A Minimal Toolset for Positional Diamond Mechanosynthesis
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Randal Koene Page 3
CRYONICS 4th Quarter 2019 | Vol 40, Issue 4 www.alcor.org Scholar Profile: Randal Koene page 3 Cryonics in China and Australia Cryonics and Public Skepticism: page 19 Meeting The Challenges to Our Credibility page 24 CRYONICS Editorial Board Contents Saul Kent Ralph C. Merkle, Ph.D. R. Michael Perry, Ph.D. 3 Scholar Profile: Randal Koene Accomplished neuroscientist and founder of the only dedicated Editor whole brain emulation nonprofit in existence, Dr. Randal Koene Aschwin de Wolf is no stranger to standing out. Responsible for coining the term Contributing Writers that put this niche but growing field on the map, Koene is working Ben Best hard to make humans more adaptable than ever before. In his Randal Koene R. Michael Perry, Ph.D. vision of the future, minds will be substrate-independent, with Nicole Weinstock full or even enhanced functioning on a limitless and changing Aschwin de Wolf menu of platforms. Copyright 2019 by Alcor Life Extension Foundation 19 Cryonics in China and Australia All rights reserved. Ben Reports on the emerging cryonics industry in China and the plans to create a Reproduction, in whole or part, new cryonics organization in Australia. without permission is prohibited. 24 FOR THE RECORD Cryonics magazine is published Cryonics and Public Skepticism: Meeting the Challenges to Our quarterly. Credibility Cryonics has been viewed with skepticism or hostility by some, including some Please note: If you change your scientists, ever since it started in the 1960s, even though (we like to remind the address less than a month before the naysayers) its intended basis is strictly scientific. -
Diamondoid Mechanosynthesis Prepared for the International Technology Roadmap for Productive Nanosystems
IMM White Paper Scanning Probe Diamondoid Mechanosynthesis Prepared for the International Technology Roadmap for Productive Nanosystems 1 August 2007 D.R. Forrest, R. A. Freitas, N. Jacobstein One proposed pathway to atomically precise manufacturing is scanning probe diamondoid mechanosynthesis (DMS): employing scanning probe technology for positional control in combination with novel reactive tips to fabricate atomically-precise diamondoid components under positional control. This pathway has its roots in the 1986 book Engines of Creation, in which the manufacture of diamondoid parts was proposed as a long-term objective by Drexler [1], and in the 1989 demonstration by Donald Eigler at IBM that individual atoms could be manipulated by a scanning tunelling microscope [2]. The proposed DMS-based pathway would skip the intermediate enabling technologies proposed by Drexler [1a, 1b, 1c] (these begin with polymeric structures and solution-phase synthesis) and would instead move toward advanced DMS in a more direct way. Although DMS has not yet been realized experimentally, there is a strong base of experimental results and theory that indicate it can be achieved in the near term. • Scanning probe positional assembly with single atoms has been successfully demonstrated in by different research groups for Fe and CO on Ag, Si on Si, and H on Si and CNHCH3. • Theoretical treatments of tip reactions show that carbon dimers1 can be transferred to diamond surfaces with high fidelity. • A study on tip design showed that many variations on a design turn out to be suitable for accurate carbon dimer placement. Therefore, efforts can be focused on the variations of tooltips of many kinds that are easier to synthesize. -
Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Opportunities and Uncertainties
ISBN 0 85403 604 0 © The Royal Society 2004 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to: Science Policy Section The Royal Society 6–9 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y 5AG email [email protected] Typeset in Frutiger by the Royal Society Proof reading and production management by the Clyvedon Press, Cardiff, UK Printed by Latimer Trend Ltd, Plymouth, UK ii | July 2004 | Nanoscience and nanotechnologies The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties Contents page Summary vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Hopes and concerns about nanoscience and nanotechnologies 1 1.2 Terms of reference and conduct of the study 2 1.3 Report overview 2 1.4 Next steps 3 2 What are nanoscience and nanotechnologies? 5 3 Science and applications 7 3.1 Introduction 7 3.2 Nanomaterials 7 3.2.1 Introduction to nanomaterials 7 3.2.2 Nanoscience in this area 8 3.2.3 Applications 10 3.3 Nanometrology -
Chapter 3 Green Grass, Red Blood, Blueprint
