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Study of Architectural Monuments of Uzbekistan (The Second Half of XIX-XX Centuries)

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Study of Architectural Monuments of Uzbekistan (The Second Half of XIX-XX Centuries) INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 Study Of Architectural Monuments Of Uzbekistan (The Second Half Of XIX-XX Centuries) Mukhabbat Samandarovna Khamidova Abstract: This article is devoted to learning history of architectural monuments of Uzbekistan in the researches of the Soviet period. Special attention is given to history of studying peculiarity of architecture of Uzbekistan, especially history of architectural masterpieces‘ structure, shape, view and ancient traditions in national architecture and questions of decorations in it. Additionally, the role of archival documents, photo documents of Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan, The Committee of Preservation Middle Asia‘s ancient art monuments, and natural resources and museum affairs in Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan is illuminated on studying of Uzbekistan‘s architectural monuments in the end of XIX - XX centuries. It pays special attention to covering the history of the activities of state institutions in scientific study, restoration and preservation of architectural monuments of the republic. The article also has scientific analysis of documents of personal archives of scientific researchers such as V.L. Vyatkin, B.N. Zasipkin, S.N. Polupanov, M.E. Masson and G.A. Pugachenkova who play an important role in the study of various aspects of the research topic of architectural monuments of Uzbekistan. Index Terms: archival sources, architectural monuments, mosques, madrasahs, mausoleums, palaces, local residentials. —————————— —————————— 1. INTRODUCTION Uzbekistan‘s material culture, especially learning historical- The attitude towards the study and use of architectural memorial monuments which was created with the base of monuments of Uzbekistan varied in the period of Uzbekistan‘s national traditions, researching their unique sides abovementioned three different political systems. There are was basic issue of history, archeology, ethnography, differences in the essence of the scientific researches carried mastership, architecture even before the country‘s out during this period and the content of scientific works independence. Various matters of national architecture were created on the basis of them according to the policy of analyzed by experts of the specialties above. Studying the dominant system. Below the essence and significance of architectural heritage of Uzbekistan was an interesting subject historical researches in the first two periods of study of the for scientists of different time. Not only historians, but also architectural monuments of Uzbekistan will be analyzed. archaeologists, art historians and architects worked on this problem. A number of state institutions have been set up in 2 SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITIONS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE this direction and numerous scientific studies have been ON THE STUDY OF TURKESTAN’S MONUMENTS (THE carried out by their employees. Valuable scientific works were SECOND HALF OF XIX-EARLY XX CENTURIES) created on the base of these studies as well as studies of It is known that, researching architectural monuments of famous scientists of the twentieth century. Many state Uzbekistan began in the XIX century. In connection with the institutions which have been operating for a certain period of establishment of the Turkestan General Province in 1967, time from the late 19th century to the present day examples of most of the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan joins the such state institutions. In addition, many scientific expeditions Russian Empire. On the initiative of the IAK, several scientific carried by the IAK , TKLA , TSUARDEL , CEC , expeditions were organized to study the cultural wealth of the TURKOMSTARIS , SREDAZKOMSTARIS , UZKOMSTARIS , region. These scientific expeditions were headed by scholars the Main Directorate at the Ministry of Culture of Uzbekistan of orientalists who knew the language, religion and traditions and a number of scientific research institutes of the Academy of local peoples. Well-known scientists, experts of their of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan were devoted to the profession, historian-orientalists P.I Lerch, N.I Veselovsky, N.P study of architectural monuments of Uzbekistan Thus, the Ostroumov, V.V. Bartold, architect B.P. Denike, photographers history of study of theme can be divided into three parts. I. Chistyakov, I. Vvedensky, N.P. Petrovsky and others These include: participated in these expeditions (1867-1917). They studied – Scientific expeditions of the Russian Empire on the many historical monuments of Fergana, Syrdarya and studying of Turkestan‘s monuments (the second half of XIX- Samarkand regions. In particular, original photoalbum of the early XX centuries); famous architectural monuments of the period of Amir Temur – Study of architectural monuments of Uzbekistan in the and Temurids in Samarkand, was created. Imperial Soviet era (1917-1990); Archaeological Commission‘s scientific expeditions dedicated – Researches on national architectural monuments to the study of Central Asian monuments began in 1867. On during independence years in Uzbekistan (1991). the instruction of the Russian Empire, colonel N.P. Ignatiev ———————————————— visited Khiva Khanate and Bukhara Emirate in 1967 with the diplomatic mission. The member of the Imperial Archaeological Mukhabbat Samandarovna Khamidova, PhD, associated Commission P.I. Lerch also attended in the very mission P.I. professor at National University of Uzbekistan. Lerch was tasked with studying monuments of coast of the Tashkent,Uzbekistan. Syrdarya river in the Turkestan region under the theme "Studying the ancient monuments of material culture". To carry out this scientific expedition P.I. Lerch was required by the Commission to issue documents and 3,000 rubles. During the expedition P.I. Lerch acquired and was taken to St. Petersburg 1353 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 many materials and written sources belonged to the history of consideration. The researches organized by them, especially, Central Asian people. Among those historical sources, there all material resources, which founded as a result of historical was a fossil created during the expedition. The album contains places research needed to be submitted to IАК. According to photographs about the history and culture of Central Asian the scientific researches of the Turkistan amateur-archeologist people, including historical and architectural monuments, local circle precious information was précised about the location of lifestyle, traditional occupations, and cloths of clothing. There several archeological and architectural monuments, their are 28 paintings that remind you of elegant watercolor. It was preserving condition, measures, draughts, photographs. In presented to the Emperor's family member Prince Konstantin addition, historical reference books about researched Nikolaevich Romanov. This fossil is the first fossil that has a archeological and architectural monuments and myths were special significance in studying the history of Uzbek people, mentioned about them. including the historical and architectural monuments. This historical source, which was a precious gift to the Emperor's 3 STUDY OF ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS family on that time, is still in the spotlight. Also, the collection OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE SOVIET PERIOD of written sources on the history of the people of Central Asia was transferred to the Asian Museum, collections of valuable (1917-1990) coins of the Bukharan khans Emperor's Hermitage and the The Commission that in 1918 began to work under the Russian Archaeological Society. Another scientific expedition supervision of notable orientalist scholar Vyatkin, in order to of the Imperial Archeological Commission was carried out by preserving falling minaret of Ulugbek madrassah, was the the Orientalist A.L. Kun in 1867-1882. According to the continuation of the circle Turkistan amateur-archeologists. Turkistan general-governor's order, the main part of the Vyatkin, which considered as a protector of Uzbekistan Turkistan album was produced as a result of the expedition led archeological-architectural monuments and his commission‘s by A.L. Kun (1876). Created on the basis of new members cooperated with local masters and famous engineer- technologies, this album was a very valuable historical architects B.N. Kastalskiy and M.F. Mauer. In 1919, document in its time. This album provides an opportunity to September 6, new Commission organized under the Republic learn more about Central Asian monuments, which are almost of Turkistan Public Education under the supervision of S. unknown to the administration. This album consists of four Abdusattarov for learning Uzbekistan‘s ancient monuments. sections: archeology, ethnography, production and history. It However, the commission‘s affairs were solely gathering includes a collection of photographs by N.N. Nekhoroshev, G. information about historical-architectural monuments . After Krivtsov and other photographers (1871-1872). The the October Revolution, there were several kind of photographs depict the general structure of the Central Asian commission, yet in those years, few affairs were carried out for cities, the castles in them, the general appearance of some researching and preserving those monuments. Finally, in 20th architectural monuments, and the local population's traditional years of
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