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Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia

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Contract and Contagion: from Biopolitics to Oikonomia Minor Compositions Open Access Statement – Please Read This book is open access. This work is not simply an electronic book; it is the open access version of a work that exists in a number of forms, the traditional printed form being one of them. All Minor Compositions publications are placed for free, in their entirety, on the web. This is because the free and autonomous sharing of knowledges and experiences is important, especially at a time when the restructuring and increased centralization of book distribution makes it difficult (and expensive) to distribute radical texts effectively. The free posting of these texts does not mean that the necessary energy and labor to produce them is no longer there. 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Contract and Contagion: From Biopolitics to Oikonomia Angela Mitropoulos Contract and Contagion: From Biopolitics to Oikonomia Angela Mitropoulos ISBN 978-1-57027-256-1 Cover design by Angela Mitropoulos & Haduhi Szukis Interior design by Margaret Killjoy Released by Minor Compositions 2012 Wivenhoe / New York / Port Watson Minor Compositions is a series of interventions & provocations drawing from autonomous politics, avant-garde aesthetics, and the revolutions of everyday life. Minor Compositions is an imprint of Autonomedia www.minorcompositions.info | [email protected] Distributed by Autonomedia PO Box 568 Williamsburgh Station Brooklyn, NY 11211 www.autonomedia.org [email protected] CONTENTS THE LIQUIDATION OF FOUNDATIONS................... 7 CONTINGENCY, NECESSITY, PERFORMATIVITY.........19 OIKONOMIA ........................................49 Reading Xenophon in (post-)Fordist Times – Arendt, Foucault; Oikopolitics, Biopolitics, or Oikonomia? – Intersection, Domos – Agamben, Foucault, and Dumézil – Locke’s Holy Trinity INSURANCE, INOCULATION ..........................77 LEGAL, TENDER.....................................87 Genealogy – The Limits of Right – Reproducing Race – Frontier expansion – Queer Value? – Reproducing Labour-power – Reproducing Value – Genealogy Otherwise INFRASTRUCTURE, INFRA-POLITICS ................115 UNPRODUCTIVE CIRCULATION, EXCESSIVE CONSUMPTION ................................119 FOUCAULT, NEOLIBERALISM AND (THE) INTERVENTION. .135 Welfare/Warfare – The Disappearance and Reappearance of Foucault’s Genealogy – Colonial Properties – Household Property and Proper Homes – Foucault, Becker and the New Household Economics – The Re/production of Human Capital PROLIFERATING LIMITS ............................153 Points of Exchange – The Boundaries of Oikonomia – Polanyi and Marx – The Gift of Surplus Labour – Pattern of Re/production – Emerging Markets, Frontiers AFFECTIVE LABOUR................................173 FLORA AND FORTUNA ..............................177 NEOCONTRACTUALISM, FAITH-BASED CAPITALISM ...189 Contagion and Plague – Moral Hazard and the New Covenant – Socially-Necessary Labour, Human Capital and Service Work MUTUUM, MUTARE ................................205 Usury and the Return of the Dark Ages – The Fordist Domestication of Liquidity – Marx’s Intermundia – Student Debt, Education Bubbles and Speculation – Financial Contagion, Loose Ties and Complex Systems – From Infinite Debt to Endless Credit – Clinamen REFERENCES .....................................233 INDEX ............................................259 MINOR COMPOSITIONS ............................263 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Some of the writing here appears in different versions elsewhere. The chapter “Legal, Tender” is an extended version of “Legal, Tender: The Genealogical Economy of Pride, Debt, and Origin” which appeared in Social Text, some of the parts of the discussion on insurance and Locke have been repeated in “The Time of the Contract: Insurance, Contingency and the Arrangement of Risk” in South Atlantic Quarterly, and most of the chapter “Proliferating Limits” is from “Proliferating Limits: Capitalist Dynamics, Oikonomia and Border Technologies.” My constant thanks to the respective editors, staff, journals and publishers. There are, of course, numerous other texts, conversations and support that sustained the writing and offered thoughtful questions. I would like to thank Aren Aizura, Fiona Allon, Arianna Bove, Melinda Cooper, Ann Deslandes, Mark Gawne, Marina Beryl Langer, Isabell Lorey, Randy Martin, Brett Neilson, Dimitris Papadopoulos, Gerald Raunig, Rachel Rowe, Stevphen Shukaitis, and Steve Wright. For their assistance over the years of writing this, my thanks go to the faculty and staff of the School of Business and Management at Queen Mary, University of London and those at the Centre for Cultural Research, University of Western Sydney. PREFACE: THE LIQUIDATION OF FOUNDATIONS The crowd is fluid. An institution is stable, solid. The foundation solidifies the crowd. Sickness and contagion invade the space – germs spread, the plague contaminates the expanse …. There is destruction, violence and war. These are the images of the multitude. These are the avatars or apparitions of population. These are its performances as well. Foundation, then, is the passage from water to stone, the transition of phases. … The [seditious] clamour of the multiple makes noise; it suddenly takes form as hope or deception; it achieves harmony, and this harmony is the contract. – Michel Serres, Rome: The Book of Foundations. For the ancients, contagion was intimately associated with the collapse and restoration of empire, the liquidation of foundations and their re-foundation. In his “Chapters from the Foundation of the City,” the Roman historian Livy wrote of many plagues, but also of sedition spread by contagion. There “was the greatest danger,” he warned, “that the contagion of sedition might spread from the city, and the camps [of soldiers] also be involved in the confusion.” In Livy’s telling, the contagion moved from home to city to battlefield, and back again.1 Cicero similarly 1 Titus Livius, The History of Rome, Volume 1, 443. 8 . AngelA Mitropoulos wrote of sedition as contagious, and the plague as prelude to re- foundation and contract, the restoration of limits and identity. But as Cicero attempted to translate what he called Greek philosophy into a Roman idiom of genealogical lines of obligation, it is to the Stoics and not the Epicureans that he turned.2 Which is also to suggest that Cicero preferred to relate a story of the inexorable necessity of the re-imposition of scarcity, rather than observe the fact of abundance.3 That is to say, unlike the Roman poet Lucretius, for whom catastrophe however terrible did not signal an eschatological end of time or final reckoning of accounts but instead the way, at times, of all things. For Lucretius, contagion was, very simply, the story of the fall of the Athenian empire. His On the Nature of the Universe – which includes a nascent version of germ theory and atoms, and still informs current understandings of chemistry, biology and physics4 – ends with a chapter on storms and pestilence. But what is significant here, and what distinguishes his from a modern understanding of the political, is that for Lucretius there was no necessary re-foundation of the polis. The clinamen – the stochastic swerve of atoms – creates worlds and ends them. By contrast to Cicero, for whom refoundation implied the expansion of spheres of obligation traced from the familial to the political, in the Lucretian narrative of contagion genealogical ties only serve to tragically multiply the corpses. In Lucretius, moreover, there is no demand for austerity, no dream of re-foundation. Nor is there providence. For him, the “fear of the gods” – whether they incite hope or pessimism – makes people “take to themselves cruel taskmasters, whom the poor wretches believe to be omnipotent.” Lucretian aetiology does not
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