U.S. JGOFS: A Component of the U.S. Global Change Research Program U.S. JGOFS NEWS Volume 10, Number 4 August 2000

Incorporating Iron into a Global Model Assessing The Progress by J. Keith Moore and Scott C. Doney Of JGOFS: Highlights ne of the main goals of JGOFS is We have developed a marine eco- Oto gain a better understanding system model that does just that, Of The Open Science of the processes controlling carbon building on the data collected during Conference cycling and export in marine ecosys- U.S. JGOFS and other field studies, tems. A major finding from the pro- such as the iron fertilization experi- by Margaret C. Bowles cess studies and time series stations is ments (IronEx) conducted in the that nitrogen available in the eu- equatorial Pacific. Because it incorpo- ver the 13 years since it was photic zone is often not the sole fac- rates iron dynamics, the model is able launched, JGOFS has sponsored O tor controlling carbon export. Phy- to reproduce the high nutrient, low several science symposia that have of- toplankton growth, export produc- chlorophyll (HNLC) conditions ob- fered opportunities to assess both the tion and community structure appear served in the subarctic Northeast Pa- progress of the program itself and the to be governed by the availability of cific, the equatorial Pacific and the evolution of ocean biogeochemistry both the macronutrients (nitrate, Southern Ocean. as a discipline. As knowledge about phosphate and silicate) and the mi- The numerical model has two size the ocean’s role in global carbon cy- cronutrient iron. classes of , one class of cling and the response of its systems Ocean biogeochemistry models , sinking and non-sink- to environmental perturbations has must allow for spatial and temporal ing detrital pools, and the nutrients grown, the scope of the endeavor has variations among potentially limiting nitrate, ammonia, dissolved iron and broadened considerably. nutrients in order to capture marine silicate. It does not contain phospho- Some 100 scientists from 13 coun- ecosystem dynamics. We need to ac- rus at present, although we plan to tries convened in Washington, D.C., count for the effect of iron in particu- incorporate it in the near future. The in 1990 to assess the first JGOFS field lar on production, community struc- model includes a dissolved iron pool study in the North Atlantic. The sec- ture and carbon export to the deep as a nutrient for phytoplankton with ond symposium, held in Villefranche- ocean if models are to be able to pre- sub-surface and atmospheric sources, sur-mer midway through the program dict how climate change might influ- the latter representing the deposition in 1995, attracted nearly 150 partici- ence ocean biogeochemistry. of mineral dust. pants from 20 countries. In April, 218 participants from 27 countries came BATS (64.16W, 31.83N) HOT (158W, 22.75N) STNP (145W, 50N) to Bergen, located amid the fjords of 1.0 0.50 20 0.8 0.40 western Norway, for the third sympo- 15 0.6 0.30 sium to be held under JGOFS aus- 10 0.4 0.20 pices. Like its predecessors, this con- 5 0.2 0.10 ference offered participants the 0.0 0.00 0 ) ARAB (62E, 16N) EQPAC (140W, 0N) ROSS (180W, 76S) chance to measure the advance of sci- 3 12 12 30 entific knowledge against the ques- 10 10 25 tions that JGOFS was formed to ad- 8 8 20 6 6 15 dress. 4 4 10 The Bergen conference was orga- 2 2 5 0 0 0 nized by Michael Fasham of NABE (19W, 47N) KERFIX (68.42E, 50.67S) PFR (170W, 61.5S) (mmol N/m Southampton Centre, 30 30 15 U.K., Karin Lochte of the Institut für 25 Ostseeforschung, Germany, and 10 25 Roger Hanson of the JGOFS Interna- 5 20 20 tional Project Office (IPO) in Bergen. 0 15 15 It was sponsored by the Scientific Model Nitrate square, In situ plus Committee on Oceanic Research Figure 1: Monthly mixed-layer nitrate concentrations at nine ocean sites. Squares represent modeled values, and crosses represent composites of measurements made (Cont. on page 10) at these sites. Some composites are multi-year, and some are not. The large phytoplankton size class (ARAB), the equatorial Pacific ing nutrient. Nutrients required by in the model is designed to represent (EQPAC), the North Atlantic Bloom diatoms are replete in less than one diatoms explicitly. Diatom growth Experiment (NABE), the KERFIX time- percent of the global ocean. rates can be limited by nitrogen in series station in the Southern Ocean In our modeling simulation, the form of nitrate or ammonia, iron, (KERFIX), the Ross Sea (ROSS), and growth is limited by iron in the silica and/or available light. The the Antarctic Polar Front region (PFR). HNLC regions and by nitrogen in the growth rates of the generic small phy- Figure 1 shows modeled monthly mid-ocean gyres for both the large toplankton in the model can be lim- mixed-layer nitrate concentrations and the small phytoplankton. Sub- ited by nitrogen, iron and/or avail- (squares) compared with composites stantial portions of the equatorial re- able light. The small phytoplankton of in-situ measurements at the JGOFS gions and some high-latitude areas have lower half-saturation constants sites. Nitrate is depleted all year at the exhibit silica limitation for the dia- for nutrient uptake and experience HOT site and seasonally depleted at toms. The few areas in which there stronger grazing pressure than the the BATS and NABE sites. Persistently are always sufficient nutrients for dia- diatoms. Otherwise growth and light moderate to high nitrate concentra- toms are primarily those with heavy parameters for the two phytoplank- tions exist in the HNLC regions of ice cover and strong light limitation. ton classes are identical. the North Pacific, equatorial Pacific Nutrients are replete for the small The model is currently being run and the Southern Ocean. Nitrate is phytoplankton, on the other hand, on a simple global mixed- over nearly 20% of the layer grid where the forcing ocean, mainly in lower lati- factors include sea-surface tudes. Strong grazing pres- temperature, surface radia- sure prevents small phy- tion, mixed-layer depth, ver- toplankton blooms and thus tical velocity at the base of nutrient depletion in most the mixed layer, percent sea- of these areas. Iron limita- ice cover and atmospheric tion for the small phy- iron deposition from mineral toplankton occurs in dust. Atmospheric transport roughly 51% of the total model estimates of dust surface ocean. deposition are used to gener- Our results suggest that ate the input fields of iron these patterns of nutrient from the atmosphere. Sub- limitation are strongly influ- surface nutrient fields, sur- enced by atmospheric iron face radiation, sea surface deposition and thus may be temperature and mixed-layer altered by climatic or an- depths are derived from cli- Figure 2: Modeling simulation of iron limitation (grey areas) on thropogenic processes that matological databases. Plans diatom growth in surface waters during summer. affect the transport and call for the eventual incorpo- deposition of mineral dust ration of this into not depleted in these areas in the over the oceans. Sinking particulate the three-dimensional (3D) climate/ model because of strong iron limita- carbon export and primary produc- ocean model at the National Center tion of diatom growth and strong tion in the model are also sensitive for Atmospheric Research. grazing control of small phytoplank- to variations in the atmospheric Mixed-layer averages of in-situ data ton biomass, which is consistent with iron source. from a number of JGOFS study sites in-situ observations. The phytoplankton assemblage in have been compiled for comparison Figure 2 shows a modeling simula- the HNLC regions is typically domi- with the results of modeling simula- tion of patterns of iron limitation on nated by the small phytoplankton. tions. These mixed-layer mean values diatom growth in surface waters in Increasing iron inputs from atmo- from the JGOFS sites can be obtained summer (June through August in the spheric sources eventually shift this via the U.S. JGOFS Synthesis and Northern Hemisphere and December pattern to an assemblage dominated Modeling Project (SMP) home page. through February in the Southern by the larger diatoms, sharply in- We have been comparing model out- Hemisphere). In the regions shown in creasing the sinking particulate flux put with data from the Hawaii Ocean grey, representing roughly 42% of the out of the mixed layer. These patterns Time-series (HOT) station, the Ber- global ocean, diatom growth is lim- are consistent with field observations muda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) sta- ited by iron in the summer months. in the HNLC regions and suggest that tion, the subarctic Northeast Pacific In almost 40% of the ocean, nitrogen this relatively simple ecosystem mod- site at Station PAPA (STNP), the Ara- limits diatom growth, and in almost el is reliably capturing phytoplankton bian Sea at the U.S. JGOFS station S7 18% of the ocean, silica is the limit- bloom dynamics in these areas.❖

