Physics monitor

The oldest galaxy, as seen by the European Southern Observatory's NTT telescope. The left picture shows the target quasar, with right, the quasar image removed to make the galaxy, situated just to the north-west of the quasar, easier to see.

superfluidity. Condensates could also play an important role in particle physics and cosmology, explaining, for example, why the pion as a bound quark-antiquark state is so much lighter than the three-quark proton. A hunt to create a pure Bose- Einstein condensate has been underway for over 15 years, with different groups employing different techniques to cool their bosons. The two recent successes have been achieved by incorporating several techniques. In both cases, the bosons have been atoms. In Colo­ just 2 arcsec away from the quasar. led to Einstein's prediction. Unlike rado, rubidium-87 was used, whilst at This tiny angular separation corre­ fermions, which obey the Pauli Rice University, the condensate was sponds to a distance 'on the ground' exclusion principle of only one formed from lithium-7. Both teams of 40,000 light-years. resident particle per allowed quantum started with the technique of laser There are strong indications that state, any number of bosons can cooling. This works by pointing finely this galaxy contains all the necessary pack into an identical quantum state. tuned laser beams at the sample nuclei to produce the observed This led Einstein to suggest that such that any atoms moving towards absorption effects. Only hydrogen under certain conditions, bosons a beam are struck by a photon, which and helium were produced in the Big would lose their individual identities, slows them down. Bang, heavier nuclei having been condensing into a kind of This steadily lowers the tempera­ 'cooked' by thermonuclear reactions 'superboson'. ture to the microkelvin level, still too inside stars. The newly-observed This condensate forms when the high for the condensate to form. The galaxy is the oldest visible source yet quantum mechanical waves of next step is to ensnare the sample in of heavier nuclei. neighbouring bosons overlap, hiding a magnetic trap and allow the faster, the identity of the individual particles. hotter atoms to escape, a technique Such a condition is difficult to known as evaporative cooling. This New state of matter: achieve, since most long-lived produces temperatures cold enough Bose-Einstein bosons are composite particles which for a condensate, but achieving high tend to interact and stick together enough density is still a problem. condensation before a condensate can emerge. Conventional magnetic traps leak; Extremely low temperatures and high there is a point of zero field through ~7f\ years after work by the Indian densities are required to overcome which cold atoms can drain away. / \J physicist Satyendra Nath this problem. As bosons lose energy Both groups used innovative ar­ Bose led Einstein to predict the and cool down, their wavelengths rangements of magnets to plug the existence of a new state of matter, become longer, and they can be leak. the Bose-Einstein condensate has packed close enough together to The Colorado group saw the con­ finally been seen. The discovery was merge into a condensate. Up until densate when they opened up the made in July by a team from Colo­ now, however, the extreme condi­ trap and took a laser snapshot of its rado, and was followed one month tions needed have not been attain­ contents. They found that the faster later by a second sighting at Rice able. atoms quickly flew out, whilst the University at Houston, Texas. Nevertheless, hints of the Bose- colder ones, which had undergone It is Bose's theoretical framework Einstein condensate have been condensation, formed a dense governing the behaviour of the inferred in phenomena such as central core. From their measure­ particles we now call bosons which superconductivity and liquid helium ments, they deduce that the conden-

12 CERN Courier, November 1995 §EMAR S.A. flektrim

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CERN Courier, November 1995 13 Advertisement

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14 CERN Courier, November 1995 Advertisement

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CERN Courier, November 1995 15 Advertisement

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16 CERN Courier, November 1995 Physics monitor

sate formed at around 20 nanokelvin, widths, while only tentative and the lowest temperature ever HADRON 95 controversial experimental evidence achieved, and included around 2000 existed. atoms. The Rice group believes that Looking hard for However studies of gluon-rich some 100,000 atoms condensed glueballs processes such as low energy inside their apparatus, and estimate proton-antiproton annihilation, central the temperature at between 100 and production in diffractive collisions and 400 nanokelvin. luons, the particles which radiative J/psi decays have revealed The condensation of lithium-7 G mediate inter-quark forces, states difficult to accommodate in the atoms at Rice University is of particu­ should in principle form particles - conventional quark-antiquark meson lar interest for theoreticians, because 'glueballs' - which complement the classification. Also, the calculations it was not meant to happen. Unlike familiar subnuclear particles built by different lattice QCD groups are rubidium-87 atoms, which gently from quarks. now beginning to give consistent repel each other due to the residual Recent progress in the search for results. The recent experimental and forces of their orbiting electrons, glueballs was a major topic at the 6th theoretical progress presented at the lithium-7 atoms attract. This led to International Conference on Hadron conference prompted Frank Close of the prediction that they would form a Spectroscopy (Hadron 95) held at the the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory liquid and drain away long before University of Manchester. While to remark "it may be the case that we condensation could occur. The bound states of gluons are firmly are at last beginning to see things". theoreticians will have to revise their predicted by quark-gluon field theory Evidence is now accumulating that ideas, but they can expect some help (quantum chromodynamics - QCD), the spin-parity 0++ glueball has been

in the form of new experimental until recently QCD lattice calculations observed, as the f0(1500), in a evidence. The Colorado team plans have been unable to provide reliable number of different gluon-rich experi­ to repeat their experiment, this time predictions of glueball masses and mental situations. Close argued using rubidium-85 atoms which also have an attractive residual force. The observation of the Bose- Einstein condensate opens the door on a whole new world, and physicists are only just beginning to peer through. Apart from the purely esoteric importance of studying the condensate, which offers the oppor­ tunity of exploring quantum mechan­ ics in a macroscopic system and gaining new insights into quark physics, the chance to understand better the underlying mechanisms of superconductivity and superfluidity could have wide ranging repercus­ sions.

In discussion at the 6th International Confer­ ence on Hadron Spectroscopy (Hadron 95) at Manchester this summer - left to right - Kunio Takamatsu (Miyazaki), Tullio Bressani (Turin), Hans Bienlein (DESY), Sandy Donnachie (Manchester) and Frank Close (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory).

(Photo Ian Callaghan)

CERN Courier, November 1995 17