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Download Thesis This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The Illusory Threat Enemy Aliens in Britain during the Great War Farrar, Martin John Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 30. Sep. 2021 THE ILLUSORY THREAT: ENEMY ALIENS IN BRITAIN DURING THE GREAT WAR Martin John Farrar PhD Degree - 1 - Abstract In 1914 there were around 53,000 Germans immigrants living in Britain, yet by the end of the Great War, there were only 22,000 left. During the war the British government spent a lot of time and effort producing legislation directly aimed at protecting domestic security and against enemy aliens. This thesis understands and explores the methodology and workings of the infant intelligence community and places the use of intelligence and work of the Secret Service Bureau at the centre of the governmental decision making process in relation to the enemy alien question during the First World War. By assessing the intelligence available on enemy aliens at the beginning of the Twentieth Century, the thesis seeks to understand what the real issues were and why decisions were made with regards to internment and repatriation legislation in the Great War. It arises that the British government had a co-ordinated enemy alien policy, which was not borne out of a reaction to press and public pressure for change. Chapter one focuses on pre-war; developments that facilitated the British government’s adoption of the premise that enemy aliens were a potential domestic security threat to the home front in the event of a war with Germany. These developments were the birth of the Secret Service Bureau and the activity surrounding the compilation of the unofficial register of aliens. Chapters two and three examine the role of the Secret Service Bureau in relation to the enemy alien question and the Bureau’s influence with other government departments during the First World War. Chapter four considers the Secret Service Bureau’s role in developing enemy alien legislation between 1909 and 1918. Finally Chapter five considers the patterns and impact of press and public pressure on the British government’s alien enemy policy. - 2 - Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 2 Table Of Contents ............................................................................................................. 3 List Of Figures .................................................................................................................. 4 List Of Tables .................................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviations .................................................................................................................... 6 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter One: The birth of the Secret Service Bureau and the unofficial register of aliens ............................................................................................................................... 29 Chapter Two: Study of the Department Sections of the Secert Service Bureau dealing with enemy aliens 1914-1916 ......................................................................................... 67 Chapter Three: Study of MI5, enemy aliens and changing domestic security priorities 1916-1918 ....................................................................................................................... 90 Chapter Four: The Secret Service Bureau’s role in developing enemy alien legislation ...................................................................................................................... 118 Chapter Five: The enemy alien issue and public opinion: from ‘A Quick Change of Front’ to ‘At Last, By George!’1914-1918 .............................................................................. 155 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 217 Appendix One: Punch magazine enemy alien and internment content heat map 1914- 1918 ............................................................................................................................... 231 Appendix Two: The Daily Mirror enemy alien and internment articles heat map 1914- 1918 ............................................................................................................................... 236 Appendix Three: Parliamentary enemy alien and internment debate heat map 1914- 1918 ............................................................................................................................... 240 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 243 - 3 - List of Figures Figure 1. Structure of the Secret Service Bureau in October 1909. Page 44 Figure 2. Structure of MO5 (counter-espionage UK) in January 1911. Page 53. Figure 3. Structure of the Secret Service Bureau in January 1913. Page 59. Figure 4. Structure of Secret Service Bureau in October 1914. Page 74. Figure 5. Structure of Secret Service Bureau in May 1915. Page 83. Figure 6. Structure of Secret Service Bureau in August 1915. Page 85. Figure 7. Male enemy aliens at liberty within the provinces of England to 31 January 1916. Page 93. Figure 8. Structure of MI5 in January 1916. Page 95. Figure 9. Distribution of MI5 duties in November 1918. Page 116. Figure 10. ‘A Quick Change Of Front’. Page 156. Figure 11. Punch magazine enemy alien and internment content heat map 1914-1918. Page 157. Figure 12. The Daily Mirror enemy alien and internment article heat map 1914-1918. Page 158. Figure 13. Parliamentary enemy alien and internment debate heat map 1914-1918. Page 159. Figure 14. ‘At Last, By George!’ Page 160. Figure 15. ‘People Not To Be Too Freely Believed.’ Page 173. - 4 - Table of Tables Table 1. Numbers of enemy aliens resident in England and Wales, Census 1911. Page 54. Table 2. Number of male enemy aliens of military age resident in England and Wales, Census 1911. Page 55. Table 3. Resident aliens and numbers on the special war list in 1913 and 1914. Page 62. Table 4. The work of Branch A’s four sub-sections. Page 75. Table 5. The work of Branch B’s five sub-sections. Page 79. Table 6. The work of Branch C’s five sub-sections. Page 81. Table 7. Numbers of enemy aliens, interned, granted exemption from internment and still at large, January 1916. Page 91. Table 8. Exemptions granted to ‘friendly races’, January 1916. Page 92. Table 9. Alien Registration within the United Kingdom. Page 99. Table 10. The work of Branch H’s sub-sections. Page 103. Table 11. The work of Branch G’s five sub-sections. Page 104. Table 12. The work of Branch A’s five sub-sections. Page 115. Table 13. Aliens Restrictions Act Amendments, 1914 to November 1918. Page 150. Table 14. United Kingdom Enemy Alien Account. Male Enemy Aliens of Military Age, October 1914. Page 194. Table 15. Naturalised British Males of Hostile Origin. Page 194. - 5 - Abbreviations ARO Alien Restriction Orders CID Committee of Imperial Defence CIGS Chief of the Imperial General Staff CSO Central Special Office (Egypt) DMI Director of Military Intelligence DMO Director of Military Operations DORA Defence of the Realm Act DRR Defence of the Realm Regulations EMSIB Eastern Mediterranean Special Intelligence Bureau GPO General Post Office MI5 Security Service / Secret Service Bureau MI5A Security Service, Alien War Service MI5D Security Service, Imperial Overseas Special Intelligence MI5E Security Service, Control of Ports & Frontiers MI5F Security Service, Prevention of Espionage MI5G Security Service, Investigation of Espionage MI5H Security Service, Central Registry of Information/ Organisations & Administration MI6 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) MO5g Military Operations (Special) - 6 - NID Naval Intelligence Department SIB Special Intelligence Bureau SSB Secret Service Bureau/ Security Service - 7 - Acknowledgements I owe an enormous debt to William Philpott,
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