2 U.S. JGOFS Newsletter – August 2000 Expanding Scope Of U.S. JGOFS SMP Shown At Annual Meeting by Scott C. Doney and Joanie A. Kleypas

he expanding scope of the U.S. the vertical transport of particulate the comprehensive framework for TJGOFS Synthesis and Modeling organic matter into the deep ocean. evaluating ocean models as part of Project (SMP) was evident at its an- Armstrong is currently developing a the international Ocean Carbon nual meeting for principal investiga- new modeling framework from this Model Intercomparison Project tors, held this year at Woods Hole “bottom-up” perspective. (OCMIP). Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Several newly funded projects are Easy access to the U.S. JGOFS field mid July. Now in its third year of expanding the focus of the SMP be- data sets is critical in this regard. One funding, the SMP includes some 50 yond the upper ocean to include pro- of the main tasks of the SMP manage- projects and about 100 scientists. cesses that take place deeper in the ment team and the U.S. JGOFS Data The five-day workshop attracted water column, at the sea floor and in Management Office (DMO) has been some 75 investigators, students, the sediments. Honjo and Roger to expand the JGOFS data system to agency representatives and guests. It François, also at WHOI, are synthesiz- encompass the models and data prod- included a mix of scientific talks and ing data from deep sediment traps ucts of the SMP as well. Christine posters, plenary discussions and small deployed in a wide variety of ocean Hammond from the DMO demon- working-group meetings. The agenda basins to put together a global pic- strated an SMP version of the live-ac- and detailed abstracts for talks and ture of export and recycling of bio- cess server developed at NOAA/PMEL. posters are available via the U.S. JGOFS genic material in the ocean interior. The data system allows users to create home page (http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/ Richard Jahnke of Skidaway is putting figures or download data subsets from mzweb/whoi_agenda.html). together a global synthesis of mea- grided datasets via the Internet. There The main goal of the annual SMP surements of deep ocean carbon, are plans to expand the capability of meetings is the sharing of scientific silica and nutrient fluxes and sedi- the server to include discrete data as results among participants in the pro- ment accumulation. well. Although only a few SMP gram and the stimulation of cross- Other promising directions involve datasets are available as yet, we are in project interactions. New and intrigu- the application of new techniques, the process of filling out the database ing findings were presented on a often borrowed from other fields, to with results from the SMP investiga- range of ocean biogeochemical topics traditional marine biogeochemical tors. The SMP live-access server can from local one-dimensional (1-D) problems. Jorge Sarmiento and col- be reached from the JGOFS home models to global circulation models leagues at are page (http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/las/). and from bacterial dynamics to the importing numerical inverse methods Another major goal of the annual ocean uptake of anthropogenic car- developed for atmospheric models to SMP meeting is to provide a venue for bon dioxide (CO2). Articles on indi- estimate the regional air-sea fluxes of community activities. The SMP has vidual SMP projects will appear in oxygen as well as natural and anthro- sponsored three smaller topical work- U.S. JGOFS News, and electronic pre- pogenic CO2. In a complementary shops over the last year. Reports on prints and reprints can be found on study, Paul Robbins and Andrew the nitrogen fixation and equatorial the U.S. JGOFS SMP web site. Dickson of Scripps Institution of Pacific workshops have appeared in Some of the most exciting work Oceanography are using physical previous newsletters, and an article within the SMP involves collabora- oceanographic inversion tools to on the continental margins workshop tions among modelers and investiga- quantify the zonal transport of car- is included in this issue. tors who conduct field studies and bon species within the ocean. Time was set aside in Woods Hole experiments. For example, Robert Evident throughout the meeting for separate meetings of collaborative Armstrong of the State University of was the growing reliance on the projects such as OCMIP and the New York at Stony Brook gave a talk unique JGOFS data sets from the working groups as well as for infor- on work he is doing with Cindy Lee time-series stations, the process stud- mal discussions on topical issues. The of Stony Brook, Susumu Honjo of ies and the global survey for model- working groups were asked to assess WHOI, Stuart Wakeham of Skidaway ing and synthesis. Talks by Chris their current efforts and to redefine Institute of Oceanography and John Sabine of the NOAA Pacific Marine goals achievable within the remain- Hedges of the University of Washing- Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), ing time of the SMP. It was widely ton. He presented an analysis and Niki Gruber of Princeton and Robert noted that the working groups rely simple model showing that the Key, also of Princeton, demonstrated heavily on the volunteer (unfunded) downward flux of inorganic ballast, how the synthesis of the tracer and work of certain participants, limiting comprising dust and siliceous and carbon-system data from the global the scope of what can be accom- calcareous shells, largely determines survey of CO2 in the ocean provides (Cont. on page 5)

U.S. JGOFS August – 2000 3 SMP Workshop Looks At Role Of Continental Margins In Ocean Carbon Cycle by Frank E. Muller-Karger

embers of the U.S. JGOFS Syn- coastal areas that are affected by light global carbon models are under-re- Mthesis and Modeling Project reflected from the seafloor. These esti- solved spatially and in forcing func- (SMP) working group on continental mates show a four- to five-fold in- tions like winds. Paradigms and mod- margins got together for a special crease in production in a steep gradi- els developed for the deep ocean do workshop on July 8, just before the ent as one goes from open ocean wa- not work well in the margins. annual meeting of SMP investigators. ters into the continental margins. Workshop participants concluded The focus of the session, held at Evidence is accumulating that that the margins should not be dis- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu- much of the particulate organic car- missed as regions whose significance tion (WHOI), was on the contribu- bon (POC) generated by primary pro- in the ocean carbon cycle is limited tion of the continental margins to duction on the margins is exported to to recycling. There are unresolved global ocean carbon and nutrient the seafloor. Estimates of vertical or- questions about food-web control of budgets and cycles. ganic particle flux and ocean bottom the export ratio and carbon burial; Frank Muller-Karger of the Univer- respiration rates suggest that the ratio DOC input, production and export; sity of South Florida serves as chair- of POC flux to primary productivity processes that supply nutrients, and man and Donald Redalje of the Uni- along continental margins is 20-fold those that determine the fate of nu- versity of Southern Mississippi, co- higher than in the open ocean. A trients, such as denitrification. chairman, of the working group. conservative estimate, based on work The recommendations of the conti- Other members are Anand Gnana- by Richard Jahnke, is that 44% of to- nental margins working group to the desikan, Princeton University; Rich- tal global organic carbon flux reaches SMP as a whole include: ard Jahnke, Skidaway Institute of the bottom of the slope and rise. 1) Quantify the uncertainty intro- Oceanography; Joanie Kleypas, Na- Since Jahnke examined only areas duced by margins in global carbon tional Center for Atmospheric Re- deeper than 1,000 meters, we do not and nutrient cycling and budget search; Dennis McGillicuddy, WHOI; know how much is deposited in the models. Peter Verity, Skidaway, and James Yo- shallower slopes and shelves. Also un- 2) Include continental margins ex- der, University of Rhode Island. Ken- resolved is the question of how much plicitly in SMP planning and in any neth Brink, WHOI, and Larry Atkin- carbon is exported from shelves in new global carbon/nutrient cycle son, Old Dominion University, were dissolved organic form (DOC). initiative. invited to participate in the workshop Did JGOFS miss a significant por- 3) Incorporate continental margins because of their experience with shelf tion of the global ocean carbon flux into global carbon cycling models. It environments. The working group to the deep ocean? The response from is important to identify the margin also held several meetings during the modelers during the SMP meeting processes that are either improperly SMP sessions that followed. was that global carbon models parameterized or missing in GCMs. A Processes in the coastal margins of (GCMs) generally account for known testbed program for coupled open the ocean are relevant to U.S. JGOFS, oceanic tracer distributions (such as ocean-margins models may be re- which has focused on developing a carbon-14 from atomic bomb testing) quired. carbon budget based on deep-ocean and that they do not point to any 4) Take advantage of the interest in observations and models. Numerical large unaccounted-for source of car- coastal zones and margins at the in- models used by SMP investigators do bon to the deep ocean. If current ternational level, as evidenced by the not have the spatial resolution that GCMs are indeed able to balance the Land-Ocean Interactions in the may be required for an accurate as- ocean carbon budget, then the ques- Coastal Zone (LOICZ) program, to ob- sessment of the contribution of conti- tion might instead be whether they tain baseline productivity rates in dif- nental margins to global budgets. represent the carbon flux processes in ferent marginal systems and an idea Estimates of global production the margins accurately. of how processes vary among them. based on field observations generally Wide discrepancies still exist 5) Identify relevant questions. conclude that between 25 and 50% of among the spatial and temporal dis- Some examples are: the global ocean net production takes tribution of tracers generated by vari- What is the role of cross-shelf par- place in the continental margins, ous models. While we understand ticulate organic transport? which include the shelves, slopes and something about why high primary What is the role of shelf/slope rise. Global assessments based on production occurs in the margins, we sources of iron? ocean color satellite data also show do not fully understand the scales of What is the role of sedimentary bands of high pigment concentra- variability and processes leading to transport or burial of carbon? tions and primary productivity in nutrient supply in these diverse envi- Should shelves be regarded as tem- these regions, beyond the shallow ronments. But we know that current porary storage or permanent burial

