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THE UNIVERSITY of CALGARY a Gender Analysis of Perceived Quality of Life: Same Theoretical and Methodological Observations From THE UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY A Gender Analysis of Perceived Quality of Life: Same Theoretical and Methodological Observations from Villages in the Garhwal, lndia by Erika A. Wilkens A THESIS SUSMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS COMMITTEE ON RESOURCES AND THE ENVIRONMENT CALGARY, ALBERTA JULY, 1997 O Erika A. Wilkens 1997 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 191 of canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Ottawa ON KIA ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exdusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfom, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/fïlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author' s ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. This thesis reports on selected findings frorn a study of the perceived quality of life of men and women living in the Garhwal, Northem India. These findings, drawn from the administration of a survey instrument and augmented by qualitative interviews, are used to examine the degree to which gender inequality - refiected by the status of women and resource share entitlements - is reflected in different perceptions of qualiiy of Iife. It was found that selected status indicators had a more significant impact on levels of perceived quality of life among wornen than among men. Surprisingly, when examining between gender differences, women expressed higher levels of satisfaction than men in the domains tested. It is suggested that the lack of significant differences between male and female satisfaction may indicate the intemalisation of social noms of inequality and a lack of perceived alternatives, particularly for women. Methodological and theoretical implications are discussed. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research and the completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the assistance and support of a great number of people. In particular, my supervisor, Dr. Merlin B. Brinkerhoff was a source of on-going support and guidance, and who both constructively challenged and listened to me. My research would not have been possible without the assistance, camaraderie and insights provided by ouf Indian research colleagues, Dr. Vinay Bourai and his wife Abha, Mamta Panwar, Madhu Misra, and Nimisha Rana. My learning through and with them was far greater than anything reflected by this thesis. Additional thanks go to Dr. Rich Revel for believing in me and in the Committee on Resources and the Environrnent as a uniquely challenging forum for studies such as mine; to Dr. Morny Joy for her input, support, and for her engaging directed readings course; and to Dr. Miriam Grant whose insights and support were particutarly helpful in the final stages of this thesis. Finally, special thanks go to my mother, father and brother whose love, support and unfailing belief in me have always been a source of confidence and joy for me. Kelly Fredell was both an invaluable research partner and a most trusted friend; she was instrumental in making this experience one of continual intellectual and ernotional challenge, wonder and growth. DEDICATION This work is dedicated to the memory of my mother, Sharon Canning Wilkens, whose love, grace and energy in Iife will forever inspire and be a source of strength for me. TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval Page Abstract iii Acknowledgements Dedication Table of Contents List of Tables CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Basic Needs and Quality of Life Women in Development WID, the Status of Women and Quality of Life Gender and Development GAD, the Status of Women and Quality of Life The Research Problem Notes CHAPTER TWO: GENDER, INEQUALITY AND OBJECTIVE WELL-BEING Introduction Reassessing Traditional Notions of the Household Households or Families? Gender and lnequality Women and the lntrahousehold Allocation of Resources Resource AIIocations by Women Resource Allocations to Women: Perceptions and Reality Women, Culture and Development Conclusion Notes CHAPTER THREE: THE PROBLEM: THE STATUS OF WOMEN AND PERCEIVED QUALITY OF LIFE Introduction Subjective Accounts of Quality of Life Socialisation Theory The Status of Women, Resource Entitlements, and Quafity of Life Discussion Conclusion Notes CHAPTER FOUR: THE CONTEXT Introduction Geographic, Economic and Political Context Religious and Cultural Background Women and Caste The Sociocultural Context and the People of Garhwal Notes