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Abbas Hilmi II and the Neo-Mamluk Style Missouri University of Science and Technology Scholars' Mine International Conferences on Recent Advances 2010 - Fifth International Conference on Recent in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Soil Dynamics Engineering and Soil Dynamics 27 May 2010, 9:50 am - 10:20 am Architecture as an Expression of Identity: Abbas Hilmi II and the Neo-Mamluk Style Nadania Idriss School of Oriental and African Studies, Germany Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icrageesd Part of the Geotechnical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Idriss, Nadania, "Architecture as an Expression of Identity: Abbas Hilmi II and the Neo-Mamluk Style" (2010). International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics. 1. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icrageesd/05icrageesd/session11/1 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Article - Conference proceedings is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARCHITECTURE AS AN EXPRESSION OF IDENTITY: ABBAS HILMI II AND THE NEO-MAMLUK STYLE Nadania Idriss School of Oriental and African Studies Lineinstr. 154 10115 Berlin, Germany ABSTRACT This paper examines the religious architecture that was built at the end of the nineteenth, beginning of the twentieth century, during the rule of Abbas Hilmi II (1892-1914). The architecture is examined in light of the political and cultural climate of the time period. European influences brought new tastes for building styles, and the Neo-Mamluk became popularized for mosque architecture. Abbas Hilmi II was only eighteen when he became Egypt´s In Egypt, the neonate architecture was popularised, last Khedive (meaning prince). Abbas, descendent of particularly the neo-Baroque and Arab styles. In this study, Muhammad Ali, the Albanian mercenary who managed to I will examine the religious architecture in Cairo that was expel Napoleon’s army from Egypt in 1801, ruled between built during Abbas Hilmi II´s reign, as well as the 1892 and 1914. This paper will examine a series of Khedive’s role in the restoration of older mosques and buildings in their social, cultural and economic context, shrines. which were constructed during this time period. The conditions of the late nineteenth century are interlinked The nineteenth century was a pivotal moment for the with the architecture, as they are a tangible representation Western World as it was being transformed into a of the developments of spaces of social ordering and modernised, machine-dominated society, increasingly ultimately, identity. The approach draws on historiography, affected by new advancements in industry. The social empirical analysis and aesthetics, in order to understand the transformation was all embracing. The industrial changes built environment of the period, which is now affected virtually every area of urban life; from architecture representative of Egypt's modern heritage. to urban planning, currency to media, education to social structures and even the way people dressed. A light rail The development and structure of late nineteenth century, linked the expanding borders of the city limits with the early twentieth century architecture in Egypt has been inner core of the metropolis; while the rail system previously dealt with in academic studies.i The nineteenth facilitated travelling abroad and the European colonies century was a period of rapid transformation and became a haven for the expatriate, which sought a new innovation, as well as a moment when decorative aesthetics opportunity. in architecture were inspired by older building styles. In In developing residential areas, new buildings, fully both Europe and the colonies, the revival styles were equipped with the latest technologies, were rapidly integrated with new concepts of building planning, which constructed, facilitated by cheaper materials, to resulted in neonate structures that were at the centre of accommodate the growing populations of foreign residents. philosophical debate. Architecture theorists debated the In places, such as Cairo, the phenomenon of change was not principles of conservation verses restoration. Should a limited to the physical surface of the city itself. As the building be fully reconstructed whether or not the original previous chapter showed, there were changes in both the plans and materials are available? Would a modern political and social systems; and while tensions developed architect truly recapture the original essence of the over the speed at which the changes occurred, ultimately, structure, or should historical sites and edifices be concerns over identity grew that manifested in language, conserved that would allow one to appreciate the brilliance literature, the material culture. Both Egyptianii and foreign of the original construction without any distraction? While scholars documented the history of Egypt, in order to better the edifices were trendy among the upper classes, they understand the present situation, as well as justify the stood additionally as reminders of the misinterpretations country’s transition into the modern era. that might occur through the process of restoration of older buildings. As many older buildings were at risk of demolition, initiatives were set up to protect them from disappearing Paper No. IMI 1 1 and further dilapidation. Architects, predominately from traditional house was perpetuating the decay of the older Europe, banded together to document Egypt’s older buildings in the city centre. buildings, labelling them monuments of a particular era. The collection and display of culturally and historically The Comité was regarded as essential in the preservation of interesting objects became equally important, and museums Cairo´s material heritage, and Max Herz was particularly were established to house the artefacts of bygone eras. This considered the most important person in the success of the had a profound impact on the local quality of life, both group.vii The architects responsible designing mosques in economically and culturally. Transforming Egypt’s past Cairo were inspired by the traditional styles that were into a commercial venture and developing theories undergoing examination by the Comité; even though they surrounding the cultural heritage played an important role ultimately moved away from older models of architectural in the modernisation process, as tourists and specialists decoration. Instead, the mosque became part of the pour into the country to witness the new discoveries and essential characteristic of the late nineteenth century participate in the action. architecture in Cairo. While institutions specializing in looking after the local, New principles in the perception of design and space are cultural heritage worked to preserve it, the intellectual links often associated with new perceptions of the world and of emerging between the Western world and Egypt posed a one’s identity. The development of Neo-Mamluk threat to Egyptian identity, and there was a collective desire architecture should be understood in this way, which means to assert Egypt’s existence as an independent body with its understanding the increasing influences from Europe, the own unique cultural history. In other words, the vernacular wave of modernisation in Cairo, and its eventual adaptation of culture and heritage preservation took on a decidedly by Egyptians. European influence, and the Muslim religion and way of life was mirrored against European culture and used to As sovereign of Egypt, Abbas Hilmi II took to building justify European supremacy.iii This was made manifest by mosques in newly developed areas of the city and restoring Europeans residing or visiting the country writing historical Cairo’s most important places of worship and shrines, a accounts, guidebooks, and novels describing locals and tradition that was established by the previous ruling class. their customs using demeaning vocabulary. Hence, there The Khedive’s activities were also a response to the was a need for Egyptians to assert themselves as an growing nationalist movement in Egypt. By observing individual nation. French and English dominated the religious traditions and patronising the construction of new language of heritage preservation; only later, at the turn of mosques, Abbas was able to maintain the support of the the century was Arabic used for reports and publications. religious community, perpetuating the image of himself Arabic literature and poetry was also revived. The revival among the elite and the general public as a pious patron of the Arabic language will be discussed in chapter VI. who performed good deeds. The building boom that occurred during the last decade of the nineteenth centuryiv inspired a variety of architectural Historically, political leaders chose to express stately styles. The Mamluk revival style architecture was chosen magnificence through architecture. Great size of the for the majority of public buildings commissioned by the building and highly skilled craftsmanship was a means to
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