Pedro Emanuel Ferreira Dos Reis Vieira BIODIVERSIDADE E

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Pedro Emanuel Ferreira Dos Reis Vieira BIODIVERSIDADE E Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia Ano 2017 Pedro Emanuel BIODIVERSIDADE E EVOLUÇÃO DA FAUNA DOS Ferreira dos Reis PERACARÍDEOS COSTEIROS DA MACARONÉSIA E Vieira NORDESTE ATLÂNTICO BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION OF THE COASTAL PERACARIDEAN FAUNA OF MACARONESIA AND NORTHEAST ATLANTIC Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Biologia Ano 2017 Pedro Emanuel BIODIVERSIDADE E EVOLUÇÃO DA FAUNA DOS Ferreira dos Reis PERACARÍDEOS COSTEIROS DA MACARONÉSIA E Vieira NORDESTE ATLÂNTICO BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION OF THE COASTAL PERACARIDEAN FAUNA OF MACARONESIA AND NORTHEAST ATLANTIC Tese apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Doutor em Biologia, realizada sob a orientação científica do Doutor Henrique Queiroga, Professor Associado do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Doutor Filipe José Oliveira Costa, Professor Auxiliar da Universidade do Minho e do Doutor Gary Robert Carvalho, Professor do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Bangor, País de Gales, Reino Unido. Apoio financeiro da FCT e do FSE no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário através da atribuição da bolsa de doutoramento (SFRH/BD/86536/2012) Dedico este trabalho à minha mãe e à Sofia. o júri presidente Prof. Doutor Amadeu Mortágua Velho da Maia Soares professor catedrático da Universidade de Aveiro vogais Prof. Doutor João Carlos de Sousa Marques professor catedrático da Universidade de Coimbra Doutora Elsa Maria Branco Froufe Andrade investigadora auxiliar do CIIMAR – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental Prof. Doutora Maria Marina Pais Ribeiro da Cunha professora auxiliar da Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Doutor Filipe José de Oliveira Costa (coorientador) professor auxiliar da Universidade do Minho agradecimentos Gostaria de agradecer aos meus orientadores Henrique Queiroga e Filipe Costa pela oportunidade que me deram e por todo o apoio e liberdade que me disponibilizaram durante estes anos. Foi uma fantástica oportunidade de crescer como profissional e pessoa, em que pude experimentar e errar e com sua orientação pude finalizar este trabalho. Também gostaria de agradecer ao Gary Carvalho e ao Simon Creer por me terem recebido em Bangor e pelas suas sugestões, apoio e condições que me disponibilizaram, o que me permitiu estar em contacto com diferentes pessoas e metodologias, enriquencendo este trabalho. Um agradecimento especial ao David Holdich por partilhar comigo o gosto pelo estudo destes pequenos organismos, pela partilha da sua sabedoria, apoio e ajuda ao longo destes anos. Não poderia deixar de agradecer ao meu italiano-brasileiro favorito, Andrea por toda a ajuda e pelas conversas constantes e quase diárias, que melhoraram este trabalho. Aos inúmeros colegas e amigos que partilharam comigo longas horas de conversa, amostragem e trabalho de laboratório em Aveiro (Rui, Juan, Gina, Felisa, Inês, Laura, Isabel, Sergi, Bruno, Ricardo, Barbara, Lena, Joanna, Iça, Gabi, Fernando e Aires), em Braga (Jorge, Nuno e Sara) e finalmente, em Bangor (Will, Ian, Alice, Alex, James, Georgina, Greg, Briony, Giulia, Iliana, Kirthana, Mat, Owani, Andy, Jane, Serinde and Rich). A todos os meus amigos do gang de Anadia e do gang da Fátima e restantes amigos biólogos do departamento de Biologia por todas as conversas e apoio que me deram. Para concluir e mais importante, quero agradecer à minha mãe, a qual me permitiu concluir este sonho de ambos, e que fez um sem número de sacrifícios que só uma mãe sabe fazer, durante todo o meu percurso académico. E à minha namorada Sofia, a pessoa que está comigo todos os dias e que mais me apoia e acredita em mim, por todo o apoio pessoal e profissional que me deu. Também, quero extender este agradecimento ao resto da minha família. palavras-chave Peracarida, Crustacea, Nordeste Atlântico, Macaronésia, Biodiversidade Marinha. resumo Nas costas complexas e ricas do Nordeste (NE) Atlântico e da Macaronésia, a superordem Peracarida (Crustacea) é um dos taxa de invertebrados marinhos mais abundante e comum, com um papel importante nas comunidades bentónicas. O estudo deste grupo é muitas vezes limitado a listas de inventários ou estudos de comunidade bentónicas e o seu conhecimento genético nesta região é deficiente. O objetivo principal desta tese foi o de melhorar o conhecimento sobre a diversidade e a evolução dos peracarídeos no Atlântico Nordeste e na Macaronésia, com ênfase nos membros presentes nas zonas pouco profundas e nas zonas costeiras rochosas das ordens Amphipoda, Isopoda e Tanaidacea. Esta tese compreende cinco capítulos com pesquisa original, incluindo uma biblioteca de referência de DNA barcodes neste grupo, através da comparação de dados