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Investigating the Patterns of Islamic Architecture in Architecture Design of Third Millennium Mosques
European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences 2014; www.european-science.com Vol.3, No.4 Special Issue on Architecture, Urbanism, and Civil Engineering ISSN 1805-3602 Investigating the Patterns of Islamic Architecture in Architecture Design of Third Millennium Mosques Parvin Farazmand1*, Hassan Satari Sarbangholi2 1Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran; 2Architecture Group of Azad-e-Eslami University, Tabriz Branch *Email: [email protected] Abstract Islamic architecture, which is based on the Islamic school, has been shaped by the total awareness of architects’ of techniques of architecture and adherence to the principles of geometry and inspired by religious beliefs. Principles of geometry and religious beliefs caused certain patterns to take shape in Islamic architecture that were used in designing buildings including mosques. With the advancements in technology, architecture entered a new stage considering the form of construction and the buildings. Islamic architecture and mosque, which is the primary symbol of Islamic architecture, are not different and consequently went through changes in forms and patterns. In this paper, the purpose is to express the place of patterns of Islamic Architecture in the mosques of the third millennium. The method used is descriptive-analytic and the mosques of the third millennium are the statistical population and ten of them are the statistical sample. The tools used are the library studies and the data has been analyzed using chars obtained from Excel. The result indicated that in the architecture of the mosques of the third millennium, the patterns of Islamic architecture have been fixed and proposed, and yet do create different designs that would be novel. -
Imperial Cities, Middle Atlas & Region the East اﻷطﻟس اﻟﻣﺗوﺳط واﻟﺷرق رﮭﺷ ىروﺗارﭘﻣ
© Lonely Planet Publications 227 Imperial Cities, RegionMiddle Atlas & the East ﺍﻷﻃﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺭﻬﺸ ﻯﺭﻭﺘﺍﺭﭙﻤﺍ If you were to look for Morocco in microcosm, this region would take the title. Its diversity runs the spectrum from ancient cities and ruins to grand mountain vistas and desert oases. The plains of the north have acted as Morocco’s breadbasket for centuries, feeding the rise of cities whose culture went on to dominate the rest of the country. The Romans were the first to get in on the act, and left remains at Volubilis as testament. IMPERIAL CITIES, MIDDLE The streets of Fez’s World Heritage medina rank high on the must-see list of any visitor to & THE EAST ATLAS the country. Getting lost amid the souqs and alleys is an unforgettable (and often unavoid- able) way to spend a day. Meknès, another imperial capital and near neighbour to Fez offers a more pocket-sized version of the medina experience. To the south, the land rises into the limestone range of the Middle Atlas, which are home to the Barbary ape, Morocco’s only monkey. The area is made for hiking, and in winter the wealthy still come here to ski. Across the mountains, towns like Midelt herald drier climes, and the distinctive kasbahs of the south begin to make an appearance. The desert isn’t far away, and by the time you reach the oasis of Figuig, the olive tree has long given way to the date palm. HIGHLIGHTS Dive into the warren of medina streets looking for souqs and souvenirs in historic Fez ( p228 ) Enjoy the sounds of the sublime at the Fes Festival of World -
Developing a Geographical Information System for the Oudayas Kasbah of Rabat
Developing a Geographical Information System for the Oudayas Kasbah of Rabat An Interactive Qualifying Project (IQP) Proposal submitted to the faculty of Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelors of Science in cooperation with The Prefecture of Rabat Submitted by: Project Advisors: Tyler Beaupre Professor Ingrid Shockey Dominic Cupo Professor Gbetonmasse Somasse Lauren Fraser Hayley Poskus Submitted to: Mr. Hammadi Houra, Sponsor Liaison Submitted on October 12th, 2016 ABSTRACT An accurate map of a city is essential for supplementing tourist traffic and management by the local government. The city of Rabat was lacking such a map for the Kasbah of the Oudayas. With the assistance of the Prefecture of Rabat, we created a Geographical Information System (GIS) for that section of the medina using QGIS software. Within this GIS, we mapped the area, added historical landmarks and tourist attractions, and created a walking tour of the Oudayas Kasbah. This prototype remains expandable, allowing the prefecture to extend the system to all the city of Rabat. i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction In 2012, the city of Rabat, Morocco was awarded the status of a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) world heritage site for integrating both Western Modernism and Arabo-Muslim history, creating a unique juxtaposition of cultures (UNESCO, 2016). The Kasbah of the Oudayas, a twelfth century fortress in the city, exemplifies this connection. A view of the Bab Oudaya is shown below in Figure 1. It is a popular tourist attraction and has assisted Rabat in bringing in an average of 500,000 tourists per year (World Bank, 2016). -