Chapter 3 Green grass, red blood, blueprint: reflections on life, self-replication, and evolution M. Ciofalo Dipartimento di Ingegneria Nucleare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy. Abstract Following pioneering work by von Neumann in the late 1940s, the goal of achieving self- replication in artefacts has been pursued by a variety of approaches, involving either virtual entities like cellular automata and computer programs or, to a lesser extent, real physical devices. An ample review of the major achievements in these diverse fields is given, and their practical and theoretical relevance is discussed. Possible future developments, notably regarding nanotech- nology and space exploration, are also outlined. The most relevant theoretical problems posed by self-replication are discussed in the light of current knowledge regarding life and its origins. Living entities are semiotic systems, in which physical structures have come to perform symbolic functions. The great complexity of biomolecules and of even the most primitive organisms is not a gratuitous complication, but a necessary condition for homeostasis, self-replication and open- ended evolution in a changing environment. Such requisites will have to be matched by artificial devices if their non-trivial self-replication and autonomous development are to be attained. 1 Of crystals and colloids Wordsworth’s God had his dwelling in the light of setting suns. But the God who dwells there seems to me most probably the God of the atom, the star, and the crystal. Mine, if I have one, reveals Himself in another class of phenomena. He makes the grass green and the blood red. (J.W. Krutch, 1950, [1]) The lines in the epigraph are excerpted from the famous essay ‘The colloid and the crystal’, written in 1950 by the American literary naturalist Joseph Wood Krutch. -
Nanomedicine and Medical Nanorobotics - Robert A
BIOTECHNOLOGY– Vol .XII – Nanomedicine and Medical nanorobotics - Robert A. Freitas Jr. NANOMEDICINE AND MEDICAL NANOROBOTICS Robert A. Freitas Jr. Institute for Molecular Manufacturing, Palo Alto, California, USA Keywords: Assembly, Nanomaterials, Nanomedicine, Nanorobot, Nanorobotics, Nanotechnology Contents 1. Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine 2. Medical Nanomaterials and Nanodevices 2.1. Nanopores 2.2. Artificial Binding Sites and Molecular Imprinting 2.3. Quantum Dots and Nanocrystals 2.4. Fullerenes and Nanotubes 2.5. Nanoshells and Magnetic Nanoprobes 2.6. Targeted Nanoparticles and Smart Drugs 2.7. Dendrimers and Dendrimer-Based Devices 2.8. Radio-Controlled Biomolecules 3. Microscale Biological Robots 4. Medical Nanorobotics 4.1. Early Thinking in Medical Nanorobotics 4.2. Nanorobot Parts and Components 4.3. Self-Assembly and Directed Parts Assembly 4.4. Positional Assembly and Molecular Manufacturing 4.5. Medical Nanorobot Designs and Scaling Studies Acknowledgments Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Nanomedicine is the process of diagnosing, treating, and preventing disease and traumatic injury, of relieving pain, and of preserving and improving human health, using molecular tools and molecular knowledge of the human body. UNESCO – EOLSS In the relatively near term, nanomedicine can address many important medical problems by using nanoscale-structured materials and simple nanodevices that can be manufactured SAMPLEtoday, including the interaction CHAPTERS of nanostructured materials with biological systems. In the mid-term, biotechnology will make possible even more remarkable advances in molecular medicine and biobotics, including microbiological biorobots or engineered organisms. In the longer term, perhaps 10-20 years from today, the earliest molecular machine systems and nanorobots may join the medical armamentarium, finally giving physicians the most potent tools imaginable to conquer human disease, ill-health, and aging. -
Mechanosynthesis of Amides in the Total Absence of Organic Solvent from Reaction to Product Recovery
Mechanosynthesis of amides in the total absence of organic solvent from reaction to product recovery Thomas-Xavier Metro, Julien Bonnamour, Thomas Reidon, Jordi Sarpoulet, Jean Martinez, Frédéric Lamaty To cite this version: Thomas-Xavier Metro, Julien Bonnamour, Thomas Reidon, Jordi Sarpoulet, Jean Martinez, et al.. Mechanosynthesis of amides in the total absence of organic solvent from reaction to product re- covery. Chemical Communications, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2012, 48 (96), pp.11781-11783. 10.1039/c2cc36352f. hal-00784652 HAL Id: hal-00784652 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00784652 Submitted on 12 Feb 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. ChemComm Dynamic Article Links Cite this: Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 11781–11783 www.rsc.org/chemcomm COMMUNICATION Mechanosynthesis of amides in the total absence of organic solvent from reaction to product recoverywz Thomas-Xavier Me´tro,* Julien Bonnamour, Thomas Reidon, Jordi Sarpoulet, Jean Martinez and Fre´de´ric Lamaty* Received 31st August 2012, Accepted 8th October 2012 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36352f The synthesis of various amides has been realised avoiding the use added-value molecules production. Pursuing our interest in of any organic solvent from activation of carboxylic acids with CDI the development of solvent-free amide bond formation,6 we to isolation of the amides. -
Nanosystems, Edge Computing, and the Next Generation Computing Systems
