a century ago. The results support a theory of conflict that treats an insurgency as analogous to a profit maximizing firm. JEL Classification Codes: D74 Key words: conflict, insurgency, political violence, greed, grievance ∗I would like to thank Jayaraj Acharya, Jose Azar, Nicholas Sambanis, Swarnim Wagle, an anony- mous referee, and the editors of this volume for valuable comments and discussions. All errors and shortcomings are my own. yWoodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Robertson Hall, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544-1013 (e-mail: [email protected]). 1 1 Introduction What were the causes of insurgency in Nepal? There have been two approaches to an- swering this question. In one line of research, studies such as Murshed and Gates (2005) and Bohara, Mitchell and Nepal (2006) have used cross-sectional regression techniques to predict the effect of poverty, inequality, rough terrain, and ethno-linguistic divisions on the intensity of political violence.
    [Show full text]
  • Insurgency in Nepal
    INSURGENCY IN NEPAL Thomas A. Marks December 2003 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily refl ect the offi cial policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Research for this monograph was made possible through a grant from the Marine Corps University Foundation. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave, Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Offi ce by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or by e-mail at [email protected] ***** All Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http:// www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/ ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-148-2 ii FOREWORD Insurgency―the use of protracted low intensity violence and political warfare against a government―has been one of the most pervasive and strategically signifi cant forms of asymmetric confl ict for the past century.
    [Show full text]
  • Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) – CPN (M)
    Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) – CPN (M) P.G. Rajamohan Institute for Conflict Management Formation repercussions.3 Some splinter groups of the communist party and prominent leftist Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) is a leaders like Keshar Jung Rayamajhi have splinter group from the revolutionary been pro-palace and were supportive of the party-less Panchayat system while Communist parties alliance- Communist other groups were active in the struggle Party of Nepal (Unity Centre) (established in May 1991) - during mid-1994, formed for the re-establishment of multi-party under the leadership Pushpa Kamal Dahal democracy, under the umbrella organization United National People’s alias Prachanda.1 At the same time, the Movement (UNPM). After the restoration political front of the Unity Centre– United People’s Front of Nepal (UPFN), which of democracy and 1991 Parliamentary had 9 Members of Parliament in Nepal, election, Communist Party of Nepal also divided into two groups. The UPFN (Unity Centre) emerged as the third largest party in the Parliament, next to faction, led by Baburam Bhattarai Nepali Congress and Communist Party of expressed their willingness and support to 4 work with Communist Party of Nepal Nepal (UML). Ideological confrontation (Maoists) under the leadership of Pushpa and dissatisfaction over the multi-party democratic system under constitutional Kamal Dahal.2 The alliance of two monarchy among the CPN (Unity Centre) revolutionary factions -CPN (M) - was not recognized by the Election Commission to leaders led to the disintegration of the contest in the 1994 parliamentary mid- revolutionary and political front split into term election. They stayed outside and two factions.
    [Show full text]
  • Insurgency in Nepal
    INSURGENCY IN NEPAL Thomas A. Marks December 2003 ***** The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily refl ect the offi cial policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This report is cleared for public release; distribution is unlimited. ***** Research for this monograph was made possible through a grant from the Marine Corps University Foundation. ***** Comments pertaining to this report are invited and should be forwarded to: Director, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 122 Forbes Ave, Carlisle, PA 17013-5244. Copies of this report may be obtained from the Publications Offi ce by calling (717) 245-4133, FAX (717) 245-3820, or by e-mail at [email protected] ***** All Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) monographs are available on the SSI Homepage for electronic dissemination. SSI’s Homepage address is: http:// www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi/ ***** The Strategic Studies Institute publishes a monthly e-mail newsletter to update the national security community on the research of our analysts, recent and forthcoming publications, and upcoming conferences sponsored by the Institute. Each newsletter also provides a strategic commentary by one of our research analysts. If you are interested in receiving this newsletter, please let us know by e-mail at [email protected] or by calling (717) 245-3133. ISBN 1-58487-148-2 ii FOREWORD Insurgency―the use of protracted low intensity violence and political warfare against a government―has been one of the most pervasive and strategically signifi cant forms of asymmetric confl ict for the past century.