Review Article
z Available online at http://www.journalcra.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH International Journal of Current Research Vol. 7, Issue, 03, pp.13547-13558, March, 2015 ISSN: 0975-833X REVIEW ARTICLE CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL TRENDS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE SYMBOLIC AND SPIRITUAL FUNCTION OF THE MOSQUE *Aida Hoteit Department of Architecture, Institute of Fine Arts Lebanese University – Beirut, Lebanon ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: Since the dawn of history, mosque architecture has witnessed changes and developments to meet the Received 13th December, 2014 cultures and civilizations passing through; accordingly, modern contemporary architectural trends Received in revised form have presented bold innovative solutions that affect the stereotypes that have been attributed to 29th January, 2015 mosques over time. At this point, a discussion was initiated on the feasibility of maintaining certain Accepted 28th February, 2015 mosque elements that are considered to be essential for some in the process of going to the mosque, Published online 17th March, 2015 such as the minaret and the dome. However, some trends posed ideas that exceeded the spiritual function of a mosque, as well as the cause and essence of its existence; accordingly, the present Key words: research study was conducted to elucidate those various trends and to discuss and evaluate their conformity with the standards and principles in mosque architecture. The study begins with the Mosque, definition of a mosque and its fundamental elements, determines the most significant mosque styles in Contemporary mosque, the world while highlighting the relationship each has with the culture or civilization it produced, and Islam, subsequently addresses the function of the mosque and the requirements to be considered in Islamic architecture, compliance with the provisions of Sharia. -
CV > Rapport D'activité Sur Les Recherches Effectuées
Rapport final d’activité et de recherche Décembre 2016 Contrat de recherche post-doctorale Laboratoire européen d’histoire et anthropologie des savoirs, des techniques et des croyances (HASTEC) 31 octobre 2015 – 1er novembre 2016 Savoir et croire au sein d’une communauté musulmane de langue chinoise (fin du XIXe siècle à nos jours) Marie-Paule HILLE Correspondant scientifique : Vincent Goossaert * Unité de recherche de rattachement : Groupe Société, Religion, Laïcité (EPHE-CNRS) Axes de recherche : « Religions et sociétés en Asie », « Islam, Politiques et sociétés » * Programme collaboratif n°2 : Savoirs scientifiques, savoirs religieux, savoirs sociaux Programme collaboratif n°3 : Techniques du (faire) croire Axe 1. Savoirs religieux, savoirs sociaux : une érudition religieuse pragmatique Cet axe a fait l’objet d’une présentation orale intitulée « La vie, l’œuvre et l’influence de la pensée de Ma Qixi (1857-1914), lettré musulman chinois du Gansu » en collaboration avec Wang Huayan (postdoctorante au GSRL) dans le cadre d’un séminaire commun des programmes « Religions et sociétés en Asie » et « Islam, politiques, sociétés » du GSRL le 28 juin 2016. Les résultats de ce premier axe de recherche vont être publiés sous la forme de deux articles (chapitre 12 et 13) dans le prochain numéro d’Etudes orientales (nos 27/28) à paraître en décembre 2016, que je coordonne avec Françoise Aubin. Le premier article (Annexe 1), intitulé « Les Han kitab et le Xidaotang. Réception et usage d’une littérature musulmane en chinois à la fin du XIXe siècle à Taozhou (Gansu) » (pp. 335- 382), retrace la trajectoire intellectuelle du lettré musulman néo-confucéen, Ma Qixi 马启西 (1857-1914) – fondateur du Xidaotang 西道堂 (« Hall de la Voie de l’Ouest » ou « Salle/Hall de l’Ouest »). -
The Correct Qibla
The Correct Qibla S. Kamal Abdali P.O. Box 65207 Washington, D.C. 20035 [email protected] (Last Revised 1997/9/17)y 1 Introduction A book[21] published recently by Nachef and Kadi argues that for North America the qibla (i.e., the direction of Mecca) is to the southeast. As proof of this claim, they quote from a number of classical Islamic jurispru- dents. In further support of their view, they append testimonials from several living Muslim religious scholars as well as from several Canadian and US scientists. The consulted scientists—mainly geographers—suggest that the qibla should be identified with the rhumb line to Mecca, which is in the southeastern quadrant for most of North America. The qibla adopted by Nachef and Kadi (referred to as N&K in the sequel) is one of the eight directions N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, and NW, depending on whether the place whose qibla is desired is situated relatively east or west and north or south of Mecca; this direction is not the same as the rhumb line from the place to Mecca, but the two directions lie in the same quadrant. In their preliminary remarks, N&K state that North American Muslim communities used the southeast direction for the qibla without exception until the publication of a book[1] about 20 years ago. N&K imply that the use of the great circle for computing the qibla, which generally results in a direction in the north- eastern quadrant for North America, is a new idea, somehow original with that book. -
