Optoelectronic Technology and Lightwave Communications Systems Optoelectronic Technology and Lightwave Communications Systems

Home , Optical communication

EDITED BY Chinlon Lin Bellcore (Bell Communications Research) Red Bank, New Jersey

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 88-27724 All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems-without written permission of the publisher.

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ISBN-13: 978-94-011-7037-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-011-7035-2 DOl: to.t007/978-94-0 11-7035-2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Optoelectronic technology and lightwave communications systems.

Bibliography: p. 1. Optical communications. 2. Optoelectronic devices. I. Lin, Chinlon. TK5103.59.0695 1989 621.38'0414 88-27724 Contents

Contributors ix Preface xv

Part 1 Optical Fiber Waveguides

1. Transmission Properties of Optical Fibers / Felix P. Kapron 3 2. Measurement and Characterization of Optical Fibers / Dan L. Philen 51 3. Advanced Single-Mode Fiber Designs for Lightwave Systems Applications / L. G. Cohen, W. L. M ammel, and W. A. Reed 79 4. Polarization-Maintaining Optical Fibers / T. Okoshi 110 5. Transmission Limitations in Fibers due to Nonlinear Optical Effects / A. R. Chraplyvy 131

Part 2 Fiber-Joining Technology and Passive Optical Components 153

6. Optical Fiber Connectors, Splices, and Jointing Technology / W. C. Young 155 7. Passive Components for Optical Coupling and WDM Applications / Giok-Djan Khoe 175

-v- vi • CONTENTS

Part 3 Semiconductor Laser Sources and Photodetectors 195

8. Basic Physics of Semiconductor Lasers / N. K. Dutta 197 9. Fabrication and Characterization of Semiconductor Lasers / P. J. Anthony 224 10. Transverse Mode Control in Semiconductor Lasers / Kohroh Kobayashi 245 11. Longitudinal Mode Control in Laser Diodes / T. Ikegami 264 12. Modulation Properties of Semiconductor Lasers / J. E. Bowers 299 13. High-Power Semiconductor Lasers / Luis Figueroa 335 14. Photodetectors for Long-Wavelength Lightwave Systems / J. C. Campbell 363

Part 4 Optical Transmitters and Receivers 401

15. Semiconductor Laser Transmitters / P. W. Shumate 403 16. Optical Receivers / Tran Van Muoi 441

Part 5 Applications of Optoelectronics in Lightwave Systems 473

17. Optical Communications: Single-Mode Optical Fiber Transmission Systems / Chinlon Lin 475 18. Optical Fiber Communication Systems: Local Area Networks / Nobuyuki Tokura and Masaki Koyama 517 19. Future Applications of Optical Fiber Networks / Elmer H. Hara 544 20. Free-Space Optical Communication Systems / Joseph Katz 569 21. Optical Fiber Sensor Technology / A. Dandridge, J. H. Cole, W. K. Burns, T. G. Giallorenzi, J. A. Bucaro 600 22. Optoelectronic Information Processing: Laser Bar Code and Laser Printer Systems / Yuzo Ono and Nobuo Nishida 653 CONTENTS • vii

Part 6 Future Optoelectronic Technology and Transmission ~ystems 675

23. Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits / U. Koren 677 24. Coherent Optical Fiber Communication Systems-The Promise for the Future / I. W Stanley and D. W. Smith 695

Part 7 Impacts on the Information ~ociety 737

25. The Impact of Optoelectronics Technology on the Information Society / c. K. Kao 739

Index 755 Contributors

P. J. Anthony, Ph.D. Department Head, Optoelectronic Devices Department AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ 07974

J. E. Bowers, Ph.D. Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106

J. A. Bucaro, Ph.D. Head, Physical Acoustics Branch Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375 w. K. Burns, Ph.D. Research Analyst Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375

J. C. Campbell, Ph.D. Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Cockrell Family Regents Chair in Engineering University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX 78712

A. R. Chrapiyvy, Ph.D. Distinguished Member of Technical Staff AT&T Bell Laboratories Holmdel, NJ 07733

- ix- x • CONTRIBUTORS

L. G. Cohen, Ph.D. Supervisor AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ 07974

J. H. Cole, M.S. Vice President, Dylor Corporation Arlington, VA 22202

A. Dandridge, Ph.D. Head, Optical Sensor Section Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 20375

N. K. Dutta, Ph.D. Supervisor AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ 07974

Luis Figueroa, Ph.D. Manager, Photonics Laboratory Boeing High Technology Center Seattle, WA 98124

T. G. Giallorenzi, Ph.D. Director, Optical Sciences Division Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC 203 7 5

Elmer H. Hara, Ph.D. Professor, SaskTel-NSERC Industrial Research Chair Electronic Information Systems Technology Faculty of Engineering University of Regina Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada

T. Ikegami, Dr.Eng. Executive Manager, Photonic Functional Laboratory NTT Opto-electronics Laboratories Kanagawa, Japan CONTRIBUTORS • xi

Charles K. Kao, Ph.D. Vice-Chancellor The Chinese University of Hong Kong New Territories, Hong Kong

