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Grand Challenges in Condensed Matter Physics: from Knowledge to Innovation Evgeny Y University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Peter Dowben Publications Research Papers in Physics and Astronomy 2013 Grand challenges in condensed matter physics: from knowledge to innovation Evgeny Y. Tsymbal University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Peter A. Dowben University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/physicsdowben Part of the Physics Commons Tsymbal, Evgeny Y. and Dowben, Peter A., "Grand challenges in condensed matter physics: from knowledge to innovation" (2013). Peter Dowben Publications. 259. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/physicsdowben/259 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Research Papers in Physics and Astronomy at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Peter Dowben Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. SPECIALTY GRAND CHALLENGE ARTICLE published: 27 December 2013 PHYSICS doi: 10.3389/fphy.2013.00032 Grand challenges in condensed matter physics: from knowledge to innovation Evgeny Y. Tsymbal* and Peter A. Dowben Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA *Correspondence: [email protected] Edited by: Alex Hansen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway Keywords: condensed matter physics, grand challenges, strongly correlated systems, topological insulators, skyrmions, nanotechnology, spintronics Condensed Matter Physics (CMP) while also mentioning some emerging High-temperature superconductivity explores the fundamental properties of functional properties of materials where leads directly to one of the immense matter and their origins resulting from the the associated potential applications could problems in CMP—understanding the interactions of a large number of atoms foster the technological Innovation. properties of strongly correlated elec- and electrons. The intricate nature of these tronic systems. The key feature of the interactions results in properties and asso- FROM KNOWLEDGE strongly correlated systems is that their ciated phenomena that often hint at a rich In condensed matter, striking phenom- electronic behavior cannot be described vein of underlying physics. Although the ena emerge from interactions between adequately in terms of the non-interacting perspective is changing constantly with the constituent particles and the inter- particles picture. For example, due to new discoveries, the basic challenges in play between coupled degrees of free- poor screening, the interaction energy CMP are to predict and observe new phe- dom. The quantum-mechanical nature between valence electrons in doped com- nomena and elucidate novel properties of of these interactions makes condensed plex oxide materials often overcomes their materials often pushing at the frontiers of matter phenomena non-trivial and often kinetic energy, resulting in a strongly cou- quantum mechanics [1]. counterintuitive. Superconductivity is one pled many-body ground state. Similarly, CMP is also a field which stimulates of the extraordinary examples of such a actinides and lanthanides are charac- technological innovation that revolution- behavior. terized by the localized f levels, which izes modern society. For more than five Superconductivity is the property of a are often hybridized with s, p,andd decades, the engine of CMP has largely material to carry an electrical current with states, leading to the strong on-site and been driven by semiconductor industry. no dissipation of energy. First discovered inter-site Coulomb interactions where a Probably the most notable example is the by Onnes in 1911, superconductivity had single-particle wave function is a poor invention of the transistor which was rec- no explanation for nearly half a century. approximation. Properties of the strongly ognized by the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics Only in 1957 did Bardeen, Cooper, and correlated systems are controlled by given to William Shockley, John Bardeen, Schrieffer (BCS) elucidate superconduc- the competition between different elec- and Walter Brattain. The transistor—a tivity as an effect caused by condensation tronic phases, often characterized by basic building block of modern elec- of Cooper pairs into a boson-type state various types of charge and spin order- tronic devices—was a result of innovative [4]. The BCS theory provided a consis- ing and involving different length and research in the field of semiconductors. tent understanding of this phenomenon energy scales. This competition leads to The transistor and the invention of the in metals where the superconducting intrinsic inhomogeneities (e.g., phase sep- integrated circuit in 1958 was the starting transition occurs at cryogenic tempera- aration) in these materials and intricate point for exponential increase in the com- tures. However, 20 years later Karl Müller phase diagrams. As a result of the strong putational power known as Moore’s law and Johannes Bednorz discovered cuprate electron-electron correlations, these mate- [2]. There is a persistent interplay between superconductors which had much higher rials are extremely sensitive to external the fundamental science and technologi- transition temperatures [5]. Properties of perturbations and display a variety of cal applications which provides breadth to these high-temperature superconductors interesting properties, such as high- CMP [3]. did not match the BCS theory based on temperature superconductivity, colossal One cannot possibly give full justice electron pairing due to electron-phonon magnetoresistance, metal-insulator tran- to the entire range of CMP problems interaction. So far, no generally accepted sitions, etc. Condensed matter systems that now command the attention of the theory of high-temperature superconduc- are intrinsically many body, and while the condensed matter and materials physics tivity exists, while the recent discovery quantum mechanical single particle pic- community. Therefore, rather than even of superconductivity in iron pnictides ture (plus a whole host of perturbations try, in this short essay we point out may also indicate a non-conventional and corrections) works surprisingly well a few fundamental problems of major mechanism. Microscopic understanding in explaining much of the phenomena importance whose solution would further of superconductivity in these compounds observed, we have to admit that the solu- expand our understanding and Knowledge, remains a challenge for CMP. tions constructed are often ad hoc,and www.frontiersin.org December 2013 | Volume 1 | Article 32 | 1 Tsymbal and Dowben Challenges in condensed matter physics only vaguely address the many body elec- thermal or mechanical means. The soft and has been expanded now to other struc- tronic structure. Reformulating solid-state matter involves a variety of organic mate- turally similar two-dimensional materials, theory to adequately describe strongly cor- rials such as polymers, colloids, and liquid such as hexagonal boron nitride, MoS2, related systems is another grand challenge crystals. An important common feature and WSe2, opening a vista of reduced in CMP. of these materials is that the most inter- dimensional systems with a range of spin- The emergence of non-trivial cooper- esting properties of soft matter emerge orbit coupling effects from barely none at ative phenomena in CMP is often driven directly from its atomic or molecular con- all to quite significant. by the interplay between well-known con- stituents. The complexity and diversity of Thereareanumberofsystemswhere stituents; yet the collective behavior may physical behaviors of soft matter is due to key properties (conductivity, spin-orbit be strikingly dissimilar and often unex- the fact that the macroscopic properties of coupling, spin current) are protected by pected. This is the case for the new these materials is determined by interac- topology. Among them are the topolog- quantum states of matter recently discov- tions at the mesoscopic scale which, on one ical insulators—electronic materials that ered. For example, the fractional quantum hand, involves a large number of atoms have a bulk band gap like ordinary insu- Hall state represents a peculiar electronic and molecules, but, on the other hand, is lators, but exhibit conducting states on liquid, where an added electron breaks much smaller than the macroscopic scale. theiredgeorsurface[10]. Unlike band up into new particles, each carrying an Although soft materials emerge in dif- insulators that can also support conduc- exact fraction of the electron charge [6, 7]. ferent forms, many of their physical and tive surface states [11, 12], the surface Perpendicular-to-the-plane magnetic field chemical properties have common ori- states of topological insulators are special applied to a two-dimensional electron sys- gins, such as multiple degrees of freedom, due to being symmetry protected by time tem breaks up the otherwise continu- weak interactions between structural con- reversal symmetry. The two-dimensional ous distribution of electron energies into stituents, and a subtle balance between topological insulator can be considered as discrete states known as Landau lev- contributions to the free energy from a quantum spin Hall state, where helical els. At a sufficiently high magnetic field, entropy and enthalpy. All these materi- edge states interconnect spin and momen- all
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