    [Show full text]
  • Back to the Future: the Insurgency of the Communist Part of Nepal (Maoist)
    Chapter 7 Back to the Future: The Insurgency of the Communist Part of Nepal (Maoist) Important as the case of Sendero Luminoso was on its merits, it was more so because, in a post-Cold War world that often saw strategic victory over communism confused with operational realities, die-hard elements of discredited Marxist-Lenin- ism looked to the Peruvian Maoists as their standard-bearers. This was as true in Nepal as elsewhere.1 What makes the Nepali case all the more compelling is that it has played itself out in the manner intended by the Maoists in the cases considered in previous chapters of this work. Indeed, in many ways all the elements are present, especially when compared to the Thai case, but they have played themselves out in dissimilar fashion and thrust the Nepali Maoists to the threshold of victory—what no other Maoist group in Asia has been able to accomplish since the end of the Vietnam War. Insurgency in Nepal has existed for perhaps five decades but burst into the open as a serious force only with the declaration of people’s war on 13 February 1996 by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) or CPN(M), the most radical offshoot of the leftwing spectrum in Nepali politics.2 Desultory action ended when the “Mao- ists,” as they are universally known, unilaterally abrogated on-going talks with the government and launched a nationwide general offensive in November 2001. There followed a steadily increasing level of violence that by April had left some 13,000 Nepalis dead, a majority of them in not quite four years.3 In that month, the old-order was toppled, much as had happened in Thailand in October 1973, and a similar drama began to play itself out as occurred 1973–76—with important distinctions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Reading Guide to Nepalese History
    HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies Volume 25 Number 1 Himalaya No. 1 & 2 Article 5 2005 A Reading Guide to Nepalese History John Whelpton Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya Recommended Citation Whelpton, John. 2005. A Reading Guide to Nepalese History. HIMALAYA 25(1). Available at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol25/iss1/5 This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by the DigitalCommons@Macalester College at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. jOHN WHELPTON A READING GUIDE TO NEPAL ESE HISTORY ·t.t. ' There is no single book or series that can be regarded as · an authoritative Chandra Shamsher and Family history of Nepal in the way that, This brief survey is intended as a list of works which Scientifique in France. This can be consulted online at for example, I have found especially useful myself or which I http://www.vjf.cnrs.fr/wwwisis/BIBLI0.02/form.htm the Cambridge think would be particularly suitable for readers wanting to follow up topics necessarily treated very · Ancient History BASIC NARRATIVES cursorily in my recent one-volume History of Nepal ' or the Oxford (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). It There is no single book or series that can be regarded History of England includes some of the pre-1990 works listed in my as an authoritative history of Nepal in the way that, is accepted in the earlier Nepal (World Bibliographical Series, Oxford for example, the Cambridge Ancient History or the & Santa Barbara: Clio Press, 1990) and, though it Oxford History of England is accepted in the United United Kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE NUMBERS Declaration Certificate Acknowledgement CHAPTER-I---------------------------------------------------------------------------------1-15 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background of Nepal 1.3 An Overview of People’s War (1996-2006) 1.4 Scope of the Study 1.5 Survey of the Literature 1.6 Objectives of the Study 1.7 Research Questions 1.8 Methodology 1.9 Chapterisation CHAPTER-II------------------------------------------------------------------------------16-32 THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF PEACEBUILDING 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Peacebuilding in Historical Context 2.3 Perspectives on Peacebuilding 2.4 Emerging Characteristics of Peacebuilding 2.5 Peacebuilding Phases and Actors 2.6 Dimensions of Peacebuilding 2.7 Conclusion CHAPTER-III-----------------------------------------------------------------------------33-57 HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT IN NEPAL 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Parties to the Conflict 3.3 Socio-economic structure of Nepal 3.4 Political History of Nepal prior to 1990 3.5 1990’s Political Change and the Emergence of People’s War in Nepal 3.6 The Consolidation of Maoist Movement 3.7 The Rise of Maoist Insurgence 3.8 Impact of the Conflict 3.9 Conclusion CHAPTER-IV-----------------------------------------------------------------------------58-81 INTEGRATION AND REINTEGRATION OF THE MAOISTS: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Comprehensive Peace Agreement and other Agreements 4.3 Constitutional Provisions 4.4 International Involvement 4.5 Integration and Reintegration of the Maoists 4.6 The Seven-Point
    [Show full text]
  • By Rebecca T. Lehman D
    - A Communist Revolution in the Post-Communist Era: The Rise of Maoism in Nepal An Honors Thesis (HIST 641) by Rebecca T. Lehman - Dr. Kenneth R. Hall Ball State University Muncie, Indiana - 2 May 2002 Abstract - - In 1996, the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) began an insurgency that, to date, has claimed more than 3,000 lives in the landlocked kingdom of Nepal. The voiceless and exploited people are locked in a system that began centuries ago, under various principalities and polities, including local lords, British imperialists, a hereditary prime ministership, constitutional monarchs, and, finally, elected officials who gained power during the 1990 Jana Andolan. The many minority ethnic groups of Nepal, long discounted by these rulers, are attempting to maintain the integrity of their cultures in a rapidly changing modem world. The success of the Jana Andolan or Movement for the Restoration of Democracy (MRD) relied on the collaborative efforts of the coalition of Nepal's communist factions, the United Left Front (ULF), in conjunction with the Nepal Congress Party. The movement seemed to indicate the longstanding failure of the monarchy, like previous ruling powers, to address the concerns of the people­ ,- many Nepali groups have embraced communism as a viable alternative. Public awareness of the widening disparity between the wealthy and the bulk of the Nepali people has been heightened by the affluent tourists who pay exorbitantly to see and trek the Himalayas. After many attempts to achieve representation for their individual economic and ethnic interests, the Nepali people have been disappointed by the inefficacy and corruption of the latest representative system.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Agenda of Thecommunist Parties of Nepal
    ECONOMIC AGENDA OF THECOMMUNIST PARTIES OF NEPAL A Thesis Submitted to the Central Department of Economics Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur Kathmandu In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Master of Arts IN ECONOMICS By Yan Prasad Dhungel Roll No: 477/065 T U Regd: 7-1-999-266-2000 Central Department of Economics Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur Kathmandu, Nepal February, 2014 LETTER OF RECOMMENDATION 1 The Thesis entitled "Economic Agenda of the Communist Parties of Nepal"has been prepared by Mr. Yan Prasad Dhungel under my supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Economics. I forward it with recommendation for approval. ................................... Mr. Bharat Pokharel (Thesis supervisor) Central Department of Economics Tribhuvan University CampusKirtipur, Kathmandu Date:11th February, 2014 2 APPROVAL LETTER The thesis entitled "Economic Agenda of the Communist Parties of Nepal" has been prepared by Yan PrasadDhungel to the Central Department of Economics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences,Tribhuvan University Campus, Kirtipur,Kathmandu in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Arts in Economics has been found satisfactory in scope and quality. Therefore we accept this thesis as a part of the degree. Evaluation Committee: ……………………….. Dr. Ram Prasad Gyawali ( Head of the Department) .............................. Prof. Dr.R. K. Shah External Examiner ............................... Mr. Bharat Pokharel (Thesis Supervisor) Date:20th February,
    [Show full text]