4 U.S. JGOFS Newsletter – August 2000 Hebel Has The HOT Stuff by David Karl and Roger Lukas n June 23, Dale V. Hebel com- of laboratory services for an environ- Opleted his 100th cruise for the mental company. The skills that he Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) pro- gained in this private-sector position gram. His accomplishments are more proved invaluable to the newly- remarkable, however, than this num- emerging HOT program. ber indicates. Over the 12 years since Since 1988, Dale has been respon- HOT began, Dale has not only partici- sible for overseeing all U.S. JGOFS pated in most of the almost monthly HOT program analyses, including cruises to Station ALOHA, he has also quality control and quality assurance sets, including dissolved inorganic taken part in field studies in Antarc- protocols and interlaboratory com- carbon, alkalinity and particulate in- tica during his periodic “vacations” parisons; since 1993, he has been a organic carbon. from HOT. HOT co-principal investigator. Over Throughout this demanding de- Dale has been an integral compo- the past 12 years he has evaluated, re- cade, Dale has maintained a focused, nent of the HOT program since 1988. fined and, when necessary, developed goal-oriented work ethic and a “can- He received his graduate training at new methods for use in the olig- do” attitude. Every time-series pro- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories otrophic North Pacific Ocean. He has gram has one or more unsung heroes; where he worked on trace metals in also served as chief scientist on Dale is certainly at the top of our marine snow with George Knauer and nearly half of the HOT cruises. In be- long list of HOT contributors. Mahalo John Martin. After receiving his tween cruises, he has been the princi- nui loa for a job well done!❖ master’s degree, he worked as director pal analyst for several crucial data

Continental Margins–(Cont. from page 4) SMP Annual Meeting–(Cont. from page 3) participants identified several efforts to develop and evaluate community sites for carbon? plished. The working group structure models. Among the foci of these ef- What are the effects of shelf-bound of the SMP changed this summer forts are food web synthesis and mod- processes like denitrification? with the disbanding of the satellite eling, regional 1-D model test-beds, How can coastal observing systems biogeochemistry group and the and global coupled ecosystem-bio- support global assessments conducted broadening of the nitrogen fixation geochemistry modeling. These inte- by the SMP? working group’s mandate to include a grative, community efforts, crucial for A variety of exciting developments focus on functional groups. Working the overall JGOFS synthesis of the are underway with respect to model- group reports will be available via the ocean carbon cycle, will not be ac- ing the interactions between the deep SMP home page this fall. complished without adequate fund- ocean and the continental margins. A successful result of working ing. Meeting participants agreed that These new initiatives take two forms: group deliberations was the identifi- high priority should be given to such high-resolution regional models of cation of scientific gaps in the current system-level synthesis and modeling the continental shelf that extend out- SMP research program. Groups came projects in the final two rounds of ward to the deep sea, and deep-ocean forward with draft proposals for three SMP funding. models that reach inward toward the more workshops. Topics would be This summer’s meeting had a nota- continental shelf. Examples of the calcification, trace-metal biogeo- bly different flavor from the previous former include various National chemistry, and aphotic or “twilight two. One of the major challenges of Oceanographic Partnership Program zone” remineralization and transport. past meetings was fostering interac- (NOPP) projects focused on the west As the SMP reaches its mid point, tion among investigators from a vari- coast. An example of the latter is the we are devoting considerable thought ety of disciplines and traditions. The spectral element model created by to the problem of how to meet our “birds of a feather” tendency is a Dale Haidvogel of Rutgers University. overall objectives within the limited natural barrier to cooperation in dif- Future work on the ocean carbon amount of time and resources re- ferent “flocks.” This year interdiscipli- cycle would benefit greatly from link- maining. Among other objectives, the nary cooperation and problem-solv- age with both approaches for model- SMP is striving to encapsulate the im- ing reached new levels. The 2001 ing interactions between the conti- proved understanding gained from SMP annual meeting will also be held nental shelf and the deep ocean. the JGOFS field programs into a series in Woods Hole in July.❖ of validated regional and global (Cont. on page 17) ocean carbon-cycle models. Meeting

U.S. JGOFS August – 2000 5 Antarctic Polar Front Zone The Focus Of AESOPS Workshop by Robert F. Anderson

hirty-nine participants in the U.S. shown in the drawdown of nutrients liminary efforts to compare AESOPS TJGOFS Antarctic Environment and dissolved inorganic carbon. findings with those of other national and Southern Ocean Process Study Participants in the APFZ workshop JGOFS field programs in the Southern (AESOPS) gathered in late June at Or- saw for the first time, however, the Ocean. For example, comparably egon State University in Corvallis to corresponding seasonal evolution of high export fluxes were observed by advance the interpretation and syn- the phytoplankton species, which ini- AESOPS investigators in the south- thesis of AESOPS results collected tiate the sequence of processes that west Pacific and by participants in within the Antarctic Polar Front Zone leads eventually to the export of bio- the French ANTARES program in the (APFZ). genic material to the depths. Quanti- Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. The AESOPS field program, carried tative estimates were presented for Whereas maximum export fluxes ob- out between 1996 and 1998, spanned the flow of carbon through major served during AESOPS originated two study areas, the Ross Sea and the components of the food web, ranging within the Seasonal Ice Zone (SIZ), APFZ. Because APFZ cruises took place from microheterotrophs to mesozoo- however, maximum fluxes recorded primarily during the 1997-98 field . Participants were also by ANTARES occurred within the Per- season, investigators were unable to treated to provocative hints that pro- manently Open Ocean Zone (POOZ), complete the generation and process- ductivity, as well as the physiological located north of the SIZ but south of ing of data from this region in time state of the phytoplankton, may be the Antarctic Polar Front. for earlier workshops. Thus a three- correlated with natural variability in As a result of this initial assessment, day workshop focusing exclusively on the abundance of iron within the workshop participants agreed that the APFZ was organized as the final study region. much could be learned about the role group event of the AESOPS program Within AESOPS, as with all the of environmental conditions in regu- with the goals of facilitating collabo- JGOFS field programs, investigators lating ecosystem structure and carbon ration among investigators and accel- employed many different methods to fluxes in the Southern Ocean by care- erating the synthesis of AESOPS data. evaluate new and export production ful comparison of results from the Assigning the term APFZ to the as part of the larger effort to assess various JGOFS field programs. Support whole region outside of the Ross Sea the efficiency of the biological pump for international synthesis of JGOFS that was studied during AESOPS is and its response to changing environ- findings was strongly encouraged. not entirely correct. AESOPS investi- mental conditions. Workshop partici- For those of us from the northeast- gators studied biogeochemical pro- pants were delighted to find remark- ern U.S., the few days spent in cesses in diverse systems, ranging able consistency among the various Corvallis provided the most satisfying from the Subantarctic Zone in the estimates, far better than one would taste of summer we have experienced north to the Ross Sea Gyre, well to expect given the precision ascribed to so far this year. Workshop partici- the south of the Antarctic Circumpo- each method. pants enjoyed the splendid weather lar Current. Indeed, clarifying the Estimates of in addition to superb logistical sup- complex nomenclature applied to the and export were compared with port throughout the session. ❖ multiple zonal systems examined fluxes measured at mid depth with Continental Margins–(Cont. from page 5) during AESOPS was one of the first sediment traps and at the sea bed items of business for the workshop. with benthic landers and corers to as- In summary, the question remains Although a portion of the work- sess not only the depth dependence whether JGOFS missed a significant shop was directed toward resolving of the regeneration of biogenic mate- portion of the global ocean carbon apparent inconsistencies in results ob- rial, but also the relative regeneration flux into the ocean by omission or in- tained by different methods, such as rates of organic carbon and opal. As accurate parameterization of conti- those used for measuring particulate suggested by previous studies, organic nental margin processes. The working organic carbon (POC), more effort was matter was regenerated far more rap- group recommends that these regions devoted to looking at the large inter- idly than opal. In contrast to previous be considered properly in any future related data sets produced during the studies, however, AESOPS investiga- program focusing on global ocean study together. The detailed physical tors using improved methods deter- carbon and nutrient assessments. The structure of the fronts and the sea- mined that the overall preservation U.S. JGOFS SMP can facilitate this sonal evolution of hydrographic con- and burial of opal in Southern Ocean process by identifying key scientific ditions had been described at earlier sediments is far less than believed questions concerning the continental workshops, together with the inte- previously. margins and encouraging funding to grated biogeochemical response Workshop participants made pre- address them in future programs.❖

