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Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracardia) of the Gulf of Mexico Gulf and Caribbean Research Volume 14 Issue 1 January 2002 Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracardia) of the Gulf of Mexico. X. The Question of Being Male Kim Larsen Texas A&M University Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/gcr Part of the Marine Biology Commons Recommended Citation Larsen, K. 2002. Tanaidacea (Crustacea: Peracardia) of the Gulf of Mexico. X. The Question of Being Male. Gulf and Caribbean Research 14 (1): 53-66. Retrieved from https://aquila.usm.edu/gcr/vol14/iss1/4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18785/gcr.1401.04 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Gulf and Caribbean Research by an authorized editor of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gulf and Caribbean Research Vol. 14, 53–66, 2002 Manuscript received August 3, 2001; accepted January 10, 2002 TANAIDACEA (CRUSTACEA: PERACARIDA) OF THE GULF OF MEXICO. X. THE QUESTION OF BEING MALE Kim Larsen Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University 3146, College Station, Texas 77843-3146, USA, Phone: 979-845-4092, E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Three new species Parafilitanais mexicana, Collettea elongata, and Paragathotanais medius are described from deep-sea localities in the Gulf of Mexico. The male of Parafilitanais does not vary conspicuously from the female, except for possessing pleopods. Male Paragathotanais reveal that the mouthparts display some degree of sexual dimorphism. Males of all 3 species possess functional mouthparts. The problems identifying male Tanaidacea are discussed. The number of terminal spiniform setae on the maxillule is considered invalid as a diagnostic character. Keys to the species of Parafilitanais and Paragathotanais are given. INTRODUCTION antennule (Bird and Holdich 1988, Larsen 1999). Larsen (1999) reported mouthpart reduction in the adult male of During a study on the comparative biodiversity of Agathotanais spinipoda Larsen, 1999 but re-examina- the Tanaidacea in the Gulf of Mexico (Larsen, in tion revealed that this was a mistake based on a bad progress), a large number of new deep-sea species were dissection. The same pattern of limited sexual dimor- discovered, including one new species belonging to each phism is found in the deep-sea genus Collettea (Larsen of the genera Parafilitanais Kudinova-Pasternak, 1989, 2000), and no non-feeding terminal male stage has been Collettea (G.O. Sars, 1882), and Paragathotanais Lang, identified in any of these genera. It is not known if these 1971. males are, in fact, “subadult” or if a terminal and mor- The study of Tanaidacea becomes seriously im- phologically different stage has escaped observation. paired when dealing with males (for review see Larsen This is highly unlikely given that an enormous amount of 2001), and large holes in our understanding of the repro- material is available for these taxa, particularly that of ductive strategies in Tanaidacea exist. It is clear that in Agathotanais Hansen, 1913. Lang (1968) mentioned some shallow-water taxa (e.g., Leptocheliidae) several that several “subadult males” are identical to the female, morphologically different males with rudimentary mouth- except for the presence of pleopods and a thicker anten- parts exist in a given species, while in other taxa nule. Sieg (1986) questioned the validity of these ‘sub- (Tanaididae, Apseudomorpha) there is only one male adult’ males and suggested that they might be separate which generally resembles the female and retains func- female morphs or species. Sieg (1986) also disputed the tional mouthparts. When focus is directed on the deep-sea male characters presented by Lang (1968) and suggested taxa, the picture becomes unclear. Neotanaidomorphans that mature males would lack mouthparts. During the have two male morphs and the male mouthparts are present study, the kind of male characters identified by rudimentary (Gardiner 1975). The tanaidomorphans have Lang (1968) were observed in males of all three species, been considered either parthenogenetic or as having and despite the large amount of material available to me, morphologically different males with rudimentary mouth- no non-feeding terminal male stage was observed from parts (Sieg 1984). However, observing the penes of male the genera mentioned here or from Tanaella Norman tanaidomorphans is exceedingly difficult and thus males and Stebbing, 1886 or Agathotanais. The same “male have to be sexed using other characters. characteristics” have been identified in Tanaella (G. Male leptognathids differ substantially from females Bird, personal communication, West Dayton, Middlesex, (Wilson 1987) and the two sexes share no species char- UK). It is here suggested that in the genera Parafilitanais, acters. Whether more than one type of male is involved