DOCSLIB.ORG

Origins and Comparative Performance of the Composite Bow

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Origins and Comparative Performance of the Composite Bow Origins and Comparative Performance of the Composite Bow by Karl Chandler Randall IV Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject of CLASSICAL STUDIES at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA Promoters: Doctor Martine De Marre and Doctor Barry Molloy February 2016 1 Student Number: 50786806 I declare that Origins and Comparative Performance of the Composite Bow is my own work and that all the sources used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. 2 SUMMARY This thesis shall identify the date origin of the composite bow within Mesopotamia and Elam. and both identify and quantify the design factors which lead to increased performance possible with composite construction. To accomplish this, the thesis begins by summarizing the problems and flaws that currently exist in the field of history as it applies specifically to archery and bow use. With problems identified, the thesis will then introduce the reader to the basics of bow mechanics, thereby laying the basis for physical testing. This in turn will empirically demonstrate flaws in the current iconographical method of bow identification. The thesis will then devise a new method for iconographic identification of composite construction that has greater proven accuracy, based upon proportional length, which will link extant artifacts with both physical test results and iconographic evidence. The reader shall then be led through a complete reevaluation of iconographical evidence for Mesopotamia and Elam starting at the beginning of the second millennium BCE and working backwards using this new method of iconographic evaluation to determine the point at which composite bow technology first appears in the ancient Near East. The thesis will finish with an overview of the above accomplishments and their potential impact on the study of ancient and military history. KEY TERMS Ancient History, Military History, Archery, Bow, Composite, Experimental Archaeology, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Elam, Arrow 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 5 LIST OF TABLES 13 ABBREVIATIONS 15 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 16 PREFACE 17 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 20 CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE 22 TOPICAL IMPORT 24 METHODOLOGY AND CHAPTER PROGRESSION 26 CONCLUSION 35 CHAPTER TWO: NOMENCLATURE AND LITERATURE REVIEW 36 NOMENCLATURE 37 HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION TERMINOLOGY 37 PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION TERMINOLOGY 42 HISTORICAL PROFILE TERMINOLOGY 43 PROPOSED PROFILE TERMINOLOGY 44 WEAPON CAPABILITIES 45 THE ADVANTAGE OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION 49 EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY 51 DATING THE INCEPTION OF COMPOSITE BOW TECHNOLOGY 55 CONCLUSION 58 CHAPTER THREE: ANCIENT SOURCES 60 ARTIFACTS 60 EGYPT 61 SIBERIA 62 MESOPOTAMIA AND ELAM 63 EUROPE 63 TEXTUAL SOURCES 65 MYCENAE, GREECE AND ROME 65 EGYPT 66 MESOPOTAMIA AND ELAM 67 ICONOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE 68 EGYPT 72 EUROPE 76 MESOPOTAMIA AND ELAM 80 CONCLUSION 86 CHAPTER FOUR: BOW MECHANICS 88 ENERGY INPUT FACTORS 89 DRAW WEIGHT 89 DRAW LENGTH 92 BRACE HEIGHT 93 UNSTRUNG BOW PROFILE 95 THE DRAW-FORCE CURVE 97 FACTORS INFLUENCING ENERGY OUTPUT (INEFFICIENCIES) 102 ELASTIC HYSTERESIS 102 BOW LIMB MASS 104 4 STRING MASS 104 STRING STRETCH 105 NOCK FRICTION 105 OTHER SOURCES OF INEFFICIENCY 105 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS 106 CONCLUSION 107 CHAPTER FIVE: EXAMINATION OF BOW/CHARIOT RAILING INTERFERENCE 109 CHARIOT TESTING 115 BOW CONSTRUCTION 115 CHARIOT DESIGN 118 CHARIOT CONSTRUCTION 120 TESTING 122 TEST RESULTS 124 CONCLUSION 127 CHAPTER SIX: PHYSICAL TESTING 128 MATERIAL