morfológicos e moleculares (capítulo 2), um conjunto de dois estudos dedicados ao género isopode Dynamene (capítulos 3 e 4), um capítulo dedicado à família de anfípodes Hyalidae (capítulo 5), e uma abordagem multi-espécies da diversidade e dos padrões filogeográficos dos peracarídios presentes na Macaronésia (capítulo 6). No primeiro capítulo, relatamos uma biblioteca de referência de DNA barcodes para a superordem Peracarida, que inclui espécimes de costas do Atlântico, principalmente da Península Ibérica, juntamente com membros adicionais do mesmo ou semalhantes taxa de outros locais. Um maior número de Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) em comparação com o número de morfo-espécies foi encontrado, com algumas morfo-espécies exibindo até seis BINs. A presença de linhagens profundamente divergentes sugere a existência de uma considerável diversidade taxonómica anteriormente negligenciada, mesmo numa das mais conhecidas faunas de peracarídeos do mundo. Estas descobertas indicam a necessidade de uma revisão ampla, abrangente e integrada da fauna de peracarídeos das costas do Atlântico do Sul da Europa. No segundo capítulo, o abundante mas controverso género Dynamene foi investigado em detalhe, ao examinar vários milhares de individuos amostrados durante mais de cinquenta anos. A distribuição e a taxonomia das seis espécies de Dynamene ao longo do eixo Nordeste Atlântico-Mar Negro foram revistas e actualizadas. Novos mapas de distribuição e chaves ilustradas para os machos adultos e fêmeas das espécies deste género, presentes no hemisfério norte, são fornecidas. Nos três últimos capítulos, as ferramentas de delineamento molecular revelaram uma extensa diversidade críptica no género Dynamene (3 morfoespécies vs 12 unidades taxonómicas operacionais moleculares - MOTUs), na família de anfípipodes Hyalidae (7 morfoespécies vs 32 MOTUs) e em vinte e cinco espécies de peracarídeos (25 morfoespécies vs 90 MOTUs). Uma separação entre as populações presentes na Macaronésia e as presentes no continente foi visivel e, na maioria dos casos, as populações presentes na Macaronésia apresentavam maiores níveis de diversidade. Estas descobertas sugerem um papel maior das ilhas oceânicas na diversificação destes invertebrados marinhos do que se anteciparia e contribuiram para expor eventos pouco explorados na filogeografia e evolução da fauna marinha na Macaronésia. Esta tese mostrou que a biodiversidade marinha, como se observa em peracarídeos presentes no NE Atlântico e na Macaronésia, foi consideravelmente subestimada. O nível de diversidade provavelmente aumentará com a adição de diferentes taxa, diferentes tipos de habitat e de regiões marinhas distintas. Esta tese também sugere que estas ilhas oceânicas podem atuar como impulsionadoras da evolução, da diversificação e do endemismo em organismos marinhos, como acontece nos organismos terrestres. Keywords Peracarida, Crustacea, Northeast Atlantic, Macaronesia, Marine Biodiversity. abstract In the complex and rich Northeast (NE) Atlantic and Macaronesia coasts, the superoder Peracarida (Crustacea) is one of the most abundant and commom marine invertebrate taxa with an important role in benthic communities. The study of this group is often limited to inventory lists or benthic community studies and the genetic knowledge of the group in this region is poor. The main goal of this thesis was to improve knowledge on Peracarida diversity and evolution in the NE Atlantic and Macaronesia, with particular emphasis on shallow water and rocky shore members of the orders Amphipoda, Isopoda and Tanaidacea. The thesis comprises five chapters with original research, entailing a DNA barcode- based screening of the species diversity in this group through the comparison of morphology and molecular-derived data (chapter 2), a set of two studies of the isopod genus Dynamene (chapters 3 and 4), one chapter about the amphipod family Hyalidae (chapter 5), and a multi-species analyses of the diversity and broad phylogeographic patterns of Macaronesian peracarideans (chapter 6). In the first chapter, we reported a DNA barcode reference library for the superorder Peracarida, comprising specimens from marine Atlantic coasts, mainly from Iberian Peninsula, together with additional members of the same or sister taxa from other locations. A higher number of Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) compared with the number of morphospecies was found, with some of them displaying up to six BINs. The presence of deeply divergent intraspecific lineages suggests the existence of considerable overlooked taxonomic diversity, even in one of the most well-known peracaridean faunas in the world. These findings indicate the need for a broad, comprehensive and integrated revision of the peracaridean fauna from the Southern European Atlantic coasts. In the second chapter, the commom but species-poor and controversial
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