DOCSLIB.ORG

Conifer Conservation in Vietnam: Three Potential Flagship Species

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conifer Conservation in Vietnam: Three Potential Flagship Species Oryx Vol 38 No 3 July 2004 Conifer conservation in Vietnam: three potential flagship species Aljos Farjon, Philip Thomas and Nguyen Duc To Luu Abstract Discoveries of new species and new records new genus and species in the Cupressaceae, was of species are the order of the day in Vietnam, a country described in 2001 and is restricted to limestone outcrops with a high level of biodiversity and many areas still on the border with China. All three species are of high largely unexplored. In recent years many conifers have conservation concern due to their rarity and because of been discovered for the first time in the country, and this threats to their survival from expanding cultivation, paper focuses on three of these. The Vulnerable Pinus felling and fires. We discuss the suitability of these three krempfii is an endemic of exceptional scientific interest. conifers as flagship species to promote forest conserva- tion in Vietnam. We also discuss the problems involved The globally Vulnerable Taiwania cryptomerioides, a in the protection of these species, and the efforts that are conifer of ancient lineage in the Cupressaceae previously currently being undertaken to conserve them. only known to occur with certainty in Taiwan and the border region between Myanmar and China, is a new Keywords Conifers, endemism, extinction, flagship discovery for Vietnam, where it is Critically Endangered. species, Pinus krempfii, Taiwania cryptomerioides, Vietnam, The Critically Endangered Xanthocyparis vietnamensis, a Xanthocyparis vietnamensis. Introduction Vietnam are now represented by five families, 20 genera and c. 33 species (Farjon, 2001; Nguyen Duc To Luu & Vietnam is one of the most biologically diverse countries Thomas, 2004), six of which are endemic (Abies delavayi in the world, with an estimated 12,000 plant species, of fansipanensis, Amentotaxus hatuyenensis, A. poilanei, Pinus which c. 10% are endemic, representing 300 families and dalatensis, P. krempfii and Xanthocyparis vietnamensis). The nearly 3,000 genera (Averyanov et al., 2003). The majority 19 Vietnamese conifers of global conservation concern of species are concentrated in the montane forests, and are listed in Table 1. With 57% of its conifer species deforestation has therefore been, and continues to be, a globally threatened, Vietnam qualifies for recognition as major problem in Vietnam, which has a rapidly growing one of the world’s hotspots as defined by IUCN’s Conifer human population of c. 77 million. It is estimated that the Action Plan (Farjon & Page, 1999). forest cover has been reduced to <28% of its original The high proportion of threatened conifers is primarily extent, with much of the loss occurring since 1945 (de the result of extensive deforestation caused by shifting Koninck, 1999). cultivation, conversion of forest to pasture, and both Since the late 1980s the Vietnamese government has clear-felling and selective felling for high value timber been engaged in an extensive programme of biological and non-timber products (e.g. resin, essential oils) pro- inventories of the remaining forests to establish a more duced by many species. Additionally, several conifers comprehensive system of protected areas. This has are represented by small relict populations, or as peri- resulted in many new discoveries of plants and animals. pheral populations at the edge of the range of more For conifers, new populations of known species, as well widespread taxa. The Vietnamese conifers represent a as new species, have been discovered in the north of the readily recognized group of plants that are emblematic of country. Since 1990, eight taxa from five genera have the problems facing biodiversity in Vietnam and have been recorded for the first time. The native conifers of the potential to act as flagship species (Bowen-Jones & Entwistle, 2002) for local, regional and national Aljos Farjon (Corresponding author) Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, conservation campaigns. In this paper we discuss three Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK. E-mail [email protected] of these species in detail: Pinus krempfii, Taiwania Philip Thomas Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, cryptomerioides and Xanthocyparis vietnamensis. Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK. Nguyen Duc To Luu Central Forest Seed Company, Ministry of Agriculture Pinus krempfii and Rural Development, 62 Cau Dien Township, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam. Received 13 August 2003. Revision requested 4 February 2004. The distinctive and relict Pinus krempfii is one of six Accepted 4 May 2004. endemic conifers in Vietnam. Its unusual flattened © 2004 FFI, Oryx, 38(3), 257–265 DOI: 10.1017/S0030605304000481 Printed in the United Kingdom 257 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.40, on 29 Sep 2021 at 06:39:39, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605304000481 258 A. Farjon et al. Table 1 Conifer species occurring naturally in Vietnam (Farjon & Page, 1999, and recent additions and amendments by the IUCN Species Survival Commission Conifer Specialist Group), with their IUCN Red List status (IUCN, 2003). Species1 Red List status2 Abies delavayi Franchet subsp. fansipanensis VU (Q. P. Xiang) Rushforth Amentotaxus argotaenia (Hance) Pilg. VU Amentotaxus hatuyenensis Hiep EN Amentotaxus poilanei (Ferré & Rouane) VU D. K. Ferguson Amentotaxus yunnanensis H. L. Li EN Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz VU Cephalotaxus mannii Hook. f. VU Cunninghamia konishii Hayata VU Plate 1 Pinus krempfii as emergent trees with umbrella-shaped Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A. Henry NT crowns in montane forest of the southern highlands of Vietnam. & A. A. Thomas Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunton) K. Koch DD known from the areas near the Bi Doup massif (12°08ЈN, Nageia fleuryi (Hickel) de Laubenfels EN Ј Pinus dalatensis Ferré VU 108°40 E) that straddle the borders of those provinces. Pinus fenzeliana Hand.-Mazz. NT Recently, a population has been recorded from the Chu Pinus krempfii Lecomte VU Yang Sin massif in Dac Lac (12°24ЈN, 108°26ЈE) (Le Trong Pinus wangii Hu & W. C. Cheng EN Trai et al., 1996) and it is likely that smaller populations Pseudotsuga sinensis Dode var. sinensis VU exist on surrounding massifs (Businsky, 1999). P. krempfii Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata VU Tsuga dumosa (D. Don) Eichler NT occurs over 1200–2000 m altitude in closed canopy for- Xanthocyparis vietnamensis Farjon & Hiep CR ests dominated by evergreen members of the Fagaceae and Lauraceae. It may be locally dominant, often occur- 1Nomenclature follows Farjon (2001). ring on the tops and upper slopes of flattened ridges in 2CR, Critically Endangered; EN, Endangered; VU, Vulnerable; NT, Near Threatened; DD, Data Deficient. moist soils with well-developed humus layers (Nguyen Tien Hiep, 1996; Vu Van Dung, 1996); little is otherwise needles, absence of ray tracheids and other unusual known about its ecology. From field observations made wood characters make it unique within the genus. at two sites (Cong Troi and Gia Rich), P. krempfii appears Since its description (Lecomte, 1921, 1924) there has been to be shade tolerant, persistent within a closed canopy controversy over its classification, with some authorities and able to compete to some extent with associated placing it in the monotypic genus Ducampopinus angiosperms. Regeneration was found to be abundant, (Chevalier, 1944) and others including it either in the with several stages present. The absence of traits that monospecific subgenus Ducampopinus within the genus are usually associated with fire resistance or fire evasion Pinus or within various sections of the subgenus Strobus in pines, such as thick bark, serotinous cones and (de Ferré, 1953; Gaussen, 1960; Critchfield & Little, 1969; resprouting (Keeley & Zedler in Richardson, 1998), sug- Price et al. in Richardson, 1998). Recent morphological gests other types of disturbance, such as cyclones, may be and molecular work has supported its inclusion within more important for its regeneration. Its restriction to the subgenus Strobus although there are still unanswered mesic habitats in a limited area where other relict taxa questions about its relationship to other taxa (Wang et al., have been recorded may reflect its ancient history. 