Post Energy Audit of Two Mosques As a Case Study of Intermittent Occupancy Buildings: Toward More Sustainable Mosques
sustainability Article Post Energy Audit of Two Mosques as a Case Study of Intermittent Occupancy Buildings: Toward more Sustainable Mosques Younness EL Fouih 1,*, Amine Allouhi 1, Jamil Abdelmajid 1, Tarik Kousksou 2 and Youssef Mourad 1 1 École Supérieure de Technologie de Fès, Université Sidi Mohamed Ibn Abdellah Route d’Imouzzer, Fes BP 2427, Morocco; [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (J.A.); [email protected] (Y.M.) 2 Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Ingénieur Appliquées à la Mécanique et au Génie Electrique (SIAME), Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour—IFR—A. Jules Ferry, 64000 Pau, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 26 October 2020; Accepted: 23 November 2020; Published: 3 December 2020 Abstract: Mosques are buildings with a unique occupancy schedule and special energy and water consumption scheme. Generally, this type of buildings lacks the application of energy efficiency solutions and sustainable guidelines during the conception, construction and the operation phase. Interestingly, these iconic edifices can play a key role in raising awareness for sustainability and promoting cleaner energy technologies. The first aim of this work is to present energy audit results, recommended energy savings solutions for two historical mosques in Marrakech (Morocco). A detailed discussion of the adopted solutions is presented and an economic assessment was performed. Then, a two-year energy savings evaluation was conducted for the two mosques. Conclusions about the adequacy of the proposed solutions is presented. The second part is dedicated to outline some guidelines and sustainable criteria to consider for establishing an international sustainable mosques label. -
MOROCCO but Sometimes Creative Presence Onmoroccanshores
© Lonely Planet Publications 784 www.lonelyplanet.com MOROCCO •• History 785 Coast and you’ll be accompanied by a sea breeze that massages the ramparts of wonderful cities whose names – Essaouira, Casablanca, Asilah, Rabat – and atmosphere carry a strong whiff of African magic. Should you instead travel east along Morocco’s Mediterranean Coast, Morocco you’ll be tempted into enchanted towns such as Tetouan and Chefchaouen and the mountains of the Rif. If it’s mountains you love, Morocco has them in abundance, rising from the Rif into the HIGHLIGHTS Middle Atlas and on into the extraordinary contours of the 1000km-long and over 4000m-tall Marrakesh Dive into the clamour and spectacle of Morocco’s most dynamic city ( p800 ) High Atlas. And then, suddenly, everything changes. The mountains fissure into precipitous Fès Lose yourself in the exotic charms of this medieval treasure-trove of sights, sounds earth-coloured gorges, mud-brick kasbahs turn blood-red with the setting sun and the sense and smells ( p805 ) that one has stumbled into a fairy tale takes hold. Essaouira Laze by the sea in Morocco’s coolest resort ( p799 ) Morocco’s secret is simple: there is no place on earth quite like it. Chefchaouen Catch a mountain breeze in this stunning Rif town ( p792 ) Best journey Row across the river (and back a few centuries) from contemporary Rabat HISTORY Hassan II retained all effective power until ( p796 ) to old-fashioned Salé ( p798 ) Most present-day Moroccans are descendents his death in 1999. of indigenous tribes that have inhabited the The new king, Mohammed VI, has adopted Maghreb hills for thousands of years. -
The Marwani Musalla in Jerusalem
Bridgewater State University Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Art Faculty Publications Art Department 2013 The aM rwani Musalla in Jerusalem: New Findings Beatrice St. Laurent Bridgewater State University, [email protected] Isam Awwad Virtual Commons Citation St. Laurent, Beatrice and Awwad, Isam (2013). The aM rwani Musalla in Jerusalem: New Findings. In Art Faculty Publications. Paper 8. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/art_fac/8 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. The Marwani Shortly after Caliph ‘Umar ibn al- Khattab’s (579-644, caliph 634-644) Musalla in arrival in Jerusalem in 638, he is said to Jerusalem: have constructed a rudimentary mosque 1 or prayer space south of the historical New Findings Rock now contained within the Dome of Beatrice St. Laurent the Rock (completed 691) on the former and Isam Awwad Temple Mount or Bayt al-Maqdis known popularly since Mamluk and Ottoman times as the Haram al-Sharif.2 (Fig.1) Though later textual evidence indicates that ‘Umar prayed somewhere south of the “rock” and later scholars suggest that he constructed a rudimentary prayer space on the site, there is no surviving physical evidence of that initial structure. After his appointment as Governor of Syria (bilad al-sham) by ‘Umar in 639/40, Mu‘awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (602-680, caliph Figure 1: Air view of the Haram al-Sharif from 660-680)3 either expanded upon the Mosque the north showing the eastern area of the Haram al-Sharif. Source: Matson Collection, Library of of ‘Umar or constructed an entirely new Congress. -