6 U.S. JGOFS Newsletter – August 2000 EDOCC: Proposed Initiative Focuses On Biological Responses To Ocean Ecosystem Perturbations by Douglas G. Capone and Ricardo Letelier

uring several blustery and snowy As its point of departure, the conceptualize marine food webs? Ddays last March, a group of EDOCC workshop took two broad What are the food-web structures oceanographers huddled together at questions in the realm of ocean bio- characteristic of major ocean biomes, Timberline Lodge on Oregon’s Mount geochemistry that had been identi- and what controls these configura- Hood for a workshop on the pro- fied in an earlier NSF-sponsored re- tions? How are these controls modu- posed Ecological Determinants of view and planning workshop titled lated in space and time to produce Oceanic Carbon Cycling (EDOCC) Ocean Ecology: Understanding and observed distributions? What is the initiative. The meeting was supported Vision for Research (OEUVRE). These role of the continental margins in the by the National Science Foundation questions were: production, cycling and transfer of (NSF). Its purposes were to identify 1. How do environmental and biotic carbon? What controls massive epi- key issues in biological and bio- factors determine the distributions sodic blooms of various species of or- geochemical oceanography that and activities of key species or ganisms? would improve our knowledge of functional groups important to bio- Important biogeochemical ques- ocean carbon cycling and to convey geochemical cycles in space and tions were raised as well. They in- this information to NSF and other time? cluded: What are the controls on ver- federal agencies as an advisory report 2. What are the important interac- tical and horizontal structure of or- for their development of strategic tions among marine biota, global ganic matter, its remineralization and programs on ocean carbon cycling in climate and biogeochemistry? its relationship to the ventilation of accordance with the interagency Car- Participants in the EDOCC work- the sea? What controls the carbon-to- bon Cycle Science Plan. shop sought to identify areas of re- carbonate ratio in the downward flux Doug Capone of the University of search where augmented effort could of particles, and how does it control Southern California and Ricardo improve our mechanistic understand- the partial pressure of carbon dioxide Letelier of Oregon State University ing of factors structuring biological (CO2) in surface waters? What con- served as coordinators for the EDOCC communities and the biological re- trols the balance between nitrogen workshop with the help of an orga- sponses to ecosystem perturbations. fixation and denitrification in the nizing committee comprising Penny They also sought to identify impor- world’s oceans? What are the possi- Chisholm of the Massachusetts Insti- tant potential feedbacks from the bilities for and dynamics of feedbacks tute of Technology, Hugh Ducklow of biota to the ecosystem that could add in ocean biogeochemistry as medi- the Virginia Institute of Marine Sci- to system resilience or to shifts in ated by changes in atmospheric CO2? ence, Paul Falkowski of Rutgers Uni- state (stabilizing versus destabilizing These and other questions posed in versity, Dennis McGillicuddy of feedbacks). The ultimate goal of this the workshop report are examples but Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu- augmented effort is to develop the ca- not an exhaustive or prioritized list. tion and Jon Zehr of the University of pacity to predict the responses of A draft report is currently being cir- California at Santa Cruz. ocean to climate change culated to the scientific community The workshop paralleled and and the implications of those re- for input and comment. It is available complemented other community sponses for carbon processing. online (http://picasso.oce.orst.edu/ planning efforts, such as the Ocean Four major subthemes for research ORSOO/EDOCC/).❖ Carbon Transport, Exchanges and emerged from the discussions and Transformations (OCTET) initiative subsequent report preparation: the and the Surface Ocean-Lower Atmo- physical forcing controlling food-web sphere Study (SOLAS). Thirty-seven dynamics and carbon fluxes, biologi- participants, including experts on cal interactions controlling food web phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic dynamics and carbon fluxes, chemi- and microbial ecology, biogeochemis- cal-biological interactions controlling try, limnology, physical and chemical carbon fluxes, and ecosystem changes oceanography, ecosystem modeling and carbon-cycle feedbacks. and remote sensing as well as repre- Workshop participants also articu- sentatives from NSF and the USC Sea lated several specific research ques- Grant program contributed to spir- tions. They included issues relating to ited and insightful discussions. foodwebs, such as: How can we better

U.S. JGOFS August – 2000 7 SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON OCEANIC RESEARCH J G F S JOINT GLOBAL OCEAN FLUX STUDY

Volunteer Observing Ship Program Yields New CO2 Data For The North Pacific by Paulette P. Murphy, Yukihiro Nojiri and C.S. Wong

ore than four year’s worth of were much more variable. gers recorded results from the M samples collected aboard mer- Underway measurements of pCO2 thermosalinograph and chemical chant ship Skaugran are adding sub- in air and surface water were made monitoring systems each minute. stantially to the data set of carbon di- during each crossing. Discrete water There were novel aspects to this ob- oxide (CO2) measurements for the samples were taken for laboratory servational program. Two side-by-side surface waters of the North Pacific. measurements of salinity, nutrients, systems were used to measure pCO2 MS Skaugran served as a volunteer ob- total dissolved inorganic carbon over an extended period of time. One serving ship between was a rapid response sys- March 1995 and Septem- 70°N tem with a bubbling ber 1999 as she carried equilibrator designed by cargo between western Takashi Kimoto of the North America and Japan. 60° Research Institute of The data were collected Oceanochemistry, Japan. as part of a bilateral col- The second system in- laboration between the 50° volved hourly monitor- National Institute for En- ing and a showerhead

vironmental Studies Latitude equilibrator. Comparison 40° (NIES) in Japan and the of pCO2 results from the Institute of Ocean Sci- two systems over three ences (IOS) in Canada. years showed good agree- With funding from the 30° ment, on the order of +/- Environment Agency of 2 microatmospheres Japan and the Canadian (µatm), for later cross- 20° Department of Fisheries 130°E 150°E 170°E 170°W 150°W 130°W 110°W ings but large differ- and Oceans and Natural Longitude ences, roughly 10 µatm, Resources Canada, Figure 1: Cruise tracks of MS Skaugran between March 1995 and during the set-up and September 1999. Yukihiro Nojiri of NIES training period. and C.S. Wong of IOS were able to in- (DIC), carbon-13 isotope in DIC, total Another novel aspect of this pro- stall a suite of analytical equipment alkalinity and plankton pigments. gram was the new rapid response sys- aboard the ship for underway sam- Discrete air samples were also taken tem. Continuous measurements us- pling of the partial pressure of CO2 for atmospheric CO2 analysis. ing the rapid response system indi- (pCO2) in the air and surface seawater Instruments were located in a con- cated dramatically more variability in and a variety of other measurements. tainer mounted on the deck and in pCO2 levels in some regions than the Operated by Seaboard International the engine room. The container labo- hourly data showed. This result has Shipping Co. of Canada, MS Skaugran ratory contained equipment that important ramifications for sampling made eight or nine round-trip cross- monitored meteorological data, at- in regions of high biological produc- ings each year (Figure 1). Each cross- mospheric chemical concentrations tion and/or regions with large gradi- ing took roughly 12-13 days. West- and ship position, logging data each ents in temperature and salinity. bound legs generally followed a great minute. The engine room contained Nojiri and his colleagues have syn- circle route from Vancouver through the equipment for drawing discrete thesized data from the first two years the Gulf of Alaska into the Bering Sea water samples and making semi-con- of measurements by assuming that and along the Kuril Islands to Japan. tinuous measurements of tempera- variability in the difference between Eastbound routes were generally fur- ture, salinity, chlorophyll fluores- pCO2 in surface waters and the atmo- ° ° ∆ ther south between 35 and 50 N and cence, pH and pCO2. Three data log- sphere ( pCO2) within a small ocean