2000). Prior to the discovery of X. vietnamensis, P. krempfii P. krempfii is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN was the most well known Vietnamese conifer outside Red List (IUCN, 2003) according to criteria (IUCN, Vietnam. Within Vietnam, its scientific value has long 1994) B1+2c; its area of occupancy is estimated to be been recognized (Schmid, 1974; Nguyen Tien Hiep & <2,000 km2 (B), there are fewer than ten distinct locations Vidal, 1996; Phan Tuc Vat, 1996; Vu Van Dung, 1996). (1) and there has been a continuing decline in the area, P. krempfii forms a broad domed, emergent tree up to extent and quality of its habitat (2c). This decline has been 30 m high (Plate 1) with basal diameters reaching 4 m attributed to the effects of the Vietnam War in the 1960s (Williams, 1999). Trees up to 2,000 years old have been and the clearance of land for agriculture in the following reported (Schmid, 1974) although no tree ring counts decades (Williams, 1999). Its limited distribution and the have been published. P. krempfii has been recorded from inaccessibility of much of its habitat mean that there three provinces in the southern highlands: Lam Dong, has been little direct exploitation, although its timber is Khanh Hoa and Dac Lac (Nguyen Duc To Luu & known to have physical and mechanical properties Thomas, 2004). The majority of the populations are similar to the exploited P. kesiya (Vu Van Dung, 1996). © 2004 FFI, Oryx, 38(3), 257–265 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.40.40, on 29 Sep 2021 at 06:39:39, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605304000481 Conifer conservation in Vietnam 259 from the Forest Science Institute have attempted to establish a small ex situ planting near Dalat (Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 2001).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Name in Thesis
    ปัจจัยที่มีผลต่อการกระจายของขนาด การงอก และความอยู่รอดของต้นกล้า และไม้หนุ่มของพืชวงศ์โปโดคาร์เปชีอี ณ อุทยานแห่งชาติเขาใหญ่ ประเทศไทย นางสาวเจมิกา อัครเศรษฐนนท์ วิทยานิพนธ์นี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการศึกษาตามหลักสูตรปริญญาวิทยาศาสตรดุษฎีบัณฑิต สาขาวิชาชีววิทยาสิ่งแวดล้อม มหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสุรนารี ปีการศึกษา 2557 FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE DISTRIBUTION, SEED GERMINATION, AND SEEDLING AND SAPLING SURVIVAL OF PODOCARPACEAE AT KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND Jemika Akkarasadthanon A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Biology Suranaree University of Technology Academic Year 2014 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The grateful thanks and appreciation is given to my advisor, Dr. Paul J. Grote, for his consistent supervision, advice, encouragement, valuable suggestions, and support throughout my project. Special thanks are also extended to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nooduan Muangsan, Asst. Prof. Dr. Pongthep Suwanwaree, and Asst. Prof. Dr. Adcharaporn Pagdee for valuable suggestions and guidance given as thesis co- advisors. I would like to thank all my thesis committee members for their suggestions and criticisms. I am also grateful to all the faculty and staff members of the School of Biology and colleagues of the Center for Scientific and Technological Equipment Building 1, 2 and 3, Suranaree University of Technology for their help and support throughout the period of this research work. I wish to thank Mr. Kunchit Srinopawan, and staff from Khao Yai National Park for their kind suggestions and helping for data collection according to the permit note number 0907.4/5923 on 31 March 2014 by the Department of National Parks Wildlife and Plant Conservation cited the National Research Council of Thailand 0002/1131 on 4 December 2013. I am grateful to Colin T. Strine and staff from Sakaerat Environmental Research Station for their helping me on data analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Distribution and Historical Dynamics of Threatened Conifers of the Dalat Plateau, Vietnam
    SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND HISTORICAL DYNAMICS OF THREATENED CONIFERS OF THE DALAT PLATEAU, VIETNAM A thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School At the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By TRANG THI THU TRAN Dr. C. Mark Cowell, Thesis Supervisor MAY 2011 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND HISTORICAL DYNAMICS OF THREATENED CONIFERS OF THE DALAT PLATEAU, VIETNAM Presented by Trang Thi Thu Tran A candidate for the degree of Master of Arts of Geography And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor C. Mark Cowell Professor Cuizhen (Susan) Wang Professor Mark Morgan ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research project would not have been possible without the support of many people. The author wishes to express gratitude to her supervisor, Prof. Dr. Mark Cowell who was abundantly helpful and offered invaluable assistance, support, and guidance. My heartfelt thanks also go to the members