Felix P. Kapron, Ph.D. District Manager, Optical Systems Technology Bellcore (Bell Communications Research) Morristown, NJ 07960

Joseph Katz, Ph.D. Director, Research and Development Symbol Technologies, Inc. Bohemia, NY 11716

Giok-Djan Khoe, Professor Technical University Eindhoven, and Senior Scientist, Philips Research Laboratory Eindhoven, The Netherlands

Kohroh Kobayashi, Dr.Eng. Manager, Optical Devices Development Department Fiber Optic Communications Development Division NEC Corporation Kanagawa, Japan

U. Koren, Ph.D. Member of the Technical Staff AT&T Bell Laboratories Holmdel, NJ 07733

Masaki Koyama, Ph.D. Executive Manager NTT Transmission Systems Laboratories Kanagawa, Japan

Chinlon Lin, Ph.D. District Manager, Lightwave Technology Applications Research Bellcore (Bell Communications Research) Red Bank, NJ 07701 xii • CONTRIBUTORS

w. L. Mammel, M.Sc. Former Member of Technical Staff AT&T Bell Laboratories Holmdel, NJ 07733

Tran Van Muoi, Ph.D. Director, Research, Development & Engineering PCO Inc. Chartsworth, CA 91311

Nobuo Nishida, Dr. Eng. Manager NEC Corporation Kanagawa, Japan

T. Okoshi, Dr.Eng. Director and Professor, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan

Yuzo Ono, Dr. Eng. Research Manager NEC Corporation Kanagawa, Japan

Dan L. Philen, Ph.D. Member of Technical Staff AT&T Bell Laboratories Norcross, GA 30071

W. A. Reed, Ph.D. Distinguished Member of Technical Staff AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, NJ 07974

P. W. Shumate, Ph.D. Division Manager, Optical Networks Research Division Bellcore (Bell Communications Research) Morristown, NJ 07960

D. W. Smith, B.Tech Head of Section, British Telecommunications Research Laboratories Ipswick, Suffolk, England CONTRIBUTORS • xiii

I. W. Stanley, Ph.D. Senior Engineering Advisor British Telecommunications Research Laboratories Ipswich, Suffolk, England

Nobuyuki Tokura, M.S. Supervisor NTT Transmission System Laboratories Kanagawa, Japan

W. C. Young, M.S. District Manager, Lightguide Technology Research Bellcore (Bell Communications Research) Red Bank, NJ 07701 Preface

Ever since the invention of the transistor, semiconductor-based microelec• tronics has made a revolutionary impact on the information society, as evi• dent from the widespread application of microprocessor-based technology in our modern society. The next wave of modern information technology, after transistors and microelectronics, is that oflasers and micro-optoelectronics. Optoelectronics, or optical electronics, based on lasers and related modern optical technology, has also become a very important field of science and technology in the past 20 years. Electronics or microelectronics deals with (micro)electronic devices and components for generation, transmission, and processing of electronic sig• nals. In contrast, in optoelectronics we deal with optoelectronic devices and components for the generation, transmission, and processing of lightwave signals. It is the interaction of lightwaves (photons) with matter that shows the uniqueness of optoelectronic technology; optical absorption and scat• tering, optical gain and amplification, material and waveguide dispersion, nonlinear optical effects, etc., are very much dependent on the material's intrinsic properties and the lightwave propagation effects. Historically, the invention of lasers in 1960 has led to a wide range of very significant scientific and technological progresses. Laser science and technology constitutes a very important foundation of optoelectronics. In the last 20 years or so, the impact of laser and modern optoelectronic tech• nology in basic scientific research, in industrial, medical, and biological appli• cations has been spectacular. However, the impact of optoelectronic technol• ogy on telecommunications and information systems was not felt until after the 1970s. In 1970, the demonstration of both the low loss optical fiber waveguide transmission and the room-temperature continuous operation of the miniature semiconductor diode laser excited the telecommunications research laboratories worldwide and started a very important chapter in the history of optoelectronics for telecommunications. Since then, the advances in optoelectronics and lightwave technology have been phenomenal; the practical realization of optical fiber transmission

