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Building a Multiethnic Military in Post- Yugoslav Bosnia and Herzegovina

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Building a Multiethnic Military in Post- Yugoslav Bosnia and Herzegovina Building a Multiethnic Military in Post- Yugoslav Bosnia and Herzegovina Elliot Short, MA, BA (Hons.) A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of East Anglia, School of History, December 2018 Word Count: 99,976 “This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with the author and that use of any information derived there from must be in accordance with current UK Copyright Law. In addition, any quotation or extract must include full attribution.” Abstract This dissertation explores ideas of the state, the military, and identity. It demonstrates the complex relationship between these concepts by charting the evolution of three armies which were established to fight the Bosnian War from their inception in 1991 until their formal unification in 2006. This process is illustrated through the analysis of a wide range of sources, including interviews, speeches, military journals, government documents and legislation, memoirs, newspaper articles, and trials at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. The author’s perspective is informed by his experience living, researching, and working in Sarajevo for over two years, in which time he also travelled throughout every former Yugoslav republic and learned the local language. Nestled in the heart of the Dinaric Alps, Bosnia and Herzegovina is home to three constituent peoples (Bosnian Croats, Muslims, and Serbs) which, until the period of study, lived in mixed communities scattered across its mountains and valleys. Heritage from a particular constituent people did not necessarily inform political outlooks, and for much of the population regional or ideological loyalties took precedent. This dissertation first examines how the Yugoslavs attempted to build a cohesive military from this range of identities during the socialist period. It then explores how rival nationalist leaders raised armies and attempted to build states on Bosnian territory following the collapse of Yugoslavia, offering new perspectives and fresh analysis of the Bosnian War. The focus of this research, however, is on the process of defence reform and military integration which followed the conflict. Just ten years after the Dayton Peace Agreement ended the war, the three armies which had fought it were unified by the Bosnian parliament. Such a development represents a rare moment of political consensus in post-Dayton Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is considered to be the greatest step in establishing peace since the end of the war. This dissertation illustrates how this step was taken. The case of Bosnia and Herzegovina offers us many insights. It reminds us that the boundaries and salience of identity are fluid, and that states are fragile constructs that are difficult to build and maintain. It illustrates the difficulties of building a cohesive military from a diverse population, and offers a lens to analyse various attempts to overcome them. Furthermore, it demonstrates that military integration can serve as the vanguard of institutional reconciliation in post-conflict states and a unified army can serve as a symbol of cooperation in a divided society. i Contents Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................... iv Glossary of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... vi Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Sources ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Literature and Definitions ................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter One: The State, Identity, and the Military ...................................................................... 11 Civil-Military Relations ...................................................................................................................... 11 Cohesion, Division, and the Nation ................................................................................................... 24 A School of the Nation? .................................................................................................................... 32 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 41 Chapter Two: Case Studies ......................................................................................................... 43 Case Study 1: The Lebanese Army .................................................................................................... 43 Reconstruction .................................................................................................................................. 48 Case Study 2: The British Army ......................................................................................................... 55 The Regimental System ..................................................................................................................... 60 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 65 Chapter Three: The Yugoslav People’s Army – A Precursor? ........................................................ 69 Origins ............................................................................................................................................... 69 Post-war Consolidation and “Integral Yugoslavism” ........................................................................ 75 A Changing Approach and “Organic Yugoslavism” ........................................................................... 85 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 91 Chapter Four: The Army of Republika Srpska .............................................................................. 94 Partisans, Chetniks, and the ‘Military Line’ – The Origins of the VRS ............................................... 96 Early Victories and Rival Visions: 1992 and 1993 ........................................................................... 106 Stalled Progress and Deepening Divisions: 1994 and 1995 ............................................................ 112 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 121 Chapter Five: The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Croat Defence Council .................................................................................................................................... 124 Origins of the ARBiH ........................................................................................................................ 126 Origins of the HVO .......................................................................................................................... 132 Formation of the ARBiH .................................................................................................................. 136 A Giant Rises: 1992 ......................................................................................................................... 141 Advances and Setbacks: 1993 ......................................................................................................... 144 ii Consolidation and Offensive Operations: 1994 .............................................................................. 148 Exclusivity and Endgame: 1995 ....................................................................................................... 152 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 155 Chapter Six: The Entity Armies, 1995 – 2002 ............................................................................. 158 Three Armies in One State: The Dayton Peace Agreement ............................................................ 159 The Army of the Federation ............................................................................................................ 163 The Army of Republika Srpska ........................................................................................................ 168 Military Integration: An unlikely prospect? .................................................................................... 173 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 179 Chapter Seven: The Orao Affair and Military Unification ........................................................... 183 The Orao Affair ................................................................................................................................ 185 Root and branch reform: The response to the Orao Affair ............................................................ 196 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................
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