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How MP3 Changed the Music Industry Page !1 of !11 " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " How MP3 Changed The Music Industry! DMT412 Case Study" Maximilian Crosby" Performance Sound BA Hons" Friday 13th June 2014" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " © Page !2 of !11 " " MP3 is a type of digital format. It’s without doubt the most popular and most used digital format on the planet. In this essay I will be talking about why that is and how it’s popularity has changed the way we listen to music. I’ll be talking about how it works, it’s history, why people choose MP3 over other digital formats, how it compares to other digital formats, why MP3 was invented in the first place, the effect MP3 has had on the music industry and how we listen to music. I’ll also be talking about why we need digital formats to begin with. " " What is MP3? MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer 3, more commonly referred to as MP3 is a lossy encoding format for digital audio. MP3 was designed purely for audio and was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3003. In short it’s a lossy digital format. All digital formats fall under either one of two categories. Lossy or lossless. What I’m talking about here is the type of compression the digital format is using. Lossy data compression is a type of data encoding methods that uses inexact approximations for representing the content that has been encoded. Audio formats that fall under this category are MP3, AAC (Advanced Audio Coding), WMA (Windows Media Audio) and Voribs. Lossless data compression is a type of data compression that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed by the compressed data. Audio formats the fall under this category are WAV (Waveform Audio File Format or WAVE), AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format) and FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec) http:// www.dummies.com/how-to/content/digital-audio-file-formats-lossy-and-lossless-code.html." " What are the Pro’s and Con’s of Lossy or Lossless compression? Well the point of Lossy compression is to make the size of any file as small as possible (reduce the amount of data) whilst preserving as much of the original content as possible. The difference between a WAV file and an MP3 file is incredible http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/guide/file- © Page !3 of !11 formats-and-compression/. A WAV file which uses lossless data compression on average is around 41.3 megabytes (10 megabytes per minuet) http://www.theaudioarchive.com/ TAA_Resources_File_Size.htm where as an MP3 which uses lossy data compression on average would be around 5.6 megabytes (1.4 megabytes per minuet) http:// www.audiomountain.com/tech/calculations/Calculations.html. Having a much smaller file size will defiantly benefit you in a lot of ways. For example if you have 16 Gigabytes worth of storage on a device you’d be able to fit around 387 WAV files on your device. If you were to use MP3 though you’d be able to fit 2,857 files! This is one of the biggest reasons MP3 became so popular when it was released. " " Everybody was now about to fit nearly 10x more songs on there portable devices which made the first iPod and other portable music players viable. Without MP3 files we’d have had to wait at least another couple of years before any digital portable devices were released simply because there wouldn’t have been enough storage space. The first generation iPod was released with 5.10 Gigabytes of space with a very big price tag as it was very high end hardware at the time http://ipod.about.com/od/ understandingipodmodels/g/1st_gen_ipod.htm. That’s only 123 WAV files compared to 910 MP3 files. For the general public using MP3 files was a no-brainer. Steve Jobs, CEO at Apple Computer claimed you could fit more than 1,000 MP3’s on the 5.10 Gigabytes of space https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYMTy6fchiQ which was true at the time as MP3’s had even less bits per second than nowadays which means MP3’s had an even smaller file size." " What lossless data compression has on its side is simply the quality of audio it can provide. With lossless audio files the minimal amount of data is lost giving the listener the © Page !4 of !11 best quality of audio possible. Typically only music enthusiast or people in the music industry use lossless file types. " " A good example to compare the two is this. Imagine a digital picture straight from the camera. Everything is crisp, sharp and clear but the file size is huge so you want to compress the file for storage. The more you compress the image the more data you’re taking away from the picture and the more data you take away from the picture the less clear it becomes. Suddenly everything gets a little less sharp and the picture starts to look like it’s pixelated. That’s exactly what’s happening to your audio. It’s still the same picture just not as clear. http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/46335/lossy-compression" " How does MP3 compare to other file formats? MP3’s main competition is AAC (Advanced Audio Coding). AAC was released two years later than MP3 in 1997 by AT&T Bell Laboratories, Dolby, Sony and Nokia. AAC was designed to be the successor to MP3 with more sample frequencies. AAC has a range of 8 to 96Khz where as MP3 has 16 to 48Khz. the file format can support up to 48 channels where as MPEG-1 can only support 2 and MPEG-2 can only support up to 5.1 surround sound. AAC contains a much more efficient and simpler filter bank, higher coding efficiency for stationary signals, Higher coding accuracy for transient signals. AAC is also much better at handling/compressing frequencies above 16Khz. It has all these advantages by why is AAC still not as popular at MP3? Well these advantages do have a consequence. The typical file size of an AAC file for a 4 minuet song is around 2 megabytes more than MP3. So a bigger file size but not by much. Also, MP3 is so dominating, widely used and standardised that it’s difficult to implement or introduce a new file type to take its place. To make it even worse, on average the general public don’t really care about that little extra quality so nobody bothers to use AAC and sticks with the standard MP3. One of the biggest reasons AAC is so popular is © Page !5 of !11 that Apple Computer opted to use AAC as there standard file format in there music distribution software iTunes which quickly grew to be a massive asset to the music industry. iTunes became famous and with it, AAC. http://ipod.about.com/u/ua/ advanceditunesuse/acc-mp3-better.htm" " Both MP3 and AAC are lossy file formats. But what of the lossless file formats WAV and AIFF? WAV (Waveform Audio File Format or WAVE) was created and released by Microsoft and IBM in 1991. WAV one of the very first digital audio file formats available on Microsoft’s and IBM’s Computer systems. As Microsoft’s and IBM’s computers were increasing in power and as Apple Computer release their audio file format AIFF it became apparent that the two companies needed to respond to Apple’s audio file format. A massive gap in the market had emerged and it needed to be filled fast. The two companies needed to create a competitive lossless audio file format to compete with Apple Computer. Thus WAV was born. WAV files are huge though. Around 10 megabytes per minuet of audio. At the time of WAV’s release Windows based computers dominated the market and with the computers, so did WAV. It still remains today the most used lossless file format. AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format) was created by Apple Computer in 1988 to complement there new Operating System Mac OS X. AIFF was the first widely known lossless file format and defiantly aided the sails of Apple computers at the time. WAV and AIFF fall under an entirely different category than lossy file formats though. WAV and AIFF are the highest quality file formats but they will take up a lot of space on your hard drive. They have a completely different purpose. Lossy file formats to the opposite to that. They try to make there file size as small as possible whilst try to conserve as much of the original audio as possible. http://wiki.audacityteam.org/wiki/WAV" " © Page !6 of !11 MP3 was released in 1995 by the Moving Picture Experts Group http:// mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards. It was approved as a draft of ISO/IEC standard in 1991, Finalised in 1992, and published in 1993. Backwards compatible with MPEG 2 Audio (MPEG 2 part 3) with additional bit rates and sample rates was published in 1995." " MP3 and other lossy file formats take advantage of perceptual limitation of human hearing called Auditory Masking https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~bosse/proj/node9.html. In 1894 an american physicist called Alfred M. Mayer http://www.nasonline.org/publications/ biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/mayer-alfred.pdf reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency. In 1959 Richard Ehmer proved this theory and described a complete set of auditory curves regarding this phenomenon. After a short amount of time Ernst Terhardt http://www.mmk.e-technik.tu-muenchen.de/persons/ ter.html created an algorithm describing auditory masking with high accuracy.
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