8 U.S. JGOFS Newsletter – August 2000 INTERNATIONAL NEWS grid box could be expressed as a func- 70N tion of latitude and time. This ap- proach utilizes data only, rather than 60N correlations with other sea-surface parameters, to estimate basin-scale means. 50N ∆ Seasonal maps of pCO2 values were created from the functions for 40N each grid box (Figure 2). The maps clearly indicate that the seasonal 30N ∆pCO (µatm) from January to March variation in pCO2 levels in the Gulf 2 of Alaska is very small. In the Bering Sea, the seasonal variation in pCO 20N 2 130E 140E 150E 160E 170E 180E 170W 160W 150W 140W 130W 120W 110W was the largest we observed, with Longitude minimum levels in summer and 70N maximum in winter. The western subarctic Pacific showed large sea- 60N sonal amplitude, with decreasing pCO2 levels in the spring bloom and increasing levels in the winter associ- 50N ated with vertical mixing. In the mid- latitude Pacific, seasonal warming 40N and cooling of surface ocean caused decreasing pCO2 levels in autumn 30N and increasing levels in spring. The ∆pCO (µatm) from July to September ∆ 2 annual averaged pCO2 map showed that the mid-latitude North Pacific 20N takes up a relatively large amount of 130E 140E 150E 160E 170E 180E 170W 160W 150W 140W 130W 120W 110W Longitude CO2 annually. The maps are consis- Figure 2: Distribution of ∆pCO2 values in the North Pacific between January and tent in general with those created by March (panel a) and between July and September (panel b) in microatmospheres. Taro Takahashi of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and his colleagues 1999 aboard MS Alligator Hope, a con- combines bubbling and static mixing and provide an independent assess- tainer ship operated by the Interna- components. Completely continuous ment with a new data set. tional Marine Transportation Com- with fast response and better accuracy Forthcoming work using these data pany of Japan that sails between To- than the bubbling equilibrator alone, includes an analysis of the seasonal kyo and Seattle and Vancouver at it utilizes a similar simple, valveless, and geographical patterns observed five-week intervals. An almost en- flow-through design. The new sys- in the four-year data set as well as an tirely new suite of equipment in- tems are more automated to reduce analysis of the spatial variability of cludes two identical systems for pCO2 the necessity for monitoring by ship- measurements, allowing for complete board personnel. pCO2 and fluxes in the North Pacific. A new volunteer observing ship temporal coverage. Both systems use a As of June, the ship had completed program got underway in November new tandem equilibrator design that seven round trips. NIES is planning to make these data public online as soon as possible after the data are recov- ered. When the arrangements are complete, the goal will be to make data available within one month. The first two years of data from the MS Skaugran monitoring program have been prepared for online access by the Marine Information Research Center of Japan. They are available from the Center for Global Environ- ment Research (CGER) at http:// www.cger.nies.go.jp or http://

Y. Nojiri www.mirc.jha.or.jp/minnano/ MS Skaugran in port. CGER_NIES/skaugran/index.html❖

U.S. JGOFS Newsletter – August 2000 9 INTERNATIONAL NEWS

Science Conference– from page 1 and related levels of production and chard Feely of the NOAA Pacific consumption of dissolved organic Marine Environmental Laboratory (SCOR), the International Geosphere- carbon (DOC) be put to work to help presented the case for linkages be- Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the Eu- distinguish among biogeochemical tween the large-scale climatic shifts ropean Union, the Intergovernmental regimes. These factors help us under- of El Niño-Southern Oscillation Oceanographic Commission, the Re- stand how carbon in the surface wa- (ENSO) cycles and interannual varia- search Council of Norway, the Uni- ter is partitioned between dissolved tion in levels of CO2 released into versity of Bergen, the Institute of Ma- and particulate forms and how its the atmosphere in the central equato- rine Research, the Norwegian Polar export into the depths is regulated, rial Pacific. Institute, the Nansen Environmental Ducklow said. Paul Falkowski of Rutgers Univer- and Remote Sensing Center, the Nor- How much of the carbon, nitrogen sity launched the session on regional wegian Directorate of Fisheries and and phosphorus that flows into the and global primary production and the City of Bergen. coastal zones and marginal seas of export with a discussion of strategies Titled “Ocean Biogeochemistry: A the globe makes its way into the deep for extrapolating measurements of New Paradigm,” the conference high- ocean or the atmosphere? In his key- primary productivity to larger tempo- lighted field investigations and mod- note talk on continental margin ex- ral and spatial scales. Access to large eling studies in 58 talks and 110 post- changes, Chen-Tung Arthur Chen of data sets collected in diverse regions ers, organized in 10 sessions focusing National Sun-Yat Sen University, Tai- of the ocean as well as remote-sens- on particular themes in ocean bio- wan, observed that most of the influx ing observations from satellites is geochemistry. Parallel sessions on re- of organic carbon is recycled in the critical, he noted. Marine productiv- gional issues, a presentation on IGBP coastal zones, lessening the likeli- ity, estimated at 45 to 50 gigatons of plans for future carbon research, a hood that the ocean margins could carbon per year, represents roughly session on the future of research in account for the missing anthropo- 42% of the global total. Talks during ocean biogeochemistry and a con- genic carbon dioxide (CO2). Studies this session detailed improvements in cluding discussion of remaining of processes in these regions indicate methods for estimating both produc- challenges rounded out the five- that they are net exporters of nitro- tion and export as well as in under- day schedule. gen to the atmosphere and importers standing the physical phenomena JGOFS chairman Hugh Ducklow of of CO2, he said. that control variability on a range the Virginia Institute of Marine Sci- One of most noteworthy accom- of scales. ences opened the session on ocean plishments of JGOFS has been the The factors governing the export of biogeochemical regimes with a dis- amassing of a comprehensive set of carbon from the surface ocean to the cussion of approaches to the problem carbonate system measurements from deeper waters and the sediments of of creating a functional taxonomy of much of the global ocean. Andrew the sea floor received further consid- ocean systems. He suggested, as an Watson of the University of East eration in the session of water-col- example, that new knowledge about Anglia, chairman of the session on umn biogeochemistry below the eu- variability in microbial populations CO2 fluxes in the global ocean, noted photic zone, led by Paul Tréguer of that improvements in methods and the Institut Universitaire Européen de the availability of certified reference la Mer. Tréguer pointed to an ongo- materials, distributed to investigators ing reassessment of the role of dis- in some 20 countries around the solved organic matter in the ocean world, have made it possible to arrive carbon cycle, noting that DOC might at more accurate figures for regional represent as much as 60% of the total uptake and release of CO2 and to cal- export flux. culate the distribution of anthropo- Robert Armstrong of the University genic CO2 in the ocean. Measure- of New York at Stonybrook presented ments over the last decade have evidence from both modeling efforts documented the importance of bio- and field studies that particulate or- logical effects on the air-sea flux of ganic carbon (POC) requires protec- CO2, an issue that was under debate tion from mineral ballast to sink when JGOFS got underway. through the water column without Understanding the magnitude and degradation. “How much ballast car- causes of interannual variability re- ries stuff to the bottom? It affects mains a challenge for investigators whether organic carbon is remineral- interested in predicting the effects of ized shallow or deep,” he said.