CHAPTER FIVE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: FIELD DESIGN AND METHODS Introduction Scope and Purpose Research Methods: Three Phases Phases One and Two: Qualitative, Participatory Methods Phase Three: Survey Construction and lmplernenfation Sampling Field Research Limitations and Challenges Unforeseen Challenges Notes CHAPTER SIX: THE INSTRUMENT: METHODOLOGCAL CONSIDERATIONS, CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS, AND DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE The Concept of Quality of Life Assessing Quality of Life Metti~dologicalConsiderations Factor Analysis and Scale Construction Analysis of Variance Conceptual Foundations of the Data Analysis Conceptualizing the Status of Women vii The Variables Employed The Dependent Variables Explanatory Variables Position in the Household Exposure and lnteraction Autonomy and Persona1 Infiuence Control Variables Description of the Sarnple Notes CHAPTER SEVEN: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Section 1: Gender and Quality of Life Gender and Selected Quality of Life Domains . Gender, Socio-Economic Status, and Quality of Life Section II: Status and Quality of Life Position in the Household Age and Quality of Me Marital Status and Quality of Me Ekposure and Interaction Autonomy and Personal Influence Family Type, Autonomy and Personal InfJoence Position in the Household, Autonomy and Personal Influence Education, Autonomy and Persona! influence Decision Making Autonomy and Quality of Life Persona1 Influence and Qualify of Life Section III: Impact of Status on Gender Differences in Quality of Life Gender, Status and Work Satisfaction Gender, Sbtus, and Overall Satisfaction wjth Life Notes CHAPTER EIGHT: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Discussion Conclusions Notes Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 6.1: Sample Characteristics from Garhwal Villages 105 Table 6.2: Variety of Work Domains by Gender 108 Table 6.3: Main Work Domains: Self and Spouse Evaluations 109 Table 6.4: Legal Knowledge and Opinion, by Gender 110 Table 7.1 : Gender and Quality of Life for Selected Domains 116 Table 7.2: Impact of Socio-Economic Status on Quality of Life 119 Table 7.3: Age and Quality of Life 122 Table 7.4: Impact of Gender on Age and Quality of Life 123 Table 7.5: Marital Status and Quality of Life 125 Table 7.6: Impact of Gender on Age and Quality of Life 126 Table 7.7: Socio-Economic Status and Education, by Gender 129 Table 7.8: Education and Quality of Life 130 Table 7.9: Impact of Gender on Education and Quality of Life 131 Table 7-10: Gender Differences in Autonomy and Personal Influence 134 Table 7.1 1 : Impact of Family Type on Decision Making Autonomy 136 Table 7.12: The Impact of Family Type on Personal Influence 137 Table 7.13: Impact of Position in the Household on Autonomy 138 Table 7.14: lmpact of Position in the Household on Personal Infiuence 140 Table 7.15: lmpact of Education on Autonomy and Personal Influence 142 Table 7.16: Decision Making Autonomy and Quality of Life 144 Table 7.17: Impact of Gender on Autonomy and Quality of Life 145 Table 7.18: Personal Influence and Quality of Life 149 Table 7.19: lmpact of Gender on Personal lnfluence and Quatity of Life 150 Table 7.20: Impact of Stahis on Work Satisfaction, by Gender 154 Table 7.21: lmpact of Status on Overall Life Satisfaction, by Gender 156 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTiON In the last twenty years, gender has corne to be seen as a legitirnate and necessary focus in terrns of development initiatives airned at improving the quality of life of the poor. This focus on gender has been accornpanied by a proliferation of policies, projects and research aimed at understanding and helping Third World women. The explicit focus on women and their role in development processes originated prirnan'ly out of an emerging realisation that traditional developrnent initiatives, focused on processes of growth and technology, were not achieving the desired or planned resufts. It was becorning clear that although some groups were beneffiing frorn these initiatives, those with little or no political, social, econornic and legal influence were not only missing out on the benefits of developrnent initiatives but that many, and particularly the poorest and wornen, were being adversely affecied (Kandiyoti, 1990; Tinker, 1990b; Rao et al, 1991; Moser, 1993).' As Rao et al point out, "Most developrnent policies and projects have in fact had severe negative impacts on the survival chances of poor women and their families" (1991 :2). Basic Needs and Quality of Life In
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