- xv- xvi • PREFACE systems and broadband optical network for telecommunications is making the information age closer to reality. Starting in 1980, the technology of single-mode optical fibers, microelectronics, and semiconductor diode lasers combined is making a truly significant impact on lightwave communication systems. In addition, diode-laser-based optical information storage and pro• cessing systems (compact audio disks, video disks, optical data disks, laser printers, laser bar-code scanners, etc.) also see significant advances after 1980; these are important parts of advanced information systems. As we move toward the 1990s, there is no doubt that the new era of information age will see the widespread impact of optoelectronics-based information technology and systems in every aspect of our life, including office, factory, school, hospital, home, etc. As we move toward this new era of information age based on optoelec• tronic information technology, it is time to have a book which reviews the fundamentals of these key optoelectronic technologies and the essential as• pects of some key lightwave system applications. This book is intended to serve that purpose. This book hopes to be one which provides the reader with an in-depth background and working knowledge of: 1. the foundations of key optoelectronic technologies used in information system applications; 2. the important features and design parameters of some important light• wave systems; 3. where the future is going in optoelectronic technology and systems appli• cations; and 4. the significance of the impacts that optoelectronic technology and light• wave systems will have on the future information society. The readers are assumed to have a physics or engineering background (B.S. degree or above), to have taken an introductory course in lasers and optical electronics, and to have an interest in optoelectronic technology and lightwave system applications such as optical communications and opto• electronic information transfer, processing, and storage. Most of fiber-optic engineers, communication engineers, optoelectronic scientists and engineers, and graduate students in engineering and physics can benefit from such a broad coverage of the key technologies and system applications. This is not an introductory book-there are at least ten such books in print in that category-but is an intermediate-to-advanced level book on lightwave tech• nology and systems. For technology such as optoelectronics and lightwave systems which are found in more and more advanced applications, introduc• tory books may not be enough to meet the needs of many in the field. In this book readers can choose the level at which they want to utilize this book, because the fundamentals are reviewed first; the more advanced topics which bring the readers close to the state of the art are then discussed. This book focuses on the "micro-optoelectronic" technology of optical PREFACE • xvii fibers and semiconductor lasers, as well as the applications in lightwave systems based on these technologies. The organization of the book should allow the reader to either go through the book sequentially or to go to a particular subject of interest, read it, and then come back to the other chap• ters for a broader coverage of the related topics. The book is divided into seven parts: 1. Optical Fiber Waveguides (Chapters 1-5) • fiber waveguides and transmission properties • characterization and measurement of optical fibers • advanced single-mode fibers including dispersion-shifted and disper• sion-flattened fibers • polarization-maintaining and single-polarization fibers • fiber transmission limitations due to nonlinear effects 2. Fiber-Joining Technology and Passive Optical Components (Chapters 6-7) • connectors, splices, wavelength-division-multiplexers (WDM), cou• plers, device-fiber coupling technology, etc. 3. Semiconductor Laser Sources and Photodetectors (Chapters 8 -14) • basic physics of semiconductor lasers • semiconductor laser diode fabrication and characterization • transverse-mode control and spectral control, single-Iongitudinal- mode DFB laser characteristics • high-speed semiconductor lasers and direct modulation • high-power semiconductor laser diodes and diode arrays • photodetectors (PINs and APDs) 4. Optical Transmitters and Receivers (Chapters 15-16) • semiconductor laser transmitters and reliability considerations • optical receiver design considerations 5. Applications of Optoelectronics in Lightwave Systems (Chapters 17-22) • optical communications based on single-mode fiber transmISSIOn systems for long-haul and subscriber loop (Fiber-to-the-Home) applications • optical communications in local area networks between computers and workstations, etc., within buildings or campuses • broadband optical fiber network for information-age services such as broadcasting ofNTSC TV and HDTV, video-on-demand, video library browsing, two-way video phone, interactive hypermedia (video/ graphics/data), etc., based on optical laser disks for video/audio/data storage and optical fiber networks for communications xviii • PREFACE

• free-space (e.g., intersatellite) optical communication system • optical fiber sensor technologies for defense and industrial sensing applications • optoelectronic information processing technology of laser printers, laser bar-code scanners, and related systems 6. Future Optoelectronic Technology and Transmission Systems (Chapters 23-24) • OEIC, optoelectronic integrated circuit technology • coherent optical fiber transmission technology and systems 7. Impacts on the Information Society (Chapter 25)

The contributors of these chapters are experts in their field of specialty; they are from various research laboratories around the world. The style of writing is necessarily different, but the unique flavor of each chapter is what makes this book interesting. While not all the chapters cover the state of the art, the most essential topics and principles have been discussed. Readers will find these chapters provide useful background knowledge and insights. For those interested in exploring more advanced topics and latest informa• tion, the references at the end of the chapters as well as the latest publications (for example, papers in IEEEjOSA Journal of Lightwave Technology, Elec• tronics Letters, and the Technical Digests of major conferences on optical fiber communications, semiconductor lasers, communication systems, etc.) should be consulted. * * * I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the authors for their excellent contributions to this book. Many researchers in this field of opto• electronics and lightwave technology contributed to the spectacular advances of the last two decades or so, and they all deserve our thanks. Let us hope that together we scientists and engineers not only make spectacular advances in the optoelectronic technology and lightwave information systems, but also help to bring about true communication and human understanding in this small world of planet Earth. I wish to thank Professor N. Holonyak, Jr., of the University of Illinois, Professors T. K. Gustafson, A. Dienes, and J. R. Whinnery of the University of California, Berkeley, and Mr. and Mrs. Jesse Cox for their encouragement over the years. I also would like to thank my wife, Helen (Huan-huan), for her assistance and encouragement. In addition, I would like to thank the editing staff of Van Nostrand Reinhold and Annette Bodzin of The Total Book for their expert assistance. May the Light be with you always.

CHINLON LIN