M. Bowles changing climate on the ocean’s ca- The importance of species composi- Beatriz Baliño discusses local arrangements. pacity to take up CO2. In his talk, Ri- tion and size structure of planktonic

10 U.S. JGOFS Newsletter – August 2000 INTERNATIONAL NEWS communities in the regulation nutrient and dissolved oxygen of the export of carbon from supplies and thus upon ma- the upper ocean has become rine food webs and export pro- steadily more apparent during duction. Field experiments de- the JGOFS decade. Talks during scribed in another talk suggest the session on this topic, led by that increased CO2 levels will Michael Landry of the Univer- slow down calcium carbonate sity of Hawaii, pointed out rela- production and reduce buffer- tionships between shifts in nu- ing capacity in surface waters. trient availability, physical fac- In the final session on tem- tors such as stratification, the poral variability of ocean bio- presence or absence of particu- geochemistry, keynote speaker lar species and production/ex- M. Bowles David Karl of the University of Arthur Chen, Mike Fasham and Dick Barber chair final port ratios. session on conference highlights and future challenges. Hawaii made the case for long- Citing JGOFS results from the term studies of the sort con- equatorial Pacific in particular, Rich- other speakers presented assessments ducted at the JGOFS time-series sta- ard Barber of Duke University pro- of the information to be gleaned tions. He illustrated his argument for posed a two-state model of food-web about the effects of climate change consistent measurements over long variability that juxtaposed a bal- on ocean productivity in the sedi- time periods with the evidence for a anced, “background” food web char- mentary record. fundamental shift in nutrient limita- acterized by small plankton and recy- Stressing the benefits during JGOFS tion from nitrogen to phosphorus in cling of materials against an episodic, of cooperation between field re- the ecosystem of the North Pacific “bloom” food web dominated by searchers and modelers, Scott Doney oligotrophic gyre, a result of warming large plankton and increased export of the National Center for Atmo- and stratification of surface waters, of materials out of the surface ocean. spheric Research led off the discus- which favors the growth of nitrogen- These two food webs coexist and are sion of global ocean carbon and eco- fixing organisms. Other speakers relatively independent, Barber said. system modeling with a review of ad- linked interannual variability in The sediments of the seafloor repre- vances in ocean biogeochemical plankton community structure, pro- sent the largest buffer on earth and modeling and problems yet to be ductivity and carbon cycling to large- the final repository of carbon from solved. His talk and those that fol- scale climate patterns such as ENSO the water column. In her keynote talk lowed described efforts to incorporate and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on deep ocean fluxes, Karin Lochte factors such as iron fertilization, mul- cycles. noted the importance of gaining a tiple nutrient limitation, plankton IPO staff members Beatriz Baliño better understanding of the lateral community structure and mesoscale and Judith Stokke organized an gala flux of materials from the continental time and space variability in model- series of cultural events for confer- margins, which supply about half of ing simulations. For example, Olivier ence participants, beginning with a the deep ocean POC flux. She and Aumont of the Laboratoire des Sci- reception sponsored by the City of ences du Climat et de l’Environne- Bergen at an art museum. Dinner ment described a successful effort to amidst the exhibits at the Bergen simulate the characteristics of high- Aquarium the next evening was fol- nutrient, low-chlorophyll regions lowed by a polished performance of with a model that included both iron traditional dances of the region and and silicate limitation as well as mul- an invitation to join in. The confer- tiple size fractions of both phyto- ence dinner on the last night was plankton and zooplankton. held aboard the three-masted barque Efforts to ascertain the effects of en- Statsraad Lehmkuhl, docked in Bergen vironmental changes on ocean sys- Harbor. A folk band entertained tems and to identify positive and guests between courses featuring re- negative feedback mechanisms were gional cuisine. The endlessly fascinat- described in the session on feedback ing sights of Bergen and the scenic processes and climate change, led by splendor of its setting provided formi- Philip Boyd of the University of dable competition to science for con- Otago. Modeling studies suggest that ferees’ time during their five days in M. Bowles ❖ Fei Chai, University of Maine, left, and increased stratification and reduction this beautiful city. Robert LeBorgne, Station Marine of ocean circulation as a result of cli- d’Endoume, Marseille, review the posters. mate warming will have effects on

U.S. JGOFS Newsletter – August 2000 11 INTERNATIONAL NEWS

Southern Ocean Symposium Focuses On Climate Change And Carbon Cycle by Walker O. Smith, Jr. ore than 200 researchers from thropogenic sources is extensive tivity. These are probably related to M19 countries convened in Brest, south of 50°S, but its storage is low the deposition of windborne trace France, in July for the third interna- because it is transported northward metals east of the southern tip of the tional JGOFS symposium on the rapidly along isopycnal surfaces into American continent and the subant- Southern Ocean. The conference, the Subtropical Convergence. arctic islands. Participants also ques- “The Southern Ocean: Climatic Access to satellite data has made tioned the real significance of the Ant- Changes and the Cycle of Carbon,” possible more realistic estimates of arctic Polar Front as a physical, chemi- highlighted the field studies and the primary productivity in different cal and biological frontier. models of various national JGOFS regions of the Southern Ocean. Esti- The seasonal waxing and waning of efforts in more than 50 talks and mates for average primary productiv- sea ice around Antarctica is one of the 150 posters. ity now range between 60 and 100 largest physical signals on Earth. Al- The meeting was organized around grams of carbon per square meter per though sea ice in winter precludes the six major questions with invited lec- year, three to five times higher than exchange of CO2 and other gases with tures and group discussions on each: those deduced from extrapolated car- the atmosphere in large parts of the • What role does the Southern bon-14 measurements in the 1990s. region, it can also support intense bi- Ocean play in the contemporary glo- Various presentations detailed the otic activity, especially in the coastal bal carbon cycle? evidence for limitation of primary and continental shelf zone. More in- • What controls the magnitude and productivity by iron and/or silicic formation about the sea-ice ecosystem variability of primary production and acid. Results from the Southern is required to understand the South- fate of particles? Ocean Iron Release Experiment (SOI- ern Ocean’s air-sea gas exchanges. • What are the major features of REE), conducted south of Australia in During the last decade, attention spatial and temporal variability in the early 1999, indicated that polar or- has focused on the Ross Sea and its physical and chemical environments ganisms react rapidly to additional production, export, nutrient cycles and the key biotic factors? dissolved iron in surface waters, al- and interannual variations. Studies • What is the effect of sea ice on though export of biogenic material have reported substantial deviations carbon fluxes in and to the Southern from the euphotic layer seems to lag from classical Redfield elemental ra- Ocean? well behind production. tios. The carbon export flux associated • How has the role of the Southern Discussions also focused on fluxes with the phytoplankton Phaeocystis Ocean changed in the past? of carbon within the Southern Ocean. antarctica represents a potentially im- • How might its role change in the Inverse modelling efforts show that portant alternative to the classical ex- future? export of biogenic matter from the port pathway that begins with dia- Conference participants presented surface layer is very efficient in the re- toms. Because Phaeocystis blooms lead results indicating that the Southern gion. However, this is not consistent to substantial emissions of dimethyl Ocean now takes up a significant net with estimates of fluxes derived from sulfide (DMS), the role of this organ- amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) from remote sensing data. There are also ism may be more important than we the atmosphere. Located between significant differences between results thought. In addition to more knowl- 35°S and 60°S, this sink is more pro- from studies of export from the eu- edge about the seasonal ice zone, we nounced in the Atlantic and Indian photic layer and studies of biogenic need to develop a better understand- sectors and less evident in the eastern fluxes in deeper waters and at the wa- ing of the role of key antarctic species Pacific sector. It is attributed to the ter-sediment interface. Understand- in carbon transformations. juxtaposition of the cooling effect on ing the processes that control Although it is clear that the bio- warm subtropical waters and biologi- remineralization and recycling in the geochemistry of the Southern Ocean cal production in nutrient-rich sub- “twilight zone” (between 100 and is sensitive to climate change, investi- antarctic waters. 1,000 meters) should be a high prior- gators disagree about what happened South of 50°S, the net uptake is es- ity for future programs. to the biological pump during past timated to be about 0.6 gigatons of It became clear during the confer- glacial maxima. One major debate carbon per year (Gt C/yr), roughly ence that earlier assumptions of lati- concerns variations in the location of 30% of the global ocean uptake of tudinal bands with contrasting ma- the frontal zone that delineates the CO2. Because of the Antarctic Cir- rine environments around the Ant- northern Southern Ocean. Because cumpolar Wave, the interannual vari- arctic continent are not necessarily this front appears to be constrained by ability of the net atmospheric CO2 valid. Numerous satellite images re- topography, the northward shift of sink is estimated to be +/- 0.2 Gt C/ veal the importance of west-east gra- the frontal zone during the last glacial yr. The penetration of CO2 from an- dients in algal biomass and produc- maximum is now questioned. One

