TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE NUMBERS Declaration Certificate Acknowledgement CHAPTER-I---------------------------------------------------------------------------------1-15 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Background of Nepal 1.3 An Overview of People’s War (1996-2006) 1.4 Scope of the Study 1.5 Survey of the Literature 1.6 Objectives of the Study 1.7 Research Questions 1.8 Methodology 1.9 Chapterisation CHAPTER-II------------------------------------------------------------------------------16-32 THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF PEACEBUILDING 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Peacebuilding in Historical Context 2.3 Perspectives on Peacebuilding 2.4 Emerging Characteristics of Peacebuilding 2.5 Peacebuilding Phases and Actors 2.6 Dimensions of Peacebuilding 2.7 Conclusion CHAPTER-III-----------------------------------------------------------------------------33-57 HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT IN NEPAL 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Parties to the Conflict 3.3 Socio-economic structure of Nepal 3.4 Political History of Nepal prior to 1990 3.5 1990’s Political Change and the Emergence of People’s War in Nepal 3.6 The Consolidation of Maoist Movement 3.7 The Rise of Maoist Insurgence 3.8 Impact of the Conflict 3.9 Conclusion CHAPTER-IV-----------------------------------------------------------------------------58-81 INTEGRATION AND REINTEGRATION OF THE MAOISTS: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Comprehensive Peace Agreement and other Agreements 4.3 Constitutional Provisions 4.4 International Involvement 4.5 Integration and Reintegration of the Maoists 4.6 The Seven-Point Agreement on Integration and Reintegration 4.7 Salient features of Integration 4.8 Integration and Reintegration: Issues and Challenges 4.9 Conclusion CHAPTER-V-------------------------------------------------------------------------------82-88 CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY------------------------------------------------------------------------89-95 APPENDICES CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Post-conflict Integration in Nepal” submitted to Sikkim University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in International Relations, embodies the result of bona fide research work carried out by Binita Rai under my guidance and supervision. No part of the dissertation has been submitted for any other degree, diploma, associate-ship and fellowship. All the assistance and help receiver during the course of the investigation have been duly acknowledged by him. Dr. Manish Supervisor Department of International Relations School of Social Sciences Sikkim University Place: Gangtok Date2.03.2015. Date: 02.03.2015 DECLARATION I declare that the dissertation entitled “Post-conflict Integration in Nepal” submitted to Sikkim University for the award of the degree of Master of Philosophy is my original work. This dissertation has not been submitted for any other degree of this university or any other university. BINITA RAI Roll No.: 13MPIRO2 Registration No.: 08AG3506 The Department recommends that this dissertation be placed before the examiner for evaluation. Dr. Manish Dr. Manish Head of the Department Supervisor Chapter I 1.1 Introduction This study aims at examining the post-conflict political developments in Nepal and how the issue of integration and reintegration of the Maoists in the Nepal Army and civilian life had been viewed by the major political parties in Nepal. The term post- conflict precisely refers to the period after 2006, i.e. after the signing of Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) by the conflicting parties and the party in power. The conflicting party refers to Communist Party of Nepal (Maoists) or CPN (M), who were known as Maoists before entering into the mainstream political of Nepal. The signing of Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) brought an end to the armed conflict in Nepal and also the representation of the Maoist into the political scenario of Nepal as an equal participant. However, the peace process is still under process. The main objective of the contending group has been fulfilled i.e. the overthrowing of monarchy and establishing a democratic government. However, there are issues regarding the making of the constitution, power sharing, integration and rehabilitation etc. This study primarily aims at exploring the integration and reintegration of Maoists in the Army and civilian life and the issues and challenges attached to the process. Integration and reintegration of the Maoists was over in 2013. But this was not an easy task to complete. The completion of the process involved the efforts of all the stakeholders. Therefore the core objective of this work is to analyze the case of integration and reintegration from the vintage point of the role of major stakeholders. While doing so, the study will employ the theoretical concept of peace building in the context of post- conflict Nepal. Peace building emerged as a key focus of international attention in 1990s, with the UN playing a leading role. Since then the concept of peace building have evolved significantly. From the late 1990s onward the concept of peace building has become more expansive and more consciously focus on the importance of State institution also bringing in the centrality of non-state actors. Peace- building today involves the transforming of society by strengthening human security and addressing grievances. Thus, peace building is a multifaceted effort that includes building democratic governance, protecting human rights, equitable access to resources and environmental security. 1 On the other hand peace building according to Charles Call and Elizabeth Cousens is- “Those actions undertaken by international or national actors to institutionalize peace, understood as the absence of armed conflict and a modicum of participatory politics that can be sustained in the absence of an international peace operation”. Another important element within the process of peace building today has been a focus on State building. Effective State institution and involvement of State and political leaders are needed to foster enduring peace. Therefore, the growing attention to State building provides a long term perspective within the peace building effort and this has been crucial in understanding the need of a fragile State. Nepal is treated as a fragile State by the international community, there has been initiative on the peace building in post conflict Nepal. The fragility in Nepal had been marked by high conflict risk, insecurity, weak institutional capacity, issues of integration which is threatening the peace process as promised by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA). It’s solution requires trust building among key political actors. CPA formalized the commitments of both sides to endure peace and Constitutional change while providing for the return, integration and rehabilitation of all affected by the conflict. But CPA’s success rests upon the leader’s ability to resolve the core political issues. Therefore, within the broad conceptual framework of peace building, this study aims at contextualizing Nepal and also in analyzing how far the peace-building initiative has been successful in bringing peace in Nepal. 1.2 Background of Nepal Nepal is a small country bordered by India on three sides and China on one side. This geographical location keeps the country economically and politically sandwiched. Nevertheless, it has a glorious history because of its independency. It was a tough time for Nepal had remained uncolonized while its neighbours India, Bangladesh and Pakistan were British colonies. However, the absence of colonization does not mean the absence of conflict in the country. The British colonies engaged Nepal in various ways under her influence. 2 Physiography of Nepal It has an area of 147,181 square kilometres (56,827 sq mi) and a population of approximately 27 million,1 Nepal is the world's 93rd largest country by land mass2 and the 41st most populous country. the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Sikkim border Nepal, whereas across the Himalayas lies the Tibet Autonomous Region. Nepal is separated from Bangladesh by the narrow Indian Siliguri Corridor. Nepal is commonly divided into three physiographic areas: Mountain, Hill and Terai. The details are as follows; The Mountain Region (Himal) is situated in the Great Himalayan Range that makes up the northern part of Nepal. It contains the highest elevations in the world including 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) height Mount Everest (Sagarmatha in Nepali) on the border with China. Seven other i.e. Lhotse, Makalu, Cho oyu, Kanchanjunga, Dhaulagiri, Annapurna and Manasluare considered to be the world's eight thousand metre peaks located in Nepal. The Hill Region (Pahad) are the mountains and varies from 800 to 4,000 metres (2,625 to 13,123 ft) in altitude with series from subtropical climates below 1 Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal) (2011), “National population and Housing Census (National Report)”, (Online Web)awsassets.panda.org/.../gesi_mainstreaming_strategy_of_hariyo_ban_pro. retrieved on 23rd July 2014. 2 CIA Report (2004), "The World Factbook: Rank order population",( Online Web), https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world.../2119rank.html,retrieved on 23 March 2014 3 1,200 metres (3,937 ft) to alpine climates above 3,600 metres (11,811 ft). The Mahabharat Range reaching 1,500 to 3,000 metres (4,921 to 9,843 ft) is the southern limit of this region, with subtropical river valleys and "hills" alternating to the north of this range. Population