TESTING 130 TEST DESIGN 130 INITIAL BOW CONSTRUCTION 131 SINEW BACKING 133 CONTROL TESTING: WOOD BELLY SLATS 137 HORN BELLY 137 TEST RESULTS 139 MATERIALS TESTING: CONCLUSION 144 PROFILE TESTING 147 TEST DESIGN 147 DRAW-FORCE CURVES 148 PROFILE TESTING: CONCLUSION 158 MASS TESTING 160 TEST DESIGN 160 TESTING 162 TEST RESULTS 165 MASS TESTING: CONCLUSION 172 CONCLUSION 174 CHAPTER SEVEN: ICONOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 178 METHODOLOGY FOR THE ICONOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION 179 ICONOGRAPHIC CONVENTIONS IN EARLY MESOPOTAMIA AND ELAM 182 QUESTIONS OF CONSISTENCY 188 ICONOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 194 ANGULAR PROFILE: 2300-1850 BCE 194 DOUBLE-CONCAVE PROFILE: WORKING RECURVE DESIGN, 2400-1900 BCE 198 DOUBLE-CONCAVE PROFILE: STATIC RECURVE DESIGN, 3800-2400 BCE 205 CONCLUSION 214 CHAPTER EIGHT: CONCLUSION 216 CONCLUSION 231 APPENDIX A: PHYSICAL TEST DATA 233 BIBLIOGRAPHY 257 5 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 2.1 Anadaman Bow Archery, 1894 40 Fig. 2.2 Pellet Bow Traditional Archery from Six Continents, 2007 40 Fig 2.3 Double Bow Composite Bows from the Tomb of Tut.ankam.um, 1970 43 Fig. 2.4 Double Bow Bows of the World, 2002 43 Fig. 2.5 Double-Concave Self Bow The Traditional Bowyer's Bible, Vol. 3, 1994 57 Fig 2.6 Composite Bow North American Bows, Arrows and Quivers an Illustrated History,2007 57 Fig. 2.7 Self Bow Encyclopedia of Native American Bows Arrows and Quivers, 1999 57 Fig. 3.1 Composite Bow, Siberia The Neolithic Age in Eastern Siberia, 1958 63 Fig 3.2 Grave Goods Bow, Poland A Late Neolithic Composite Bow, 1987 64 Fig. 3.3 Overly Long Bowstring Korean Games and Sports: Modern and Traditional, 2011 70 Fig. 3.4 Loose Bowstring The Ancient Assyrians, 1991 70 Fig. 3.5 Archery Training The Art of War in Biblical Lands, 1963 73 Fig. 3.6 Decorative Chest Lid The Art of War in Biblical Lands, 1963 74 Fig. 3.7 Chariot Archery The Art of War in Biblical Lands, 1963 74 Fig. 3.8 Funerary Stele The Art of War in Biblical Lands, 1963 75 Fig. 3.9 Nubian Archers http://condor.depaul.edu/sbucking/soldiers.jpg 75 Fig. 3.10 Siege Warfare Beni-Hasan, Part 1, 1893 75 Fig. 3.11 Rock Carving, Russia Les gravures rupestres des bords du lac Onégo et de La Mer Blache, 1938 77 Fig. 3.12 Rock Carving, Russia Les gravures rupestres des bords du lac Onégo et de La Mer Blache, 1938 77 Fig. 3.13 Rock Carving, Russia Les gravures rupestres des bords du lac Onégo et de La Mer Blache, 1938 77 Fig. 3.14 Stone Stele, Poland A Late Neolithic Composite Bow, 1987 77 Fig. 3.15 Rock Carving, Germany A Late Neolithic Composite Bow, 1987 79 Fig. 3.16 Rock Painting, Spanish Levant Les Peintures Rupestres du Levant Espangnol, 1984 79 6 Fig. 3.17 Seal Impression, Sippar First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East, 2005 81 Fig. 3.18 Adda Seal Impression Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium BC from the Mediterranean to the Indus, 2003 81 Fig. 3.19 Seal Impression, Akkad Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium BC from the Mediterranean to the Indus, 2003 81 Fig. 3.20 Seal Impression, Kish First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East, 2005 81 Fig. 3.21 Seal Impression First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East, 2005 82 Fig. 3.22 Seal Impression First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East, 2005 82 Fig. 3.23 Darband-i-Gawr Bas Relief http://www.panoramio.com/photo/10914487 83 Fig. 3.24 Naram-Sin Stele 5000 Years of the Art of Mesopotamia, 1964 83 Fig. 3.25 Seal Sketch, Susa First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East, 2005 84 Fig. 3.26 Lion-Hunt Stele, Uruk 5000 Years of the Art of Mesopotamia, 1964 84 Fig. 3.27 Seal Impression, Uruk Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium BC from the Mediterranean to the Indus, 2003 84 Fig. 3.28 Seal Sketch, Uruk First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East, 2005 84 Fig. 3.29 Potsherd, Tepe Jowi Art of the Ancient Near East, 1980 85 Fig. 3.30 Potsherd, Arpachiya Hunting and Shooting, 1983. 