12 U.S. JGOFS Newsletter – August 2000 INTERNATIONAL NEWS SOLAS Open Science Conference Attracts Broad Participation by Douglas W.R. Wallace

he Institut für Meereskunde (IfM) ocean biogeochemistry and air-sea nated European SOLAS initiative. Tin Kiel, Germany, served as host fluxes?” The open science conference was for the first open science conference of • William Jenkins, U.K.: “Observa- supported by the European Commis- the Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere tional and modelling aspects of sion Research Directorate, the IfM, Study (SOLAS) last February. The con- mixed-layer physics in SOLAS.” the Scientific Committee on Oceanic ference, held in the nearby resort vil- • Véronique Garçon, France: “Mod- Research and the World Meteorologi- lage of Damp, brought together more elling biogeochemistry in the upper cal Organization as well as funding than 250 scientists from 22 countries ocean.” agencies in Canada, Germany and and a wide variety of disciplines. • Richard Barber, U.S.: “How much the U.S. The full programme of the Proposed as a new international might the atmospheric delivery of conference, with reports from the dis- global-change research programme marine nutrients, such as iron and ni- cussion groups and abstracts of post- linking the oceanographic and atmo- trogen, change, and would such ers presented, is available via the spheric sciences, SOLAS is now mov- changes have global implications?” SOLAS home page (http:// ing into an advanced stage of plan- • Neil Blough, U.S.: “Are changes in www.ifm.uni-kiel.de/ch/solas/ ning. Its goal is to achieve a quantita- the spectrum and intensity of radia- prog.html). tive understanding of critical bio- tion likely to affect the production of Following the conference, a small geochemical and physical interac- trace gases in the surface ocean?” editorial team met in the U.S. during tions between the ocean and the at- • Meinrat Andreae, Germany: May to work on a draft science plan. mosphere and the ways in which “How much might marine biological This draft plan is currently posted on they affect and are affected by sulphur emissions change in the fu- the international SOLAS web site at changes in climate. ture; what would cause such changes, the address noted above. Comments Conference participants repre- and would they have climatic impli- are welcome. After the plan is in final sented many fields, including physi- cations?” form, it will be circulated and pre- cal, chemical and biological oceanog- • Caroline Leck, Sweden: “Can ma- sented to international scientific raphy, atmospheric chemistry and rine emissions of gases and particles organizations.❖ physics, paleo-oceanography, remote have a biogenic control on climate?” sensing, and biogeochemical and cli- • Leonard Barrie, Canada: “Model- mate modeling. They shared a com- ling oxidation and aerosol processes Southern Ocean – (Cont. from page 12) mon interest in achieving a better un- in the marine atmosphere.” scenario suggests that primary pro- derstanding of the complex interac- • David Farmer, Canada: “Air-sea ductivity increased north of the polar tions between marine biogeochemis- measurement techniques in SOLAS.” front because of enhanced aeolian in- try, atmospheric chemistry and phys- • Andrew Watson, U.K.: “Are puts and the northward penetration ics and climate. changes in marine biogeochemistry of nutrients, especially silicic acid. Researchers from these various disci- in the next century likely to have a But south of the front, production of plines have had limited opportunities significant influence on the net oce- diatoms declined. The change in ni- for interdisciplinary collaboration in anic uptake of CO2?” trate utilization is explained by in- the past. The SOLAS conference pro- • Mary-Elena Carr, U.S.: “What is creased production of Phaeocystis, vided an opportunity for atmospheric the role of remote sensing in SOLAS?” which leaves no record in sediments. scientists to talk with their marine • Toshiro Saino, Japan: “What is The conference concluded with a counterparts. The key scientific ques- the role of marine time series in banquet at the Oceanopolis aquar- tions of SOLAS require that these di- SOLAS?” ium. It featured foods of the region, verse groups work together to achieve • Graeme Pearman, Australia: along with a fine variety of French a new scientific understanding of “What is the role of atmospheric time wines and music by a traditional ocean/atmosphere interactions and series in SOLAS?” Bretagne band. A final treat was the their susceptibility to perturbation. National SOLAS committees have arrival in Brest of the tall ships from The conference included a set of been formed in Canada, France, Ger- North America. Congratulations are keynote talks, discussion groups and many, India, Japan, The Netherlands, due to Paul Tréguer and members of poster sessions. Robert Duce from the Norway, Sweden, Taiwan, the U.K. the Institut Universitaire Européen de U.S. gave the introductory remarks. and the U.S. In other countries, plans la Mer and of the Institut Français Keynote speakers and topics were: are developing for participation in pour la Recherche et la Technologie • Scott Doney, U.S., and Peter Liss, SOLAS. The European attendees at Polaires, who devoted many months U.K.: “How might changes in climate- the conference proposed and ap- and much energy to organizing the driven physical forcing affect upper- proved, in principle, a strong, coordi- meeting. C’etait merveilleux!❖

U.S. JGOFS Newsletter – August 2000 13 INTERNATIONAL NEWS

DMTT Focuses On Availability And Preservation Of JGOFS Data by Margarita E. Conkright

embers of the JGOFS Data their efforts during the remainder of the Indian Ocean. For example, MManagement Task Team JGOFS on several specific activities. Griffiths participated in the Southern (DMTT) assembled in Kiel, Germany, One is to seek funding for the pro- Ocean conference held in Brest, in June to review the status and avail- duction of a JGOFS master data set. France, in June and was able to iden- ability of data collected during JGOFS The goal is to obtain all available tify data sets and products relevant to field programs and to make plans for JGOFS data from participating na- JGOFS from countries not represented the future. The task team includes tions and investigators, to convert in the DMTT. representatives from eight of the na- the data to a single format and to Members reported on the activities tions that participate in JGOFS. make them available online and on of their national programs at the Margarita Conkright of the U.S. Na- CD-ROMs. In addition, JGOFS DMTT meeting. Griffiths noted that tional Ocean Data Center (NODC) projects and data would be described Australian JGOFS data will be stored took over the chairmanship of the in the U.S. National Aeronautics and at the CSIRO Division of Marine Re- DMTT last January from Roy Lowry Space Administration’s Global search in Hobart. Included will be of the British Oceanographic Data Change Master Directory (GCMD), data from the western equatorial Pa- Centre (BODC). Lowry continues as a including products from synthesis ef- cific from cruises between 1990 and member of the task team, as do Gra- forts. Another task is to set priorities 2000. A preliminary CD-ROM has ham Glenn of the Canadian Marine for acquiring and archiving the data been prepared for the 1990-1993 Environmental Data Service (MEDS), of countries represented in the DMTT cruises, and data from the later Brian Griffiths from the Common- and to create an inventory on the cruises will be available in the future. wealth Scientific and Industrial Re- availability of these data. The archive will also include data search Organization (CSIRO) of Aus- DMTT members will be encouraged from the Southern Ocean, including tralia, Christine Hammond of the to attend meetings of the JGOFS re- survey cruises along WOCE Hydro- U.S. JGOFS Data Management Office gional synthesis groups, which focus graphic Programme lines and a vari- (DMO), Marie-Paule Labaied of the on the equatorial Pacific, the South- ety of process-study cruises, available Observatoire Océanologique in ern Ocean, the North Atlantic and by spring 2001. Villefranche, France, Takeharu Miyake of the Japan Oceanographic Data Center (JODC) in Tokyo, and Table 1: JGOFS data available through the DMTT Jaswant Sarupria of the National In- Country Region Data Available stitute of Oceanography (NIO) in Australia Equatorial Pacific 95% Southern Ocean 0-80% (dep. on parameter) Goa, India. Canada Atlantic Ocean 60-70% The task team has a new member Northeast Pacific (SOEP) 80% from Germany. Joachim Herrmann of Northeast Pacific (Line P, Alaska Gyre) 80% Gulf of St. Lawrence 100% the Institut für Meereskunde (IfM) in France Southern Ocean (Antares) 80-95% Kiel joined his colleagues at the meet- Southern Ocean (KERFIX) 90% ing. Also attending was Beatriz Mediterranean Sea (Dyfamed) 60-100% Mediterranean Sea (Ecomarge) CTD only Baliño, assistant executive scientist of Mediterranean Sea (Frontal) 90% the JGOFS International Planning Of- Atlantic Ocean (Medatlante) Unknown fice (IPO). Tropical Atlantic (Eumeli) 95% Equatorial Pacific (Epope) 97% The primary concern of the DMTT Germany North Atlantic 75% is the availability and long-term Indian Ocean 75% archiving of the JGOFS data. Cur- Southern Ocean Unknown India Arabian Sea 100% rently some JGOFS data are available Japan Northwest Pacific (NOPACCS) 100% on CD-ROMs, some online, and some MASFLEX 100% only from the investigators who col- United Kingdom North Atlantic (NABE) 80-95% Arabian Sea (Arabesque) 80-95% lected them. Estimates of the data North Atlantic (LOIS) 80-95% available from DMTT participants are North Atlantic (PRIME) 80-95% shown in Table 1. It does not include United States North Atlantic (NABE) 100% Equatorial Pacific (EqPac) 99% the wealth of data gathered by JGOFS Arabian Sea (ASPS) 99% national projects that are not repre- Southern Ocean (AESOPS) 67% sented in the DMTT. Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) 100% Bermuda-Atlantic Time-Series (BATS) 100% DMTT members decided to focus

