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Effects of Climate Change-Induced Thermal Stress and Habitat Degradation to the Biodiversity and Species Composition of Coral-Associated Invertebrates

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Effects of Climate Change-Induced Thermal Stress and Habitat Degradation to the Biodiversity and Species Composition of Coral-Associated Invertebrates ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Stella, Jessica (2015) Effects of climate change-induced thermal stress and habitat degradation to the biodiversity and species composition of coral-associated invertebrates. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/47441/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/47441/ Effects of climate change-induced thermal stress and habitat degradation to the biodiversity and species composition of coral-associated invertebrates Thesis by Jessica Stella B.Sc. (Hons) Submitted For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Marine and Environmental Sciences James Cook University Townsville Statement on the Contributions of Others This thesis includes collaborative work with my supervisors Prof. Geoffrey Jones, Prof. Philip Munday, Prof. Morgan Pratchett, Dr. Elvira Poloczanska and Dr. Pat Hutchings as well as Dr. Niel Bruce, Dr. Stefan Walker and Dr. Craig Syms. While undertaking these collaborations, I was responsible for research concept and design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results. My co-authors provided intellectual guidance, editorial assistance, financial support and technical assistance. Funding for this research was provided by the College of Marine & Environmental Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship, the Yulgilbar Doctoral Fellowship at Lizard Island, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Science for Management Award and the Australian Coral Reef Society. i Acknowledgements The journey of this PhD could not have been possible without the support and guidance of many people. Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisors for giving me the opportunity to pursue my non-fish project and for all their guidance, advice and the occasional excitement when my results showed something cool about invertebrates. Especially, thanks to Geoff for his time, feedback and insight, providing me with the autonomy to design my own project and for always providing sound advice and guidance. Thank you to Phil Munday, for always leaving your door open for me, for being a great sounding board and for your enthusiasm for my work. Thank you to Morgan Pratchett for providing me with the first opportunity to work on invertebrates and sparking my excitement that led me on this journey. I would also like to thank Debbie Berry, Jodie Wilson and the College of Marine and Environmental Sciences for supporting me and putting up with my last minute submissions of any vital paperwork. My fieldwork would not have been possible without the assistance and logistical support from the staff at Lizard Island Research Station. Thank you to Dr. Lyle Vale, Dr. Anne Hoggett, Tanya and Bob Lamb, Marianne and Lance Pearce for going above and beyond with providing logistical support and for ideas in improving my experimental setup. Thanks to Tanya for looking out for my crabs and our lovely chats over iced coffee. A huge thank you goes out to my field volunteers: Jody Kreuger, Megan Sperring, Jen Dryden, Paul Groves, Carolyn Luder, Fernanda de Faria, Ben Gordon, Tom Bridge, Dan Twikler, Tzo Zen Ang for all their enormous physical efforts with data collection and providing amusement and cooking for me; especially to Fernanda for her friendship and putting up with my singing. I would also like to thank all the invertebrates, for being so very cool and keeping me interested and passionate about my project throughout this journey. I would like to thank all the invertebrate experts for their enthusiasm for my project and eagerness to help: Dr. Pat Hutchings, Dr. Peter Davie, Dr. Peter Castro, Dr. Shane Ahyong, Dr. Mandy Reid, Dr. Lauren Hughes, Dr. Jim Lowrie, Dr. Tsai Min Sin, Dr. Sammy De Grave, Dr. Kate Rawlinson, Dr. Maria Byrne, Dr. Mark O’ Loughlin, Dr. ii Paul Southgate, Dr. Anne Hoggett, Dr. Arthur Anker, Sancia van der Meij and Dr. Bert Hoeksema and especially Dr. Niel Bruce for opening so many doors for me in the invertebrate world. I am truly grateful to have had the outstanding support and love of many friends and family members through this challenging journey and beyond. Without them, I would not have been able to pursue this path or overcome the many obstacles that presented themselves. Thank you to Alana Grech for her invaluable friendship, great sense of humour, the many shared bottles of wine and ability to steer me back on track. Thank you to Jenni Donelson for her friendship, being a great office mate and for all her help and logistical knowledge. Thanks to Ann Penny, Ben Gordon, Tom Bridge, Dean Miller, Matt and Susan Curnock, Jen Dryden, Condo Costello, Andrew Simmonds, Mark Ziembicki, Rochae Cameron, Doug Willis and Paula Jaycock for their friendship, interesting conversations, and being a great source