85 Fig. 4.1 Bow Draw Curvature Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2013* 94 Fig. 4.2 Reversed Limb The Bowyer's Bible, Vol. 2, 1993 96 Fig. 4.3 Korean Bow Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2013* 96 Fig. 4.4 Draw-force Curve Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2013* 98 Fig. 4.5 Draw-force Curve Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2013* 99 Fig. 4.6 Draw-force Curve Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2013* 99 Fig. 4.7 Draw-force Curve Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2013* 100 * Unpublished photo taken by the author or one of the author's assistants during the course of research. 7 Fig. 4.8 Draw-force Curve Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2013* 100 Fig. 4.9 Draw-force Curve Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2013* 101 Fig. 4.10 Draw-force Curve Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2013* 103 Fig. 5.1 Ahmose I https://peripluscd.wordpress.com/tag/pelusium/ 114 Fig. 5.2 Thutmose IV The Tomb of Thoutmôsis IV, 1904 114 Fig. 5.3 Thutmose IV The Tomb of Thoutmôsis IV, 1904 115 Fig. 5.4 Amunhotep II War in Ancient Egypt, 2009 115 Fig. 5.5 PVC Molding Jig - Tip Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2013* 116 Fig. 5.6 PVC Molding Jig - Set Screw Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2013* 116 Fig. 5.7 PVC and Heating Torch Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2009* 117 Fig. 5.8 Arrow with Field Point Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2009* 117 Fig. 5.9 Safety Tip Construction Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2012* 117 Fig. 5.10 Complete Safety Tip Arrow Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2012* 117 Fig. 5.11 Florence Chariot http://900090724.weebly.com/evolution.html 120 Fig. 5.12 Yuya-Thaya Chariot, Top View Transport in Ancient Egypt, 1996 120 Fig. 5.13 Chariot Build, Cab Base Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2012* 121 Fig. 5.14 Chariot Build, Railing Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2012* 121 Fig. 5.15 Chariot Build, Complete Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2012* 122 Fig. 5.16 Chariot Build, Wheel Rim Unpublished Photo by Karl Randall, 2012* 122 Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • STEP 6 FULL DRAW, ANCHOR and STRING ALIGNMENT ALIGNMENT
    SECTION 16 STEP 6 FULL DRAW, ANCHOR and STRING ALIGNMENT FULL DRAW At full draw, the elbow of the drawing arm should be in line with the shaft of the arrow, the back of the drawing hand flat, three fingers in contact with the string and the bow arm straight with the elbow rotated away from the bowstring. BODY ALIGNMENT The student should be standing upright, with 60% to 70% of their body weight distributed forward on the balls of their feet and 40% to 30% on their heels. From a front view the student should be standing upright and should not be leaning back or forward. It is common for students to lean back, taking the majority of their body weight on their back foot. Their spine should be straight and their head directly over their spine. FromThe correct a rear postureview the is student the one should on the be left standing with the upright tick. withThis a is stra alsoight known spine. as chest-down technique. It is using the abdominal muscles to pull the chest down to the hip. Not to be confused with sucking the stomach Itin, is rather, common just for flexing students the abdominalto have the muscles. majority Thiof ws eightstraightens on their the heels. lower This spine will cause the lower back to be arched backwards, causing a hollow back. Ideally the body’s centre of balance should be centred in a line below the archer’s spine toward their feet By not standing straight and keeping the spine straight, long term this can cause injuries as well as affect the archer’s development.