Paragathotanais, Tanaella, Agathotanais, and Collettea, is not known at this stage but has never been documented males retain functional mouthparts and that the “sub- for any species. It seems unlikely that more than one type adults” described by Lang, Kudinova-Pasternak, and of male exists for each species, given the low ratios of others are, in fact, fully mature males. This condition is males to females found in deep-sea samples. possibly true for several additional genera/species and it Agathotanaids, in contrast to the leptognathids, appear must be expected that several leptognathids described as to have only one type of male, which differs from the females with pleopods are actually just males. female only in the presence of pleopods and a thicker 53 LARSEN Parafilitanais was erected by Kudinova-Pasternak Male: Body shorter than female. Functional mouth- (1989) to accommodate P. caudatus Kudinova-Pasternak, parts present in adult males, resembling but not identical 1989. Parafilitanais mexicana, described herein, is only to female. Antennule only marginally thicker than fe- the third species and the first male to be described for this male. Pleonites with reduced pleopods with simple setae deep-sea genus. (juvenile male pleopods without setae). The Genus Paragathotanais was erected by Lang Remarks. Parafilitanais may represent a case of (1971) and later revised by Bird and Holdich (1988) but reverse evolution from the Tanaella type (completely still contains only five species. Paragathotanais was reduced uropodal exopod) towards the Leptognathia initially described as having a 5-articulated antenna type (reduced mandibular molar). It is unlikely that a (Lang 1971), but Bird and Holdich (1988) re-diagnosed uropodal exopod will reappear once lost, while it is the genus as having a 6-articulated antenna. reasonable to expect the mandibular molar to alter shape Paragathotanais is thus separated from Agathotanais by depending on diet. The decrease in body size, elongated having a 6- (or 5-) articulated antenna, a 4-articulated cheliped, and pointed mandible molar could all be adap- antennule and uropodal endopod not fused to the protopod tations for deep-sea dwelling. (Lang 1971). Agathotanais has a reduced antenna, a 3- articulated antennule, and a uropodal endopod fused to Parafilitanais mexicana sp. nov. (Figures 1–4) the protopod. However, Larsen (1999) found significant variation in the reduction of the antenna in Agathotanais; Material examined. 1 non-ovigerous female. Holo- the new species Paragathotanais medius, described type, body length 1.6 mm. Station C4-1. 31 May 00. herein, also displays reduction in the antenna. Since P. 27°27.5640'N, 89°47.1391'W. Depth 1455 m. Paratypes: medius has a 4-articulated antennule and the uropodal 1 non-ovigerous female. Same locality. 1 male. Station endopod is not fused to the protopod, it belongs to C7-2. 30 May 00. 27°43.971'N, 89°58.6211'W. Depth Paragathotanais with the modified generic diagnosis 1070 m. provided herein. Other material.—1 non-ovigerous female, 1 manca. The Genus Collettea, recently revised by Larsen Station C4-1. 31 May 00. 27°27.5640'N, 89°47.1391'W. (2000) and currently containing 14 species, has proved Depth 1455 m.—1 non-ovigerous female Station. C7-1. to be a cosmopolitan genus present in most deep-sea 30 May 00. 27°43.6967'N, 89°58.7782'W. Depth collections. 1080 m.—1 male, 3 non-ovigerous females. Station MT2- Holotype material is deposited in the National Mu- 1. 17 Jun 00. 28°27.0646'N, 89°40.3563'W. Depth 676 seum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA. m.—1 non-ovigerous female. Station MT4-1. 15 Jun 00. Paratypes and other material are deposited in the collec- 27°49.6198'N, 89°09.9526'W. Depth 1401 m.—1 non- tion of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL). ovigerous female. Station NB4-1. 11 May 00. Material was collected by Texas A&M University staff. 26°15.2711'N, 92°23.6978'W. Depth 2030 m.—1 male, 1 non-ovigerous female, 2 mancas. Station S35-1. SYSTEMATICS 11 Jun 00. 29°20.0500'N, 87°03.3758'W. Depth 658 m.— 4 non-ovigerous females. Station W2-1. 14 May 00. Parafilitanais Kudinova-Pasternak, 1989 27°24.8008'N, 93°20.2579'W. Depth 625 m.—3 non- ovigerous females. Station W3-1. 14 May 00. Diagnosis. (Modified after Kudinova- 27°10.3711'N, 93°19.3081'W. Depth 860 m.—1 non- Pasternak1989). Female: Body elongated and cylindri- ovigerous female. Station W12-1. 05 May 00. cal. Antennule with 4 articles. Antenna with 5–6 articles. 27°19.3945'N, 91°33.3486'W. Depth 1168 m.—13 non- Mandible molar pointed. Labium consists of 1 pair of ovigerous females. Station C7-2. 30 May 00. lobes without lateral or medial processes. Maxilliped 27°43.9713'N, 89°58.6211'W. Depth 1070 m.—7 non- basis fused distally, endites not fused, narrower than ovigerous females. Station S35-2. 11 Jun 00. basis and with 1 minute distal denticle. Chelipeds at- 29°19.9897'N, 87°02.9021'W.
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