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Name in Thesis ปัจจัยที่มีผลต่อการกระจายของขนาด การงอก และความอยู่รอดของต้นกล้า และไม้หนุ่มของพืชวงศ์โปโดคาร์เปชีอี ณ อุทยานแห่งชาติเขาใหญ่ ประเทศไทย นางสาวเจมิกา อัครเศรษฐนนท์ วิทยานิพนธ์นี้เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการศึกษาตามหลักสูตรปริญญาวิทยาศาสตรดุษฎีบัณฑิต สาขาวิชาชีววิทยาสิ่งแวดล้อม มหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสุรนารี ปีการศึกษา 2557 FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE DISTRIBUTION, SEED GERMINATION, AND SEEDLING AND SAPLING SURVIVAL OF PODOCARPACEAE AT KHAO YAI NATIONAL PARK, THAILAND Jemika Akkarasadthanon A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Biology Suranaree University of Technology Academic Year 2014 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The grateful thanks and appreciation is given to my advisor, Dr. Paul J. Grote, for his consistent supervision, advice, encouragement, valuable suggestions, and support throughout my project. Special thanks are also extended to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nooduan Muangsan, Asst. Prof. Dr. Pongthep Suwanwaree, and Asst. Prof. Dr. Adcharaporn Pagdee for valuable suggestions and guidance given as thesis co- advisors. I would like to thank all my thesis committee members for their suggestions and criticisms. I am also grateful to all the faculty and staff members of the School of Biology and colleagues of the Center for Scientific and Technological Equipment Building 1, 2 and 3, Suranaree University of Technology for their help and support throughout the period of this research work. I wish to thank Mr. Kunchit Srinopawan, and staff from Khao Yai National Park for their kind suggestions and helping for data collection according to the permit note number 0907.4/5923 on 31 March 2014 by the Department of National Parks Wildlife and Plant Conservation cited the National Research Council of Thailand 0002/1131 on 4 December 2013. I am grateful to Colin T. Strine and staff from Sakaerat Environmental Research Station for their helping me on data analysis. I also would like to thank Mr. Yang Fengchun and Mr. Chokchai Chuea-nongthon for their suggestions and helping me throughout these difficult years. Finally I would like to thank important people in my life including my family, Mr. Wichet Chaijumroen, Mr. Pornsawan Lawbudsa, and my friends who encouraged me throughout the course of this study. Jemika Akkarasadthanon VI CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT IN THAI .................................................................................................. І ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH ....................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................... V CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... VI LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... IX LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... XI CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research objectives ..................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research hypotheses ................................................................................... 4 1.4 Scope and limitations of the study .............................................................. 4 1.5 Expected results ........................................................................................... 5 II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Podocarpaceae ............................................................................................. 6 2.2 Seed dispersal and germination and seedling survival of Podocarpaceae 16 2.3 Studies of Podocarpaceae and other conifers in Thailand and nearby regions ....................................................................................................... 19 VII CONTENTS (Continued) Page 2.4 Environmental factors on seedling survival and occurrence of Podocarpaceae ....................................................................................... 20 2.4.1 Soil nutrients ................................................................................... 20 2.4.2 Canopy composition ....................................................................... 22 2.4.3 Local slope ...................................................................................... 23 2.4.4 Disturbance ..................................................................................... 23 III MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 Study sites ................................................................................................. 26 3.2 Study species ............................................................................................. 28 3.3 Size-frequency distributions ...................................................................... 29 3.4 Seed germination and early survival ......................................................... 30 3.5 Seedling survival ....................................................................................... 30 3.5.1 Percentage of total canopy cover .................................................... 31 3.5.2 Local slope ...................................................................................... 31 3.5.3 Soil sampling and analysis ............................................................. 32 3.5.4 Categories of disturbance ............................................................... 35 3.5.5 Air temperature. .............................................................................. 35 3.5.6 Density of Syzygium gratum ........................................................... 35 3.6 Data analysis .............................................................................................. 35 3.6.1 Seed germination and early seedling survival at Pha Diew Dai. .... 35 VIII CONTENTS (Continued) Page 3.6.2 Seedling survival at Khao Khiew ................................................... 35 IV RESULTS 4.1 Podocarpaceae species found at Khao Khiew in Khao Yai National Park ............................................................................................. 39 4.2 Size-frequency distributions. ..................................................................... 40 4.3 Seed germination and early seedling survival at Pha Diew Dai................ 50 4.4 Seedling survival of Podocarpaceae species ............................................. 63 4.4.1 Seeding densities.. .......................................................................... 63 4.4.2 Spatial associations among seedling species .................................. 63 4.4.3 Candidate models predicting seedling occurrence ......................... 63 V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ............................................................ 78 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 83 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................... 90 APPENDIX A SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL SAMPLES ............. 91 APPENDIX B TYPE OF SOIL TEXTURE CALCULATED BY TRIANGLE ............................................................................ 94 APPENDIX C CORRELATION PLOTS ..................................................... 119 APPENDIX D DATA FOR AIC ANALYSIS .............................................. 148 CURRICULUM VITAE ........................................................................................ 153 IX LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Cutting propagation for Podocarpaceae in Vietnam ........................................... 10 2.2 Ecology of Podocarpaceae in Vietnam ............................................................... 18 3.1 Summary of study species at Khao Khiew in Khao Yai National Park. ............ 29 3.2 Candidate models for describing relationships between seedling occurrence and environmental factors in a conifer-angiosperm forest on Khao Khiew at Khao Yai National Park. ............................................................................................... 37 4.1 Study species count 70 plots 14 transect line in the area at Khao Khiew in Khao Yai National Park.. .............................................................................................. 44 4.2 Seed germination of Podocarpus neriifolius during August - October 2013 (3 August 2013 to planted) at Khao Khiew in Khao Yai National Park. ........... 51 4.3 Mean densities (stems/ha) ±one standard error of seedlings (≥0.15 m and <1.35 m) of four podocarp species at Khao Khiew in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. ..................................................................................... 65 4.4 Spatial associations among seedling species at Khao Khiew in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. ..................................................................................... 66 4.5 Comparison of candidate models predicting the occurrence of seedlings of five canopy species at Khao Khiew in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. ..................................................................................... 67 X LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table Page 4.6 Comparison of slope values of the probability of three conifer species seedling occurrence in relation to continuous predictor variables at Khao Khiew in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand.. ........................................ 73 4.7 Pearson correlations
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