    [Show full text]
  • ARROWS SUPREME, by American
    CROSSBOWS FOR VIETNAM! VOLCANOLAND HUNTING PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE GUARANTEED OR YOUR MONEY BACK! the atomic bow The bold techniques of nuclear impregnated with a plastic mon­ chemistry have created the first omer and then atomically hard­ major chang,e in bowmaking ma­ ened. Wing's PRESENTATION II terials since the introduction of is a good example of the startling fiberglas. For years, archery results! The Lockwood riser in people have been looking for this bow is five times stronger improved woods. We've wanted than ordinary wood. It has 60% more beautiful types. Stronger more mass weight to keep you 1 woods. Woods with more mass on target. It has greater resist­ weight. We've searched for ways ance to abrasion and moisture. to protect wood against mois~ And the natural grain beauty of ture. What we were really after the wood is brought out to the turned out to be something bet­ fullest extent by the Lockwood COMING APRIL 1 &2 ter than the real thing. Wing found process. The PRESENTATION II 9th Annual International it in new Lockwood. An out­ PRESENTATION II. .. ......... •• $150.00 is one of several atomic bows Fair enough! I'm Interested In PROFESSIONAL PERFORMANCE growth of studies conducted by PRESENTATION I . ••• . •.• . •• •• $115.00 Indoor Archery Tournament waiting for you at your Wing the Atomic Energy Commission, WHITE WING • . • • • • • • . • . • • . • • $89.95 dealer. Ask him to show you our World's Largest SWIFT WING ..• ••••. ••••• •• $59.95 Lockwood is ordinary fine wood FALCON ••.••• •••• • . ••••. •• $29.95 new designs for 1967. Participating Sports Event Cobo Hall, Detroit Sponsored by Ben Pearson, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Best Compound Bow Strings
    Best Compound Bow Strings Best Compound Bow Strings 1 Introduction 2 Best Compound Bow Strings 3 1. KESHES B-55 Dacron Replacement Recurve Bowstring 3 2. Premium Gear B-50 Dacron Replacement Recurve Bowstring 4 3. Jaguar CRS-004C Crossbow String 5 4. Southland Archery Supply SAS B-50 Dacron Replacement Traditional Recurve Bow String 6 5. Replacement Archery Bowstring for Traditional Recurve Bows 7 6. FLEMISH Fast Flight Plus Replacement Recurve Bowstring 8 7. SAS Flemish Fast Flight Replacement Traditional Recurve Bowstring 9 Buyer’s Guide for the Best Compound Bow Strings 10 FAQs about Compound Bow Strings 14 Conclusion 16 Introduction When it comes to compound bowstrings, finding the one that’s just right for you is pretty difficult. You need to consider so many factors like the bow string’s craftsmanship, how it will be used, the material, the type of bow string, and so many more. If you don’t get a compound bow string that’s suitable for your strength level and needs, then it might end up hurting you or it might not be effective enough. That’s why we’ve done all the research to help you figure out which is the best bow string for you. So read on for a detailed overview of the best compound bow strings on the market. Best Compound Bow Strings 1. KESHES B-55 Dacron Replacement Recurve Bowstring https://www.amazon.com/dp/B075RVGBSS KESHES B-55 Dacron Bowstring is the latest version of the highly-acclaimed Dacron series. This bowstring is as powerful and has as much stretch as the B-50, but it’s more durable and lasts longer because the stretch is less permanent.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Mechanics of the Bow and Arrow 1
    On the Mechanics of the Bow and Arrow 1 B.W. Kooi Groningen, The Netherlands 1983 1B.W. Kooi, On the Mechanics of the Bow and Arrow PhD-thesis, Mathematisch Instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands (1983), Supported by ”Netherlands organization for the advancement of pure research” (Z.W.O.), project (63-57) 2 Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Prefaceandsummary.............................. 5 1.2 Definitionsandclassifications . .. 7 1.3 Constructionofbowsandarrows . .. 11 1.4 Mathematicalmodelling . 14 1.5 Formermathematicalmodels . 17 1.6 Ourmathematicalmodel. 20 1.7 Unitsofmeasurement.............................. 22 1.8 Varietyinarchery................................ 