Tese De Doutoramento

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Tese De Doutoramento UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL Contribution to the development of biotic integrity assessment tools for Portuguese estuaries based on benthic communities Paula Maria Chainho de Oliveira Doutoramento em Biologia Especialidade de Ecologia Aplicada 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL Contribution to the development of biotic integrity assessment tools for Portuguese estuaries based on benthic communities Paula Maria Chainho de Oliveira Tese orientada por: Professora Catedrática Maria José Costa Eminent Scholar Daniel M. Dauer Doutoramento em Biologia Especialidade de Ecologia Aplicada 2008 To my daughter Para a minha filha Acknowledgments ACKNOWLEDGMENTS/ AGRADECIMENTOS This thesis represents a very important period of my life and I could not have accomplished this challenge without the support of those who funded the work, advised me, helped me with many tasks and provided me encouragement and emotional reassurance to continue in difficult moments. Therefore, I would like to thank all those who contributed at different stages, especially: A realização desta tese representou um período muito importante da minha vida e não teria sido possível concretizar este desafio sem o apoio daqueles que financiaram a investigação, os que me orientaram, os que ajudaram em algumas tarefas e todos os que me apoiaram nos momentos mais difíceis. Assim, quero agradecer a todos os que contribuíram nas diferentes fases do processo, em especial: À Professora Maria José Costa, por ter aceite a orientação desta tese, por ter acreditado que seria capaz de concretizar este desafio até ao fim e por ter sido pragmática em todos os momentos em que tal foi necessário; Professor Daniel Dauer for being my “scientific father” along these six years. Our enthusiastic discussions were fundamental for my scientific growth and your advice was always helpful in all stages of this thesis. I will always be grateful for your warmth welcome in the U.S.A., the full integration in the Lab family and the friendship and all the support that you gave me. Instituto de Oceanografia and the Benthic Ecology Laboratory for having hosted this study and the projects that gave support to it/Ao Instituto de Oceanografia e ao Benthic Ecology Laboratory, por terem acolhido este doutoramento e os projectos no âmbito dos quais foi desenvolvido; Ao Lino Costa, por estar sempre presente quando foi preciso, tanto no aconselhamento científico como nas dificuldades e necessidades do dia-a-dia, e no entusiasmo face a novos desafios. À Luísa Chaves, com quem partilhei lutas comuns ao longo dos nossos doutoramentos. A tua presença preserverante nas campanhas de amostragem, projectos, relatórios intermináveis, artigos, dificuldades e alegrias foi sempre um alento para continuar. A tua amizade para além das paredes do IO é o mais importante, que fica para além da tese. i Mike Lane, whose friendship was one of the best “consequences” of this Ph.D. Your support continued much beyond the time that I spent in the U.S.A. I would like to thank you for all your help with the statistical analysis, revisions, english lessons, scientific discussions, political discussions, movie sessions, holyday trips and little nothings that we shared every day. À Gilda Silva, pelas experiências partilhadas na identificação dos “bichos”, pela ajuda na formatação e revisão da tese, por estar sempre pronta a ajudar nas tarefas do dia-dia, mesmo nos dias de mau humor, por saber sempre onde estão as coisas e por partilhar uma memória comum de quase 20 anos. Ao Nuno Prista, pelos desafios diários ao conhecimento que me motivaram a não ficar apenas pelas coisas mais fáceis e já dominadas, pela ajuda no trabalho de campo, e por partilhar ideologias e frustrações. À Ana Luisa, pelas viagens intermináveis ao Mondego, pela ajuda com a formatação e revisão da tese e por todo o apoio nas pequenas-grandes tarefas do quotidiano no laboratório. À Carmen, Elsa, Pedro Raposo, Isabel Domingos, Carlos Assis, Sílvia, João Paulo, Bernardo, Jorge, Zé Jacinto, Zé Loff, Carolina, Obadias, Alberto, André, Sérgio e restantes colegas do laboratório e da sala dos doutorandos, pelo companheirismo de todos os dias, pelas ajudas em tarefas diversas e por me terem animado nas fases mais difíceis. Heidi, Bud, Sharon, Cory, Ryan, Colin e Charles, for having included me so promptly in the Benthic Lab. family and for all the support you gave me during my visits to Norfolk. Ging, Antone and my “niece” Ema, for having provided the feeling of being home during all those months spent in a foreign country. I also thank all the philipine family and latin family, who always welcomed me as a member of the “tribe”. Ao Sr. Manuel Pata e António pelo apoio nas saídas de campo do Mondego e pelas histórias da pesca do bacalhau. Ao Francisco Ferreira e tripulação do Mor, pelo