sensors Review Nanosystems, Edge Computing, and the Next Generation Computing Systems Ali Passian * and Neena Imam Computing & Computational Sciences Directorate, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 July 2019; Accepted: 16 September 2019; Published: 19 September 2019 Abstract: It is widely recognized that nanoscience and nanotechnology and their subfields, such as nanophotonics, nanoelectronics, and nanomechanics, have had a tremendous impact on recent advances in sensing, imaging, and communication, with notable developments, including novel transistors and processor architectures. For example, in addition to being supremely fast, optical and photonic components and devices are capable of operating across multiple orders of magnitude length, power, and spectral scales, encompassing the range from macroscopic device sizes and kW energies to atomic domains and single-photon energies. The extreme versatility of the associated electromagnetic phenomena and applications, both classical and quantum, are therefore highly appealing to the rapidly evolving computing and communication realms, where innovations in both hardware and software are necessary to meet the growing speed and memory requirements. Development of all-optical components, photonic chips, interconnects, and processors will bring the speed of light, photon coherence properties, field confinement and enhancement, information-carrying capacity, and the broad spectrum of light into the high-performance computing, the internet of things, and industries related to cloud, fog, and recently edge computing. Conversely, owing to their extraordinary properties, 0D, 1D, and 2D materials are being explored as a physical basis for the next generation of logic components and processors. Carbon nanotubes, for example, have been recently used to create a new processor beyond proof of principle. -
Scanning Tunneling Microscope Control System for Atomically
Innovations in Scanning Tunneling Microscope Control Systems for This project will develop a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) platform technology for scanning probe microscope-based, high-speed atomic scale High-throughput fabrication. Initially, it will be used to speed up, by more than 1000 times, today’s Atomically Precise single tip hydrogen depassivation lithography (HDL), enabling commercial fabrication of 2D atomically precise nanoscale devices. Ultimately, it could be used to fabricate Manufacturing 3D atomically precise materials, features, and devices. Graphic image courtesy of University of Texas at Dallas and Zyvex Labs Atomically precise manufacturing (APM) is an emerging disruptive technology precision movement in three dimensions mechanosynthesis (i.e., moving single that could dramatically reduce energy are also needed for the required accuracy atoms mechanically to control chemical and coordination between the multiple reactions) of three dimensional (3D) use and increase performance of STM tips. By dramatically improving the devices and for subsequent positional materials, structures, devices, and geometry and control of STMs, they can assembly of nanoscale building blocks. finished goods. Using APM, every atom become a platform technology for APM and deliver atomic-level control. First, is at its specified location relative Benefits for Our Industry and an array of micro-machined STMs that Our Nation to the other atoms—there are no can work in parallel for high-speed and defects, missing atoms, extra atoms, high-throughput imaging and positional This APM platform technology will accelerate the development of tools and or incorrect (impurity) atoms. Like other assembly will be designed and built. The system will utilize feedback-controlled processes for manufacturing materials disruptive technologies, APM will first microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and products that offer new functional be commercialized in early premium functioning as independent STMs that can qualities and ultra-high performance. -
Soft Machines: Copying Nature's Nanotechnology with Synthetic
From Fantastic Voyage to Soft Machines: two decades of nanotechnology visions (and some real achievements) Richard Jones University of Sheffield Three visions of nanotechnology… 1. Drexler’s mechanical vision 3. Quantum nanodevices 2. Biological/ soft machines … and two narratives about technological progress Accelerating change… …or innovation stagnation? Who invented nanotechnology? Richard Feynman (1918-1988) Theoretical Physicist, Nobel Laureate “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” - 1959 Robert Heinlein? Norio Taniguchi? Coined the term “nanotechnology” in 1974 Don Eigler? 1994 – used the STM (invented by Binnig & Rohrer) to rearrange atoms “Engines of Creation” K. Eric Drexler 1986 The history of technology : increasing precision and miniaturisation Medieval macro- 19th century precision Modern micro-engineering engineering engineering MEMS device, Sandia Late medieval mine Babbage difference engine, pump, Agricola 1832 Where next? Nanotechnology as “the principles of mechanical engineering applied to chemistry” Ideas developed by K.Eric Drexler Computer graphics and simulation Technical objections to Drexler’s vision Drexler’s Nanosystems: More research required Josh Hall: “Noone has ever found a significant error in the technical argument. Drexler’s detractors in the political argument don’t even talk about it.” • Friction • Uncontrolled mechanosynthesis • Thermodynamic and kinetic stability of nanostructures • Tolerance • Implementation path • Low level mechanosynthesis steps “If x doesn’t work, we’ll just try y”, versus an ever- tightening design space. “Any material you like, as long as it’s diamond” • Nanosystems and subsequent MNT work concentrate on diamond – Strong and stiff (though not quite as stiff as graphite) – H-terminated C (111) is stable wrt surface reconstruction • Potential disadvantages – Not actually the thermodynamic ground state (depends on size and shape - clusters can reconstruct to diamond-filled fullerene onions) – Non-ideal electronic properties. -