of entertainment. And finally, thank you to my family and friends back home for all their encouragement and support. Thanks to Mom, Jen and Todd, Jay and Erica for their emotional and financial support without which I could not have started my Australian adventure, for the care packages, skype sessions and an incredible time in Japan. Thank you to Dad and Mary for their support and love. Thank you to Rip, for always believing in me and being the catalyst that set me on this path, I will truly miss you and our unique friendship. Thank you to Ginger, Lora, Jill, Carolyn, Dawn and Audra for the life-long friendship and endless laughs and good times. Thank you to my late grandfather, Grampy, who taught me to work hard for what I want, to believe in myself, conduct myself with integrity and to never give up on my dreams. iii General abstract Coral reefs have the highest animal diversity of any ecosystem on the planet, due to the vast number of invertebrate taxa that reside within its matrix. The majority of these taxa are small, cryptic and live in symbiotic relationships with other reef organisms, such as compact branching corals, and are ecologically important to their hosts. A portion of these are obligate users of a small range of coral species, while others are facultative, or generalist, users of a broad range of corals. Specialisation is known to be strongly linked to high rates of extinction during periods of environmental instability. Coral reefs are subject to many disturbances that can destabilise the coral reef community, with lasting effects on biodiversity and ecological functions. Thermal stress induces coral bleaching, which can lead to entire colony mortality and ultimately affect all species that recruit, feed, mate and shelter within the corals’ branches. As bleaching events are increasing in frequency and intensity, it is critical to understand how thermal stress and consequent habitat degradation of coral reefs will affect the vast diversity of invertebrates that associate with and rely upon corals for their persistence. Combining field observations and experiments, this study aimed to document the diversity of invertebrates associated with common coral species of the Great Barrier Reef, examine their level of specialisation to particular host corals and to evaluate their responses to thermal stress and host coral degradation via coral bleaching and mortality. Although the high biodiversity of coral reefs is attributed to the invertebrate groups found there, few studies have documented species diversity and community structure among coral-associated invertebrates and how they might vary among coral species. Chapter 2 examined species richness (diversity) and composition of animals associated with common species of branching corals. One hundred seventy eight nominal species from 12 different phyla were extracted from 4 host coral species. Twenty seven species (15% of all taxa collected) were found on only one of the four different coral species, which may potentially indicate specialisation among host corals. The distinct assemblages on different coral species, and the presence of potential specialists, suggests invertebrate communities will be sensitive to the differential loss of branching coral species resulting from coral reef degradation iv As climate change is driving habitat degradation among coral reefs via coral bleaching and mortality, numerous invertebrate taxa which are closely associated with corals are being threatened with loss of critical resources. Species specialised to a narrow range of host corals will experience greater extinction risks than generalist species, which may exploit a range of habitats. As coral declines, overall diversity may be impacted in one of two ways: either it will decline through the loss of specialised species or be promoted by the increase in habitat heterogeneity via partial coral mortality. Chapter 3 aimed to test these predictions test these predictions by sampling invertebrate assemblages from healthy, bleached and dead corals. Invertebrate diversity on healthy corals was nearly double that found on bleached colonies, but only half that found on predominantly dead colonies. This was explained by the marked decline of obligate species and the proliferation of facultative species. Different coral species were distinguished by their unique assemblages of obligate coral-dwellers, but dead corals supported communities of more random, numerous facultative species. Partial colony mortality (40-60 %) yielded the highest diversity and abundance of both obligate and facultative coral dwellers. However, as colony mortality increased, the community composition shifted from one dominated by a few obligate species to one marked by an abundance of facultative species. This study supports the hypothesis that moderate disturbances and spatial heterogeneity promote reef biodiversity, but phase shifts lead to large-scale coral loss are a major extinction risk for specialised coral-dwelling invertebrates. Ecological specialization refers to how restricted certain animals are to a niche, as a result of evolutionary trade-offs.
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