entusiasmo com que sempre se empenharam nas nossas saídas do Tejo. Aos Srs. Ilídio Viola, Vitalino Cruz e António pelo apoio nas calmas subidas e descidas do Mira, que se tornou o meu local de estudo favorito por essa “partilha alentejana”. À Rita Vasconcelos, Manuel Cabral, Susana França, Catarina Vinagre, Sérgio Rodrigues e Tadeu Pereira, pela ajuda no trabalho de campo e pelos momentos bem passados a bordo e nas noites de laboratório. À Carla Azeda e Carla Barrinha por terem sido umas verdadeiras “máquinas de triagem”, durante longos dias de laboratório. Sem a vossa colaboração não teria sido possível ter tantos dados. ii Acknowledgments To Professor Jean-Claude Dauvin for having received me at the Wimereux Marine Station and for all the help with invertebrate taxonomy. Ao João Castro, por me ter acolhido na estação biológica de Sines e ter partilhado algumas dicas muito úteis para a identificação dos invertebrados. Ao Professor Eugénio Sequeira, por ser o modelo daquilo que eu gostava de conservar quando for mais velha: motivação, ideologia e muita energia. As suas histórias da vida foram uma inspiração semanal para acreditar que vale a pena insistir na ciência. Aos companheiros de direcção e aos assessores da LPN, por me terem poupado nas fases mais difíceis da tese e pela preocupação permanente em que a LPN não adiasse ainda mais a finalização desta tese difícil de sair. Ao Rodrigo Leão, por ter composto as melodias que intensificaram os momentos mais difíceis, mas também os de maior satisfação. Aos meus amigos Paula Pires, Ana Grave, Luís Soares, Barbosa e Fátima, que suportaram as minhas ausências prolongadas e se mantiveram sempre ali, no lugar onde se encontram os amigos. À Paula, por me ter sempre mostrado que é possível fazermos mesmo aquilo que pensamos, à partida, não estar ao nosso alcance. Ao longo destes anos, fizeste-me sempre acreditar que valia a pena tentar coisas novas. Tens sido também tu que me mostras a dura realidade, tal como ela é e me impeles a enfrentar as dificuldades sem meter a cabeça na areia. Aos meus avós, que tão bem souberam manter a “sabedoria dos velhos” e uma família unida. Esta tese também é um tributo aos vossos sacrifícios ao longo da vida, que nos permitiram fazer escolhas que nunca estiveram ao vosso alcance. À minha família interminável, em especial aos primos que mantém o clã sempre unido. Um agradecimento especial ao Julieu, por estar sempre lá e acreditar que as escolhas malucas da prima fazem sentido neste mundo voraz. À minha irmã, Samuel e Tiago, que são uma das partes mais importantes daquele “ninho familiar”, que me faz sempre querer voltar quando estou longe. Aos meus pais que, apesar de nem sempre acreditarem que as minhas escolham são as certas, continuam a apoiar-me incondicionalmente e a permitir a procura dos sonhos. Sei que estarão sempre aí. Às minhas gatas Milady, Lua e Maria, companheiras de longas horas de computador, que tanto me mimaram no trabalho solitário de pensar e redigir a tese. iii Ao Luis, companheiro de todas as lutas, cuja paciência interminável me permitiu arrastar a finalização desta tese, e realizar outros sonhos paralelos. Este também é um projecto teu, pois sempre acreditaste que valia a pena e apoiaste-me em todos os momentos mais difíceis. O amor não se lê só nas palavras, às vezes mora nos silêncios mas acima de tudo nas acções. À minha filha Filipa, que representou a motivação e inspiração decisivas na recta final da tese. Espero que um dia venhas a ter a possibilidade de realizar desafios tão ou mais aliciantes que este. A presente tese foi financiada pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia e ao ESF no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio, através da atribuição de uma bolsa de doutoramento (SFRH/BD/5144/2001) e do projecto EFICAS (POCI/MAR/61324/2004). O trabalho realizado beneficiou ainda do apoio financeiro do Instituto de Ambiente, através do projecto QUERE, e do apoio logístico facultado pelo Instituto Hidrográfico e Instituto da Água, através do projecto EMINAG. iv Resumo RESUMO A importância da avaliação e monitorização do estado ecológico dos ecossistemas aquáticos está actualmente vertida num conjunto de regulamentos ambientais, cuja publicação em diversos países do Mundo teve lugar, de forma mais acentuada, ao longo das últimas décadas. Na Europa, a aprovação da Directiva-Quadro da Água (DQA) em 2000, que estabelece um quadro de acção comunitária no domínio da política da água, representou um marco importante para o estabelecimento de novos critérios de qualidade da água, ao introduzir o conceito de estado ecológico. A DQA tem como principal objectivo alcançar o bom estado ecológico de todas as massas de água até 2015 e requer o desenvolvimento de um conjunto de indicadores específicos para cada tipo de massas de água, processo que está a ser levado a cabo pelos diversos Estados Membros.
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