14 U.S. JGOFS Newsletter – August 2000 INTERNATIONAL NEWS

Starting with the North Atlantic Meereskunde (IfM) in Kiel and are from 1991 to 1993, the Marginal Sea Bloom Experiment (NABE) in 1989, available upon request from the data Flux Experiment (MASFLEX) from the Canadian JGOFS program has manager. The North Atlantic data set 1992 to 1997, and a study of the east- conducted field studies in regions sur- includes some data from related pro- ern tropical Pacific. rounding North America. Glenn re- grams, such as the European time-se- Lowry noted that most of the U.K. ported that MEDS, the Canadian ries station in the Canary Islands JGOFS data, which are managed at JGOFS data center, has been able to (ESTOC) and three long-term moor- BODC, have been published on CD- acquire data for the Atlantic Ocean, ings in the northeastern Atlantic. ROM. These data sets include studies the Gulf of St. Lawrence and north- German Southern Ocean data are in the North Atlantic (NABE) and the east Pacific, including the Shelf- archived in Bremerhaven, and their Arabian Sea (Arabesque). Recent CD- Ocean Exchange Project (SOEP), Line availability is unknown. Herrmann ROMs include related data sets: the P and the Alaska Gyre. These data are reported that current efforts at IfM Land Ocean Interaction Study (LOIS) available online and will soon be re- are focused on completing a detailed and Plankton Reactivity in the Ma- leased on CD-ROM. inventory of the metadata for each rine Environment (PRIME). In addi- Projects of JGOFS-France include cruise, which will help identify miss- tion, BOFS Sterna data from the studies of fluxes in the Southern ing data and the investigator respon- Southern Ocean and Kiel Sea Rover Ocean (ANTARES), atmospheric dy- sible. data are available on request to namics and fluxes in the western Sarupria reported that the JGOFS- BODC. Mediterranean and Ligurian Sea India program in the Arabian Sea was Hammond reported that data from (DYFAMED), ecology of the continen- completed in 1999, and the data were every U.S. JGOFS field study are avail- tal margins (ECOMARGE), processes published in the JGOFS-INDIA Ara- able online via the U.S. JGOFS home in the equatorial Pacific (EPOPE), bian Sea Process Study CD-ROM. It page. Virtually all data from the fluxes in euphotic, mesotrophic and includes all data gathered between North Atlantic, equatorial Pacific and oligotrophic regimes in the tropical 1992 and 1997 on seven cruises. Arabian Sea process studies can be ob- North Atlantic (EUMELI), physical, JGOFS-India scientists are hoping to tained online and about 67% of the chemical and biological interactions carry out a similar study in the Bay of data from the Southern Ocean pro- in the oceanic fronts (FRONTAL), the Bengal. cess study (AESOPS). Data from the biogeochemical evolution of the deep Miyake reported on JGOFS-related U.S. Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) Mediterranean (MEDATLANTE), and projects of Japan. They include the and Bermuda Atlantic Time-Series the productivity of pelagic oceanic Northwest Pacific Carbon Cycle Study (BATS) studies are available online systems (PROSOPE), as well as a time- (NOPACCS) from 1990 to 1996, from the University of Hawaii and series study in the Southern Ocean WOCE hydrographic program cruises, from Bermuda Biological Station for (KERFIX). Labaied reported that many ongoing ship-of-opportunity mea- Research respectively. HOT has also of these data sets are available online, surements in the North Pacific, the published a CD-ROM with data and the equatorial Pacific data will ongoing SubArctic Gyre Experiment through 1999. Data from the U.S. soon be released on CD-ROM. (SAGE), ongoing time-series observa- portion of the global survey of CO2 German JGOFS data from cruises in tions in the western subarctic Pacific are available from the Carbon Diox- the Indian Ocean and the North At- (KNOT), a study of the role of ocean ide Information Analysis Center lantic are managed at the Institut für fluxes in the geosphere and biosphere (CDIAC). Baliño reported that plans are un- Table 2: JGOFS and related data products derway to centralize all Norwegian CD-ROMS Source Status JGOFS data and release them on CD- Biogeochemical Ocean Flux Study (BOFS) BODC Released ROM. Norwegian JGOFS has carried Ocean Margin Exchange Project (OMEX I) BODC Released out research in the Greenland, Ice- Plankton Reactivity in the Marine Environment (PRIME) BODC Released Arabesque (Arabian Sea) BODC Released land and Norwegian seas between Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) Univ. Hawaii Released 1990 and 1997, including Carbon JGOFS International Collection: Arabian Sea IPO Released profiles in the Nordic Seas (CARNOR) JGOFS-INDIA NIO Released Australian Equatorial Pacific CSIRO Winter 2000 between 1990 and 1992, Carbon and Northwest Pacific Carbon Cycle Study JODC Released Deep Water Circulation in the Nordic Japan zooplankton data (ODATE Collection 1951-1990) JODC Released Seas (CARDEEP/ESOP-2) between Equatorial Pacific France 2000-2001 1993 and 1997, a time-series study Canadian JGOFS In-Situ Data Collection MEDS Winter 2000 between 1990 and 1994, and the Online Data Ocean Margin Exchange Project U.S. JGOFS DMO, U.S. Canadian JGOFS MEDS, Canada (OMEX) between 1994 and 1995. German JGOFS IFM, Germany JGOFS France Villefranche, France

U.S. JGOFS Newsletter – August 2000 15 • U.S. JGOFS Calendar 2000–2001 •

18-21 September: Biogeochemical Cycles: 2001 German Contribution to JGOFS, Bremen, 27 Feb.-1 March: U.S. JGOFS Scientific 10-13 July: IGBP Open Science Confer- Germany. Contact: Gerold Wefer, Steering Committee meeting, Santa Bar- ence, “Challenges of a Changing Earth,” Universität Bremen. bara, California. Contact: Ken Buesseler, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Contact: 22-26 September: IGBP-SCOR Ocean Bio- U.S. JGOFS Planning Office, Woods Hole CONGREX HOLLAND BV, Amsterdam. geochemistry Workshop, Plymouth, U.K. Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Contact: Elizabeth Gross, SCOR, The MA. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. 8-9 July: JGOFS Scientific Steering Com- 16-20 October: IGBP Global Carbon mittee meeting, Amsterdam, The Nether- Cycle Synthesis Workshop, University of lands. Contact: Roger Hanson, JGOFS In- New Hampshire, Durham, NH. Contact: ternational Project Office, Universitet Kathy Hibbard, GAIM International Bergen, Norway. Project Office, University of New Hamp- shire. U.S. JGOFS News Published quarterly by the U.S. JGOFS Getting Access to U.S. JGOFS Data and Information Scientific Steering Committee Editor: Margaret C. Bowles Information on the U.S. JGOFS program and access to all U.S. JGOFS data can be Designer: Jeannine M. Pires obtained through the U.S. JGOFS Home Page on the World Wide Web: U.S. JGOFS News reports on U.S. contribu- http://usjgofs.whoi.edu/ tions to the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) of the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Inquiries may be addressed to the U.S. JGOFS data management office via electronic Research (SCOR), a permanent committee of the mail to [email protected] or by phone to David Schneider (508-289-2873). International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). Data from U.S. JGOFS process study cruises are available through the U.S. JGOFS JGOFS is a core project of the International data management system at the Web site above. Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). Data from the U.S. JGOFS time-series programs are also available via the World We welcome your comments and Wide Web at the following sites: contributions for publication. HOT http://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/hot/hot-dogs/interface.html To obtain a free subscription, write to: BATS http://www.bbsr.edu/ctd Mary Zawoysky Data from the Survey of Carbon Dioxide in the Oceans are available from the U.S. JGOFS Planning Office, MS #43 Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MA 02543-1047 U.S.A. http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/home.html (508) 289-2834

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