MOROCCO © Lonelyplanetpublications 142 Rocco Hassuchcachet.The Quite It
© Lonely Planet Publications 142 lonelyplanet.com MOROCCO •• Highlights 143 HIGHLIGHTS HOW MUCH? Morocco Marrakesh ( p178 ) Dive into the clamour and endless spectacle that is Morocco’s Dorm bed US$3.40 to US$5 most dynamic city. Pot of mint tea US$0.60 Fès ( p161 ) Lose yourself in the exotic charms of a medieval city replete with Museum admission US$1.20 sights, sounds and smells. Hammam US$1.20 Essaouira ( p173 ) Laze by the sea in Moroc- Petit-taxi ride US$1.20 Morocco is sensory overload at its most intoxicating, from the scents and sounds that perme- co’s coolest and most evocative resort. ate the medinas of Fès and Marrakesh to the astonishing sights of the landscape. High Atlas ( p185 ) Trek deep into a world LONELY PLANET INDEX of stunning scenery and isolated Berber Morocco has always been a crossroads between Africa, Europe and the Middle East, and villages. 1L petrol US$1.20 nowhere evokes this sense more than Tangier, that faded poster boy for Europe’s often Drâa Valley ( p186 ) Explore Morocco’s 1L bottled water US$0.60 decadent but sometimes creative presence on Moroccan shores. From Tangier, turn south richest collection of kasbahs and then Bottle of Flag US$0.50 to US$0.70 along Morocco’s Atlantic Coast and you’ll be accompanied by a sea breeze that massages soak up the solitude of the Sahara. Souvenir T-shirt US$12 the ramparts of wonderful cities whose names – Essaouira, Casablanca, Asilah, Rabat – and CLIMATE & WHEN TO GO Grilled brochette US$3.40 to US$4.50 atmosphere carry a whiff of African magic. -
The Central Islamic Lands
77 THEME The Central Islamic 4 Lands AS we enter the twenty-first century, there are over 1 billion Muslims living in all parts of the world. They are citizens of different nations, speak different languages, and dress differently. The processes by which they became Muslims were varied, and so were the circumstances in which they went their separate ways. Yet, the Islamic community has its roots in a more unified past which unfolded roughly 1,400 years ago in the Arabian peninsula. In this chapter we are going to read about the rise of Islam and its expansion over a vast territory extending from Egypt to Afghanistan, the core area of Islamic civilisation from 600 to 1200. In these centuries, Islamic society exhibited multiple political and cultural patterns. The term Islamic is used here not only in its purely religious sense but also for the overall society and culture historically associated with Islam. In this society not everything that was happening originated directly from religion, but it took place in a society where Muslims and their faith were recognised as socially dominant. Non-Muslims always formed an integral, if subordinate, part of this society as did Jews in Christendom. Our understanding of the history of the central Islamic lands between 600 and 1200 is based on chronicles or tawarikh (which narrate events in order of time) and semi-historical works, such as biographies (sira), records of the sayings and doings of the Prophet (hadith) and commentaries on the Quran (tafsir). The material from which these works were produced was a large collection of eyewitness reports (akhbar) transmitted over a period of time either orally or on paper. -
French Memoricides in Algeria: a Study on Socialization Institutions
ISSN (Online): 2350-0530 International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ISSN (Print): 2394-3629 July 2020, Vol 8(07), 340 – 353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i7.2020.729 FRENCH MEMORICIDES IN ALGERIA: A STUDY ON SOCIALIZATION INSTITUTIONS Delliou Foudil *1 *1 University of Constantine 3, Algeria DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i7.2020.729 Article Type: Case Study ABSTRACT The French occupation of Algeria was a colonial as well as a cultural Article Citation: Delliou Foudil. one, during which many criminal practices were committed against the (2020). FRENCH MEMORICIDES IN Algerians. This work aims to highlight some of these practices, which ALGERIA: A STUDY ON undoubtedly amount to war crimes of cultural genocide against all types of SOCIALIZATION INSTITUTIONS. International Journal of Research - Algerian socialization institutions: religious, educational, media, sports, GRANTHAALAYAH, 8(7), 340-353. charitable ones ... We will try to present some edifying samples of these https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaa institutions after a brief preamble about the Algerian socialization system, layah.v8.i7.2020.729 and how French military and colonists deal with this system through philosophical premises and practical procedures. Finally we will end the Received Date: 13 July 2020 work by citing some reactions of Algerian resistant reactions to these criminal practices. Accepted Date: 31 July 2020 Keywords: French Memoricides Algeria Socialization Institutions 1. INTRODUCTION The French occupation of Algeria (1830-1962) was a settlement and a cultural occupation with a hostile perspective whose background may be traced back to the Crusades, and for that purpose it committed many crimes, which have had the most severe and widespread effects on Algerian generations.