23 1.9 Qualitycoefficients ............................... 25 1.10 Comparison of different mathematical models . ...... 26 1.11 Comparison of the mechanical performance . ....... 28 2 Static deformation of the bow 33 2.1 Summary .................................... 33 2.2 Introduction................................... 33 2.3 Formulationoftheproblem . 34 2.4 Numerical solution of the equation of equilibrium . ......... 37 2.5 Somenumericalresults . 40 2.6 A model of a bow with 100% shooting efficiency . .. 50 2.7 Acknowledgement................................ 52 3 Mechanics of the bow and arrow 55 3.1 Summary .................................... 55 3.2 Introduction................................... 55 3.3 Equationsofmotion .............................. 57 3.4 Finitedifferenceequations . .. 62 3.5 Somenumericalresults . 68 3.6 On the behaviour of the normal force
    [Show full text]
  • The Bow and Arrow in the Book of Mormon
    The Bow and Arrow in the Book of Mormon William J. Hamblin The distinctive characteristic of missile weapons used in combat is that a warrior throws or propels them to injure enemies at a distance.1 The great variety of missiles invented during the thousands of years of recorded warfare can be divided into four major technological categories, according to the means of propulsion. The simplest, including javelins and stones, is propelled by unaided human muscles. The second technological category — which uses mechanical devices to multiply, store, and transfer limited human energy, giving missiles greater range and power — includes bows and slings. Beginning in China in the late twelfth century and reaching Western Europe by the fourteenth century, the development of gunpowder as a missile propellant created the third category. In the twentieth century, liquid fuels and engines have led to the development of aircraft and modern ballistic missiles, the fourth category. Before gunpowder weapons, all missiles had fundamental limitations on range and effectiveness due to the lack of energy sources other than human muscles and simple mechanical power. The Book of Mormon mentions only early forms of pregunpowder missile weapons. The major military advantage of missile weapons is that they allow a soldier to injure his enemy from a distance, thereby leaving the soldier relatively safe from counterattacks with melee weapons. But missile weapons also have some signicant disadvantages. First, a missile weapon can be used only once: when a javelin or arrow has been cast, it generally cannot be used again. (Of course, a soldier may carry more than one javelin or arrow.) Second, control over a missile weapon tends to be limited; once a soldier casts a missile, he has no further control over the direction it will take.
    [Show full text]
  • American FLAT BOW
    OUTDOOR SPORTS Now you can shoot THE NEW American FLAT BOW HEN the white man provided the American Indian with a cheap trade musket in place of his native bow and arrow, he saved himself a good deal of grief, for had the red man de- velopewd his weapon along a logical path he might have arrived at an approximation of the bow we now know as the "semi- Indian," "flat," or "American" bow. With such a bow he could have shot with accuracy at a hundred yards (about the extreme The completed bow bends accurate range of the long rifle), and could have delivered ar- perfectly, shoots far, rows faster than any frontier scout could load his rifle. and hits hard. Robin Hood himself never had Any home workman, equipped with ordinary tools, can readily so scientific a weapon. build the most modern and most efficient bow yet designed. The This illustration shows best material for the amateur is the imported wood known as the bow drawn back al- "lemonwood." It can be worked almost entirely by measure- most to the "full draw" ment, without much regard to the grain. California yew and Osage orange probably make a better bow, but not for the inexperienced builder. Lemonwood can be had from most dealers in archery sup- plies, either in the rough stave or cut to approximate outline. The price ranges from about $1.75 to $3. In ordering you should be careful to say you need a wide stave for a flat bow. The dimensions given are for a bow 5 ft.