of supervisory committees, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Cuizhen (Susan) Wang and Prof. Mark Morgan without their knowledge and assistance this study would not have been successful. I also wish to thank the staff of the Vietnam Initiatives Group, particularly to Prof. Joseph Hobbs, Prof. Jerry Nelson, and Sang S. Kim for their encouragement and support through the duration of my studies. I also extend thanks to the Conservation Leadership Programme (aka BP Conservation Programme) and Rufford Small Grands for their financial support for the field work. Deepest gratitude is also due to Sub-Institute of Ecology Resources and Environmental Studies (SIERES) of the Institute of Tropical Biology (ITB) Vietnam, particularly to Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Range-Wide Chloroplast and Mitochondrial DNA Imprints Reveal Multiple Lineages and Complex Biogeographic History for Douglas-Fir
    Tree Genetics & Genomes (2011) 7:1025–1040 DOI 10.1007/s11295-011-0392-4 ORIGINAL PAPER Range-wide chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA imprints reveal multiple lineages and complex biogeographic history for Douglas-fir Xiao-Xin Wei & Jean Beaulieu & Damase P. Khasa & Jesús Vargas-Hernández & Javier López-Upton & Barry Jaquish & Jean Bousquet Received: 6 December 2010 /Revised: 15 March 2011 /Accepted: 29 March 2011 /Published online: 21 April 2011 # Springer-Verlag 2011 Abstract The contemporary genetic structure of species cpDNA lineages corresponding to the Pacific Coast, the offers key imprints of how organisms responded to past Rocky Mountains, and Mexico were observed. The split geological and climatic events, which have played a crucial time of the two lineages from the Rockies lineage was role in shaping the current geographical distribution of dated back to 8.5 million years (Ma). The most recent north-temperate organisms.Inthisstudy,range-wide common ancestors of Mexican and coastal populations patterns of genetic variation were examined in Douglas-fir were estimated at 3.2 and 4.8 Ma, respectively. The (Pseudotsuga menziesii), a dominant forest tree species northern populations of once glaciated regions were distributed from Mexico to British Columbia in western characterized by a high level of genetic diversity, indicating North America. Two organelle DNA markers with con- a large zone of contact between ancestral lineages. A trasting modes of inheritance were genotyped for 613 possible northern refugium was also inferred. The Mexican individuals from 44 populations. Two mitotypes and 42 lineage, which appeared established by southward migration chlorotypes were recovered in this survey. Both genomes from the Rockies lineage, was characterized by the lowest showed significant population subdivision, indicative of genetic diversity but highest population differentiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinaceae Lindl
    Pinaceae Lindl. Abies Mill. Cathaya Chun & Kuang Cedrus Trew Keteleeria Carrière Larix Mill. Nothotsuga H.H.Hu ex C.N.Page Picea Mill. Pinus L. Pseudolarix Gordon Pseudotsuga Carrière Tsuga (Endl.) Carrière VEGETATIVE KEY TO SPECIES IN CULTIVATION Jan De Langhe (29 July 2015 - 29 January 2016) Vegetative identification key. Introduction: This key is based on vegetative characteristics, and therefore also of use when cones are absent. - Use a 10× hand lens to evaluate stomata, bud, leaf scar, leaf apex and pubescence in general. - Look at the entire plant and especially the most healthy shoots. Young specimens, shade, coning, top crown and strong shoots give an atypical view. - Beware of hybridisation, especially with plants raised from seed other than wild origin. Taxa treated in this key: see page 5. Names referred to synonymy: see page 5. Misapplied names: see page 5. References: - JDL herbarium - living specimens, in various arboreta, botanic gardens and collections - literature: Bean, W.J. & Clarke, D.L. - (1981-1988) - Pinaceae in Bean's Trees and Shrubs hardy in the British Isles - and online edition Debreczy, Z., Racz, I. - (2011) - Pinaceae in Conifers around the world - 2 VOL., 1089p. Eckenwalder, J.E. - (2009) - Pinaceae in Conifers of the world, 719p. Farjon, A - (1990) - Pinaceae, 330p. Farjon, A - (2010) - Pinaceae in A Handbook of The World's Conifers - 2 VOL., 1111p. Fu, L., Li, N., Elias, T.S., Mill, R.R. - (1999) - Pinaceae in Flora of China, VOL.4, p.11-59 - and online edition Grimshaw, J. & Bayton, R. - (2009) - Pinaceae in New Trees, 976p. Havill, N.P., Campbell, C., Vining, T.F., Lepage, B., Bayer,R.J.