Molecular Nanotechnology - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Molecular nanotechnology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_manufacturing Molecular nanotechnology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Molecular manufacturing) Part of the article series on Molecular nanotechnology (MNT) is the concept of Nanotechnology topics Molecular Nanotechnology engineering functional mechanical systems at the History · Implications Applications · Organizations molecular scale.[1] An equivalent definition would be Molecular assembler Popular culture · List of topics "machines at the molecular scale designed and built Mechanosynthesis Subfields and related fields atom-by-atom". This is distinct from nanoscale Nanorobotics Nanomedicine materials. Based on Richard Feynman's vision of Molecular self-assembly Grey goo miniature factories using nanomachines to build Molecular electronics K. Eric Drexler complex products (including additional Scanning probe microscopy Engines of Creation Nanolithography nanomachines), this advanced form of See also: Nanotechnology Molecular nanotechnology [2] nanotechnology (or molecular manufacturing ) Nanomaterials would make use of positionally-controlled Nanomaterials · Fullerene mechanosynthesis guided by molecular machine systems. MNT would involve combining Carbon nanotubes physical principles demonstrated by chemistry, other nanotechnologies, and the molecular Nanotube membranes machinery Fullerene chemistry Applications · Popular culture Timeline · Carbon allotropes Nanoparticles · Quantum dots Colloidal gold · Colloidal -
Numerical Investigation of Carbon Nanotube Thin-Film Composites and Devices
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF CARBON NANOTUBE THIN-FILM COMPOSITES AND DEVICES A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty By Man Prakash Gupta In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology May 2015 Copyright © Man Prakash Gupta 2015 NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF CARBON NANOTUBE THIN-FILM COMPOSITES AND DEVICES Approved by: Dr. Satish Kumar, Adviser Dr. Abhijit Chatterjee School of Mechanical Engineering School of Electrical and Computer Georgia Institute of Technology Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Alexander Alexeev Dr. Manos Tentzeris School of Mechanical Engineering School of Electrical and Computer Georgia Institute of Technology Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Baratunde Cola School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Date Approved: December 5, 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The period of last five years during my PhD program has been profoundly transformational for me in many ways. Looking back, I find that it has been truly an enjoyable and intellectually satisfying journey which was made possible by the help and support of a number of people. Among them first and foremost, I would like to thank my mentor and adviser Dr. Satish Kumar for providing the necessary guidance and constant encouragement. He has been incredibly patient and supportive during the entire program. Needless to say, he has been a role model for me and I consider it my privilege to be one of the first graduate students in his research group. I am grateful to my collaborators Dr. Saibal Mukhopadhyay, Dr. Eric Pop, Dr. Minki Cho, Dr. David Estrada and Dr. Ashkan Behnam for allowing me to work with them and having fruitful discussions. -
An Abstract Scripting Language for Assembly of Mechanical Nanocomputer Architectures
MolML: An Abstract Scripting Language for Assembly of Mechanical Nanocomputer Architectures Bryan W. Wagner and Thomas P. Way Applied Computing Technology Laboratory Department of Computing Sciences Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085 [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Sizes of computer components are reaching nanoscale dimensions, causing physical limitations to be met in traditional computer architectures. This study surveys the field of alternative nanocomputer architectures, including the nano-mechanical computational machines first proposed by Eric Drexler. A high-level XML programming language, MolML, is introduced as a scripting language for hydrocarbon assembly of mechanical nanocomputers. Keywords: Nanocomputer, hydrocarbon assembler, scripting, simulation 1. Introduction As Moore’s Law continues to predict the trend of continually increasing densities of transistors on ever diminishing surface dimensions, components for computer architectures are rapidly approaching sizes that can be measured in nanometers, one billionth of a meter. However, as silicon transistors become measurable on the nanoscale, certain physical properties hinder their ability to function properly as they do on the macroscale. Among these well-known physical limitations are leakage, threshold voltage control, tunneling, electro-migration, high interconnect resistance, and crosstalk. These issues can restrict electrical silicon transistor functionality to the extent that future computing designs will need to consider alternative materials and architectures [1]. Nanoscale computer architectures introduce other challenges as well. Processors are still manufactured using lithographic techniques. Lithography involves the use of a printing press to stamp, or otherwise etch or inscribe, a design into a smooth surface. Computer circuitry is constructed in this manner, and defective units are discarded. Thus, there is a probabilistic factor for error in the manufacturing process.