    [Show full text]
  • Manual Level 1 (01-01-2018).Pdf
    Page 1 of 76 The following Basic Archery Instructors Manual provides general guidelines and that local regulation may prevail in each member nation. The IFAA accepts no responsibility or liability of any damage to property or injury to people in the application of this Guide/Manual. Welcome to Field archery This is the first step in enjoying the many facets of this great sport. Your archer may choose to be involved in: Field Archery 3D Archery Indoor Archery Competition and Travel Hunting Or just the social side of this great sport. Out of this your archer will almost certainly achieve pleasure, relaxation, friendship and fitness. We hope that this will be the beginning of a long and enjoyable relationship with the sport of archery in its many forms. So it is up to you as the instructor to help this happen. This book will help give your archers an insight into what Field archery is all about; from the basic structure of an archery club to the basic skills required to enjoy this sport. This course will teach you to be a safe and effective basic archery instructor. You will also learn how to run a safe program, how to select and maintain proper equipment and how to teach beginning archers in a club setting. ****** Page 2 of 76 Contents The International Field Archery Association ........................................................................................................5 1. Clubs .............................................................................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Klopsteg, Turkish Archery & the Composite
    FfootJiptecc: Sketch of a Turkish archcr at full draw, ready to loose a flight arrow. [Based on a photoK'aph by Dr. Stocklcin published in llalıl I.them “U Palai* Dc Topkapou (Vicux Scrail)”. Mitnm. <k U Ltbratic Kanaat 1931 page 17. Information supplied by Society of Archcr-Antiquaries member Jamcr. H. Wiggins. | TURKISH ARCHERY AND THE COMPOSITE BOW by Paul E. Klopsteg F ormer D irector of R esearch N orthwestern T echnological I nstitute A Review of an old Chapter in the Chronicles of Archery and a Modern Interpretation Enlarged Third Edition Simon Archery Foundation The Manchester Museum, The University Manchester M139PL, Kngland Also published by the Simon Archcry Foundation: A Bibliography of Arthtry by Fred Lake and HaJ W right 1974 ISBN 0 9503199 0 2 Brazilian India» Arcbeiy bv E. G. Heath and Vilma Chiara 1977 ISBN 0 9503199 1 0 Toxopbilns by Roger Ascham 1985 ISBN 0 9503199 0 9 @ Paul E. Klopsteg, 1934, 1947 and 1987 First published by rhe author in the U.S.A. in 1934 Second edition, Revised published by the author in the U.S.A. in 1947 This enlarged edition published in 1987 JSBN 0 9503199 3 7 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Butler & Tanner Ltd, Frome and London c^ pur TABLE 0F CONTENTS Pa& In troduction ....................... ............................... ................................. Y|J Dr. Paul E. Klopsteg. Excerpts about him from articles written by him ...................................... ; .............................................................. IX Preface to the Second E d itio a ............................................................... xiii Preface to the First E dition........................................................ I The Background of Turkish Archery..................................... 1 II The Distance Records of the Turkish Bow.........................
    [Show full text]
  • World Crossbow Shooting Association - TARGET, STANDARD, FREESTYLE & MEDIEVAL CROSSBOW RULES
    World Crossbow Shooting Association - TARGET, STANDARD, FREESTYLE & MEDIEVAL CROSSBOW RULES WORLD CROSSBOW SHOOTING ASSOCIATION SHOOTING RULES FOR TARGET, MEDIEVAL, STANDARD, FREESTYLE CROSSBOWS AND GENERAL SHOOTING RULES. EFFECTIVE 1st January 2019 Effective, 1st January 2019 Page: 1 World Crossbow Shooting Association - TARGET, STANDARD, FREESTYLE & MEDIEVAL CROSSBOW RULES INDEX Clause Item Page No INDEX ................................................................................................................................................................................. .................. 2 DEFINITIONS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 SECTION 1. WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS, REGINAL CHAMPIONSHIP, JUDGING, RECORDS, ASSISTED SHOOTERS 1 PRECEDENCE, INTERPRETATION AND AMENDMENTS ..................................................................................................... 9 2 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1 Outdoor Target ................................................................................................................................................................ 2.2 3D ...................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Topics on Archery Mechanics Joe Tapley
    Topics on Archery Mechanics Joe Tapley Topics on Archery Mechanics Introduction The basic physics of archery has in principle been understood for around 80 years. The last topic to be theoretically described was vortex shedding (aerodynamics) in the 1920's related to developments in the aircraft industry. While the principles of archery are understood, in practice the behaviour of the bow/arrow/archer system (termed 'interior ballistics') and the arrow in flight (termed 'exterior ballistics') are somewhat complicated. In order to understand the mechanics of archery computer models are required. Models related to interior ballistics have been developed over the years becoming more realistic (and complex). A few related papers are listed below: Kooi, B.W. 1994. The Design of the Bow. Proc.Kon.Ned.Akad. v. Wetensch , 97(3), 283-309 The design and construction of various bow types is investigated and a mathematical model is used to assess the resulting effects on the (point mass) shot arrow. Kooi, B.W. & Bergman, C.A. 1997. An approach to the study of Ancient Archery using Mathematical Modelling. Antiquity, 71:124-134. Interesting comparison between the characteristics and performance of various historical and current bow designs. Kooi, B.W. & Sparenberg, J. A. 1997. On the Mechanics of the Arrow: Archer's Paradox. Journal of Engineering Mathematics 31(4):285-306 A mathematical model of the behaviour of the arrow when being shot from a bow including the effects of the pressure button and bow torsional rigidity. The string forces applied to the arrow are derived from the bow model referenced above.