    [Show full text]
  • (HRM) and Trnl Approaches: from Cytoplasmic Inheritance to Timber Tracing
    Taxonomic Identification of Mediterranean Pines and Their Hybrids Based on the High Resolution Melting (HRM) and trnL Approaches: From Cytoplasmic Inheritance to Timber Tracing Ioannis Ganopoulos1,2, Filippos Aravanopoulos1,3, Panagiotis Madesis1, Konstantinos Pasentsis1, Irene Bosmali1, Christos Ouzounis1,4, Athanasios Tsaftaris1,2* 1 Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece, 2 Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, 3 Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Faculty of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, 4 Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Abstract Fast and accurate detection of plant species and their hybrids using molecular tools will facilitate the assessment and monitoring of local biodiversity in an era of climate and environmental change. Herein, we evaluate the utility of the plastid trnL marker for species identification applied to Mediterranean pines (Pinus spp.). Our results indicate that trnL is a very sensitive marker for delimiting species biodiversity. Furthermore, High Resolution Melting (HRM) analysis was exploited as a molecular fingerprint for fast and accurate discrimination of Pinus spp. DNA sequence variants. The trnL approach and the HRM analyses were extended to wood samples of two species (Pinus nigra and Pinus sylvestris) with excellent results, congruent to those obtained using leaf tissue. Both analyses demonstrate that hybrids from the P. brutia (maternal parent) 6 P. halepensis (paternal parent) cross, exhibit the P. halepensis profile, confirming paternal plastid inheritance in Group Halepensis pines. Our study indicates that a single one-step reaction method and DNA marker are sufficient for the identification of Mediterranean pines, their hybrids and the origin of pine wood.
    [Show full text]
  • Hybridization and Evolution in the Genus Pinus
    Hybridization and Evolution in the Genus Pinus Baosheng Wang Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå 2013 Hybridization and Evolution in the Genus Pinus Baosheng Wang Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden 2013 This work is protected by the Swedish Copyright Legislation (Act 1960:729) Copyright©Baosheng Wang ISBN: 978-91-7459-702-8 Cover photo: Jian-Feng Mao Printed by: Print&Media Umeå, Sweden 2013 List of Papers This thesis is a summary and discussion of the following papers, which are referred to by their Roman numerals. I. Wang, B. and Wang, X.R. Mitochondrial DNA capture and divergence in Pinus provide new insights into the evolution of the genus. Submitted Manuscript II. Wang, B., Mao, J.F., Gao, J., Zhao, W. and Wang, X.R. 2011. Colonization of the Tibetan Plateau by the homoploid hybrid pine Pinus densata. Molecular Ecology 20: 3796-3811. III. Gao, J., Wang, B., Mao, J.F., Ingvarsson, P., Zeng, Q.Y. and Wang, X.R. 2012. Demography and speciation history of the homoploid hybrid pine Pinus densata on the Tibetan Plateau. Molecular Ecology 21: 4811–4827. IV. Wang, B., Mao, J.F., Zhao, W. and Wang, X.R. 2013. Impact of geography and climate on the genetic differentiation of the subtropical pine Pinus yunnannensis. PLoS One. 8: e67345. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067345 V. Wang, B., Mahani, M.K., Ng, W.L., Kusumi, J., Phi, H.H., Inomata, N., Wang, X.R. and Szmidt, A.E. Extremely low nucleotide polymorphism in Pinus krempfii Lecomte, a unique flat needle pine endemic to Vietnam.
    [Show full text]
  • Vietnamese Conifers and Some Problems of Their Sustainable Utilization Ke Loc Et Al
    Vietnamese conifers and some problems of their sustainable utilization Ke Loc et al. Vietnamese conifers and some problems of their sustainable utilization Phan Ke Loc 1, 2, Nguyen Tien Hiep 2, Nguyen Duc To Luu 3, Philip Ian Thomas 4, Aljos Farjon 5, L.V. Averyanov 6, J.C. Regalado, Jr. 7, Nguyen Sinh Khang 2, Georgina Magin 8, Paul Mathew 8, Sara Oldfield 9, Sheelagh O’Reilly 8, Thomas Osborn 10, Steven Swan 8 and To Van Thao 2 1 University of Natural Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi; 2 Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources; 3 Vietnam Central Forest Seed Company; 4 Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh; 5 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; 6 Komarov Botanical Institute; 7 Missouri Botanical Garden; 8 Fauna & Flora International; 9 Global Trees Campaign; 10 Independent Consultant Introduction Vietnam is now recognized as one of the top ten global conifer conservation ‘hotspots’, as defined by the Conifer Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Vietnam’s conifer flora has approximately 34 species that are indigenous to the country, making up about 5% of conifers known worldwide. Although conifers represent only less than 0.3% of the total number of higher vascular plant species of Vietnam, they are of great ecological, cultural and economic importance. Most conifer wood is prized for its high value in house construction, furniture making, etc. The decline of conifer populations in Vietnam has caused serious concern among scientists. Threats to conifer species are substantial and varied, ranging from logging (both commercial and subsistence), land clearing for agriculture, and forest fire. Over the past twelve years (1995-2006), Vietnam Botanical Conservation Program (VBCP), a scientific cooperation between the Missouri Botanical Garden in Saint Louis and the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources in Hanoi, has conducted various studies on this important group of plants in order to gather baseline information necessary to make sound recommendations for their conservation and sustainable use.
