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Baudet Phd.Indb Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/19141 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Baudet, Thierry Henri Philippe Title: The significance of borders : why representative government and the rule of law require nation states Date: 2012-06-21 !e Signi"cance of Borders !e Signi"cance of Borders Why Representative Government and the Rule of Law Require Nation States PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magni"cus prof. mr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op donderdag #$ juni #%$# klokke $&.$' uur door !ierry Henri Philippe Baudet geboren te Heemstede in $()* Promotiecommissie: Promotores: Prof. dr. P.B. Cliteur Prof. dr. R. Scruton (University of Oxford, UK) Overige leden: Prof. dr. A.N. Guiora (University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA) Prof. dr. A. Ellian Prof. dr. A. van Staden Prof. dr. A.A.M. Kinneging Prof. dr. R.A. Lawson Copyright #%$# by !ierry Baudet. Without a ‘we’, it won’t work. Paul Sche+er, !e Unsettled Land (#%%,) STRUCTURE P"#$ I T%& R'(& )* B)#+&#( National Sovereignty P"#$ II T%& A((",-$ ). B)#+&#( Supranationalism and Multiculturalism P"#$ III T%& N&&+ *)# B)#+&#( Representative Government and the Rule of Law CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..........................................................................................xiii Preface .................................................................................................................xv Part I – !e Rise of Borders Introduction ......................................................................................................... * Chapter One: !e State $.$. !e Rise of the State .............................................................................. , $.#. Averting Civil War ..............................................................................#- $.*. International Relations ....................................................................... *- Chapter Two: Sovereignty #.$. Introduction ........................................................................................ *( #.#. Internal Sovereignty ........................................................................... -$ #.*. External Sovereignty ............................................................................'$ Chapter !ree: !e Nation *.$. Membership ......................................................................................... ', *.#. Imagined Territorial Communities ..................................................&% *.*. Welcoming Newcomers .....................................................................&- Conclusion ......................................................................................................... ,, x ./012013 Part II – !e Assault on Borders Introduction ........................................................................................................)$ Chapter Four: Supranational Courts -.$. !e International Criminal Court .....................................................)( -.#. !e European Court of Human Rights ......................................... $%) -.*. !e International Court of Justice ....................................................$#' Chapter Five: Supranational Organizations '.$. !e World Trade Organization .........................................................$#, '.#. !e Security Council ..........................................................................$*) '.*. !e European Union ......................................................................... $-- Chapter Six: Multiculturalism &.$. Introduction ........................................................................................$', &.#. Legal Plurality ................................................................................... $&- &.*. Cultural Diversity .............................................................................. $&) Conclusion ........................................................................................................$,$ ./012013 xi Part III – !e Need for Borders Chapter Seven: Government ,.$. Introduction .........................................................................................$,, ,.#. Representation .....................................................................................$,, ,.*. Law ........................................................................................................$)- Chapter Eight: !e Fallacies of Universalism ).$. No More War .......................................................................................$($ ).#. !e Universal Society ........................................................................#%# ).*. !e All-Inclusiveness of Loyalties ................................................... #$% Chapter Nine: !e Particularism of Citizenship (.$. Loyalty ..................................................................................................##$ (.#. !e Public Sphere .............................................................................. ##) (.*. Without a ‘We’, It Won’t Work .......................................................... #*& Conclusion ....................................................................................................... #*( Bibliography ..................................................................................................... #-' Summary (in Dutch) ...................................................................................... #&' Curriculum Vitae .............................................................................................#&, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In writing this book, I have greatly bene"ted from the personal and intellectual support of friends and colleagues, whose engaged and constructive comments were of inestimable value. I am most indebted to Paul Cliteur and Roger Scruton for inspiring me to write a book about this theme and for supporting the project throughout its realization. A tremendous stand-by from the very beginning has also been my dear friend Tony Daniels, who has constantly motivated me to improve my work. Paul, Roger and Tony, the three of you formed an incredible team. !ank you so much for your con"dence in me, and for all your help in the development of my ideas. !ere are also many others who have assisted me with particular aspects of the book: with literature, information and arguments. My gratitude and friendship goes out to Marten Admiraal, Mark Almond, Barbara Becker-Rojzcyk, Hugo Bijleveld, Frits Bolkestein, Bas van Bommel, Diederik Boomsma, Lukas van den Berge, David Chandler, Pascal Bruckner, Chantal Delsol, Afshin Ellian, Alain Finkielkraut, Marc Fumaroli, Frank Furedi, Amos Guiora, Hendrik Kaptein, Roy Kenkel, Andreas Kinneging, Leszek Kolakowski (+), Marijn Kruk, Joes Kuys, Bart Labuschagne, Rick Lawson, John Laughland, Christian Leclercq, Jean-!omas Lesueur, Noel Malcolm, Pierre Manent, Pablo Mendes de Leon, Gelijn Molier, Douglas Murray, Matthijs Pars, Jeremy Rabkin, Bastiaan Rijpkema, Larry Siedentop, Fred van Staden, Ja+e Vink, Michiel Visser and Geerten Waling. My greatest gratitude goes to my dear parents, my dear sister, and my darling Esmée. Without their love and support, none of this work would have been possible, and it is a pleasure to dedicate the "nal result to them. PREFACE For almost three-quarters of a century, the countries of Western Europe have abandoned national sovereignty as an ideal. Nation states are being disman- tled – by supranationalism from above, by multiculturalism from below. Both supranationalism and multiculturalism undermine the territorial jurisdiction and the shared national culture of the nation state. Moreover, they partake of the same vision of the future. !eir vision is one of a world beyond borders and beyond the distinction between ‘us’ and ‘them’ that these borders entail. Whether perceived to be causing wars, to be impractical, unnecessary or merely small-sided, borders, demarcating the end of one jurisdiction and the beginning of another, the end of one way of life and the beginning of another, are actively being annulled. It is the purpose of this book to reconsider the signi"cance of borders. !e book argues that representative government and the rule of law can exist only within a nation state. And it suggests that, paradoxically as it may seem, the social and economic advantages that globalization brings about can only be realized through strong, sovereign nation states – however internationally orientated and open to newcomers they may be, and notwithstanding intensive cooperation with one another. !e dominant view in much of modern political and legal theory is that free trade, cooperation between states and internationalism require supranational- ism, and that being open to newcomers should entail multiculturalism. !is, I contend, is an inversion of reality. For supranationalism thwarts a state’s options for free cooperation and internationalism, and takes away the very foundations of classical international law, whilst multiculturalism encourages the Balkanization of sensibilities and the narrowing – rather than the widening – of minds and sympathies, eclipsing the perspective on the national whole. From the facts of globalization, including mass-migration, multinational corporations, electronic communication and world spanning means of trans- portation, the conclusion has been drawn that ‘the idea of national culture makes little sense, and the project of cultural uni"cation on which many past
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