    [Show full text]
  • Sports and Physical Education in China
    Sport and Physical Education in China Sport and Physical Education in China contains a unique mix of material written by both native Chinese and Western scholars. Contributors have been carefully selected for their knowledge and worldwide reputation within the field, to provide the reader with a clear and broad understanding of sport and PE from the historical and contemporary perspectives which are specific to China. Topics covered include: ancient and modern history; structure, administration and finance; physical education in schools and colleges; sport for all; elite sport; sports science & medicine; and gender issues. Each chapter has a summary and a set of inspiring discussion topics. Students taking comparative sport and PE, history of sport and PE, and politics of sport courses will find this book an essential addition to their library. James Riordan is Professor and Head of the Department of Linguistic and International Studies at the University of Surrey. Robin Jones is a Lecturer in the Department of PE, Sports Science and Recreation Management, Loughborough University. Other titles available from E & FN Spon include: Sport and Physical Education in Germany ISCPES Book Series Edited by Ken Hardman and Roland Naul Ethics and Sport Mike McNamee and Jim Parry Politics, Policy and Practice in Physical Education Dawn Penney and John Evans Sociology of Leisure A reader Chas Critcher, Peter Bramham and Alan Tomlinson Sport and International Politics Edited by Pierre Arnaud and James Riordan The International Politics of Sport in the 20th Century Edited by James Riordan and Robin Jones Understanding Sport An introduction to the sociological and cultural analysis of sport John Home, Gary Whannel and Alan Tomlinson Journals: Journal of Sports Sciences Edited by Professor Roger Bartlett Leisure Studies The Journal of the Leisure Studies Association Edited by Dr Mike Stabler For more information about these and other titles published by E& FN Spon, please contact: The Marketing Department, E & FN Spon, 11 New Fetter Lane, London, EC4P 4EE.
    [Show full text]
  • Tenpoint 2017Catalog Screen
    4–7 | New for 2017 8–15 | Crossbows 16–19 | Crossbow Features 20–21 | Crossbow Specifications YOUR DESTINATION Dense Eastern Pine Forest YOUR CHALLENGE Tight spaces, low light, and thick cover 24–25 | Cocking Devices YOUR EQUIPMENT Carbon Nitro RDX™ with Pro Elite™ Carbon Arrows 26–27 | Crossbow Accessories 28–30 | Crossbow Arrows & Nocks 31 | String & Cable Guide WWW.TENPOINTCROSSBOWS.COM PAGE 9 Featuring our new RCX Cam System™, the game-changing Carbon Phantom RCX is the most efficient crossbow we have ever designed. Utilizing a 16-inch power stroke, its lightweight 160-pound bow assembly measures an ultra-compact 13.375-inches axle-to-axle and generates speeds up to a blazing 385 FPS. Pair that power with its new ACX™ (Adjustable Comfort Crossbow) stock and ultra-light carbon fiber barrel, and this agile-handling, hard-hitting crossbow is unmatched by the competition. NEW FOR 2017 UP TO THREE NEW PERFORMANCE-INSPIRING HUNTING MACHINES SHOW WHY TENPOINT REIGNS AS THE DEFINING MANUFACTURER 385 FPS OF ELITE-QUALITY CROSSBOWS. TO OUR CUSTOMERS TenPoint has just completed one of the most productive years in its Perhaps more importantly, this investment also involved hiring a history — a year ultimately focused on our ongoing commitment to group of highly qualified middle management professionals to technological advancement, impeccable customer service, help stimulate and manage future growth, innovation, and quality. and the production of premium crossbow products. Finally, I am proud to report that my two sons, Phil and Steve, First, we engineered and built three exciting new models for and my nephew, Mike Shaffer, have worked 24/7 to manage the 2017 — the premium-level Carbon Phantom RCX, the thrilling facilities expansion and a rather remarkable transformation Eclipse RCX, and the entry-level Renegade.
    [Show full text]