    [Show full text]
  • Disturbances Influence Trait Evolution in Pinus
    Master's Thesis Diversify or specialize: Disturbances influence trait evolution in Pinus Supervision by: Prof. Dr. Elena Conti & Dr. Niklaus E. Zimmermann University of Zurich, Institute of Systematic Botany & Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Birmensdorf Landscape Dynamics Bianca Saladin October 2013 Front page: Forest of Pinus taeda, northern Florida, 1/2013 Table of content 1 STRONG PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL IN PINE TRAITS 5 1.1 ABSTRACT 5 1.2 INTRODUCTION 5 1.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 8 1.3.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 8 1.3.2 TRAIT DATA 9 1.3.3 PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL 9 1.4 RESULTS 11 1.4.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 11 1.4.2 PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL 12 1.5 DISCUSSION 14 1.5.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 14 1.5.2 PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL 16 1.6 CONCLUSION 17 1.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 17 1.8 REFERENCES 19 2 THE ROLE OF FIRE IN TRIGGERING DIVERSIFICATION RATES IN PINE SPECIES 21 2.1 ABSTRACT 21 2.2 INTRODUCTION 21 2.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 24 2.3.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 24 2.3.2 DIVERSIFICATION RATE 24 2.4 RESULTS 25 2.4.1 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 25 2.4.2 DIVERSIFICATION RATE 25 2.5 DISCUSSION 29 2.5.1 DIVERSIFICATION RATE IN RESPONSE TO FIRE ADAPTATIONS 29 2.5.2 DIVERSIFICATION RATE IN RESPONSE TO DISTURBANCE, STRESS AND PLEIOTROPIC COSTS 30 2.5.3 CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE ANALYSIS PATHWAY 33 2.5.4 PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCE 34 2.6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 34 2.7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 35 2.8 REFERENCES 36 3 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL 39 3.1 S1 - ACCESSION NUMBERS OF GENE SEQUENCES 40 3.2 S2 - TRAIT DATABASE 44 3.3 S3 - SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MAPS 58 3.4 S4 - DISTRIBUTION OF TRAITS OVER PHYLOGENY 81 3.5 S5 - PHYLOGENETIC SIGNAL OF 19 BIOCLIM VARIABLES 84 3.6 S6 – COMPLETE LIST OF REFERENCES 85 2 Introduction to the Master's thesis The aim of my master's thesis was to assess trait and niche evolution in pines within a phylogenetic comparative framework.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Species, Amplifiable EST-SSR Markers for Amentotaxus Species
    molecules Article Cross-Species, Amplifiable EST-SSR Markers for Amentotaxus Species Obtained by Next-Generation Sequencing Chiuan-Yu Li 1,2,†, Tzen-Yuh Chiang 3,†, Yu-Chung Chiang 4,†, Hsin-Mei Hsu 5, Xue-Jun Ge 6, Chi-Chun Huang 7, Chaur-Tzuhn Chen 5 and Kuo-Hsiang Hung 2,* Received: 24 November 2015 ; Accepted: 31 December 2015 ; Published: 7 January 2016 Academic Editor: Derek J. McPhee 1 Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou 552, Taiwan; [email protected] 2 Graduate Institute of Bioresources, Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan 3 Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; [email protected] 4 Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; [email protected] 5 Department of Forestry, Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan; [email protected] (H.-M.H.); [email protected] (C.-T.C.) 6 South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; [email protected] 7 Kinmen National Park, Kinmen 892, Taiwan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-8-770-3202 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: Amentotaxus, a genus of Taxaceae, is an ancient lineage with six relic and endangered species. Four Amentotaxus species, namely A. argotaenia, A. formosana, A. yunnanensis, and A. poilanei, are considered a species complex because of their morphological similarities. Small populations of these species are allopatrically distributed in Asian forests. However, only a few codominant markers have been developed and applied to study population genetic structure of these endangered species.
    [Show full text]
  • Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’S Letter
    Planning and planting for a better world Friends of the JC Raulston Arboretum Newsletter Number 3, Spring 1998 Director’s Letter Spring greetings from the JC Raulston Arboretum! This garden- ing season is in full swing, and the Arboretum is the place to be. Emergence is the word! Flowers and foliage are emerging every- where. We had a magnificent late winter and early spring. The Cornus mas ‘Spring Glow’ located in the paradise garden was exquisite this year. The bright yellow flowers are bright and persistent, and the Students from a Wake Tech Community College Photography Class find exfoliating bark and attractive habit plenty to photograph on a February day in the Arboretum. make it a winner. It’s no wonder that JC was so excited about this done soon. Make sure you check of themselves than is expected to seedling selection from the field out many of the special gardens in keep things moving forward. I, for nursery. We are looking to propa- the Arboretum. Our volunteer one, am thankful for each and every gate numerous plants this spring in curators are busy planting and one of them. hopes of getting it into the trade. preparing those gardens for The magnolias were looking another season. Many thanks to all Lastly, when you visit the garden I fantastic until we had three days in our volunteers who work so very would challenge you to find the a row of temperatures in the low hard in the garden. It shows! Euscaphis japonicus. We had a twenties. There was plenty of Another reminder — from April to beautiful seven-foot specimen tree damage to open flowers, but the October, on Sunday’s at 2:00 p.m.
    [Show full text]
  • Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: a Systematic Map
    Review Methods for Measuring Frost Tolerance of Conifers: A Systematic Map Anastasia-Ainhoa Atucha Zamkova *, Katherine A. Steele and Andrew R. Smith School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, UK; [email protected] (K.A.S.); [email protected] (A.R.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Frost tolerance is the ability of plants to withstand freezing temperatures without unrecov- erable damage. Measuring frost tolerance involves various steps, each of which will vary depending on the objectives of the study. This systematic map takes an overall view of the literature that uses frost tolerance measuring techniques in gymnosperms, focusing mainly on conifers. Many different techniques have been used for testing, and there has been little change in methodology since 2000. The gold standard remains the field observation study, which, due to its cost, is frequently substituted by other techniques. Closed enclosure freezing tests (all non-field freezing tests) are done using various types of equipment for inducing artificial freezing. An examination of the literature indicates that several factors have to be controlled in order to measure frost tolerance in a manner similar to observation in a field study. Equipment that allows controlling the freezing rate, frost exposure time and thawing rate would obtain results closer to field studies. Other important factors in study design are the number of test temperatures used, the range of temperatures selected and the decrements between the temperatures, which should be selected based on expected frost tolerance of the tissue and species. Citation: Atucha Zamkova, A.-A.; Steele, K.A.; Smith, A.R.
    [Show full text]
  • 3. AMENTOTAXUS Pilger, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 41. 1916
    Flora of China 4: 92–94. 1999. 3. AMENTOTAXUS Pilger, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 54: 41. 1916. 穗花杉属 sui hua shan shu Shrubs or small trees dioecious; branchlets opposite, base with bud scales not persistent; winter buds tetragonal- ovate, acute, glossy, scales, decussate, in 3–5 whorles of 4, ridged adaxially. Leaves decussate, but brought into a single plane by twisting of petioles; blade straight or slightly falcate, usually more than 5 mm wide, adaxial surface mottled when fresh, rarely smooth, rugose or ± so when dry, resin canal present below sheath of vascular bundle, sclereids present, rarely absent, base decurrent, margin slightly downcurved. Pollen cones aggregated into (1 or)2– 6(–10) long, slender, compound racemes or spikes arising from bract axil near apex of branches; individual cones opposite, sessile or subsessile, ellipsoid or subglobose; microsporophylls numerous, ± shield-shaped; pollen sacs 3– 8, arranged radially, or adaxially and abaxially. Seed-bearing structures compressed-tetragonal or flattened abaxially, basal part with 6–10 pairs of decussate bracts arranged in 4 rows each of 3–5 bracts; ovule 1, sessile, erect. Seed ripening in 1st year, long pedunculate, ellipsoid or obovoid-ellipsoid, enclosed except for apex in a saclike aril which is bright red or reddish yellow when ripe; bracts persistent at base. Five or six species: China, Vietnam; three species (one endemic) in China. Amentotaxus has been placed in its own tribe (Amentotaxeae W. C. Cheng & C. D. Chu) or family, Amentotaxaceae. Although Page (in Kubitzki, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 1: 299–302. 1990) included it in the Cephalotaxaceae, molecular data indicate very strongly that it is the sister genus of Torreya, which is similar in the size and shape of its seed and in usually having bilaterally symmetric clusters of pollen sacs.
    [Show full text]