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Origins, Behavior, and Sedimentology of Lahars and Lahar-Runout Flows in the Toutle-Cowlitz River System

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Origins, Behavior, and Sedimentology of Lahars and Lahar-Runout Flows in the Toutle-Cowlitz River System Origins, Behavior, and Sedimentology of Lahars and Lahar-Runout Flows in the Toutle-Cowlitz River System LAHARS AND LAHAR-RUNOUTf fLQpS IN THE TC^TlJ^CLKX RI¥ER SYSTEM, MOUNT ST. HELENS, WASHINGTON U.S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY I>R;OFESS I ON[A;L P^JPER Origins, Behavior, and Sedimentology of Lahars and Lahar-Runout Flows in the Toutle-Cowlitz River System By KEVIN M. SCOTT LAHARS AND LAHAR-RUNOUT FLOWS IN THE TOUTLE-COWLITZ RIVER SYSTEM, MOUNT ST. HELENS, WASHINGTON U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1447-A Analyses of modern flows lead to greater understanding of ancient flow deposits UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1988 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scott, Kevin M., 1935- Lahars and lahar-runout flows in the Toutle-Cowlitz River system, Mount St. Helens, Washington. (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper; 1447-A- ) Includes bibliographies. Contents: [1] Origins, behavior, and sedimentology of Lahars and Lahar-Runout flows in the Toutle- Cowlitz River System [2] Magnitude and frequency of Lahars and Lahar-Runout flows in the Toutle-Cowlitz River System. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.16:1447-A-B 1. Lahars Washington (State) Toutle River Watershed. 2. Lahars Washington (State) Cowlitz River Watershed. 3. Sediments (Geology) Washington (State) Toutle River Watershed. 4. Sediments (Geology) Washington (State) Cowlitz River Watershed. I. Title. II. Series: Geological Survey professional paper ; 1447-A, etc. QE598.2.S38 1988 551.3 86-600198 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract ........................................... Al Clast lithology Continued Introduction ....................................... 2 Pumice ......................................... A42 Definitions and concepts .......................... 2 Low-density rock types from domes ................ 42 Lahar-runout flows ........................... 5 Juvenile dacite derived from facies of the debris avalanche 42 Lahar in the strict and general senses ........... 5 Eroded soil ..................................... 42 Flow transformations ......................... 5 Lahar boundary features ............................. 43 Flow bulking ................................ 6 Lahar-abraded pavement .......................... 43 Levels of particle support ..................... 6 Sole layer ...................................... 44 Boundary features ............................ 6 Type I sandy sole layers lacking dispersed coarse Acknowledgments ............................... 6 clasts ..................................... 44 Lahars and lahar-runout flows of the modern eruptive period 7 Type II sole layers with dispersed coarse clasts . 45 Lahars and lahar-runout flow of May 18-19, 1980 .... 7 Type III sole layers of clast-supported gravel; the Lahar and lahar-runout flow of March 19-20, 1982 ... 8 "ball-bearing bed" .......................... 46 Phases, flow types and divisions, and facies models ...... 8 Inverse grading ................................. 46 Phases of the 1980 South Fork lahar ............... 8 Origin and relations of the boundary features ........ 47 Proximal phase .............................. 9 Flow transformations ................................ 51 Medial phase ................................ 11 Pyroclastic surge and avalanche to debris flow ....... 51 Distal phase ................................. 12 Temperature of the pyroclastic surge ............ 54 Lahar-runout phase ........................... 12 Origin of water in the lahar .................... 55 Flow types and divisions ......................... 13 Comparison with other pyroclastic surge and flow Longitudinal flow transformations .............. 13 deposits ................................... 55 Flow divisions at a section basal flow and the whale- Comparison with Kalama- and post-Kalama-age deposits 56 back bars ................................. 13 Flood surge to debris flow ........................ 57 Lahar and lahar-runout facies models ............... 16 Debris flow to hyperconcentrated streamflow ......... 57 Lahar channel facies .......................... 17 Evidence for transformation ................... 57 Lahar flood-plain facies ....................... 19 Characteristics of deposits of hyperconcentrated lahar- Lahar-runout facies ........................... 19 runout flows ............................... 60 Transition facies ............................. 19 Lack of stratification in particle- and clast- Lahar-related steamflow deposits ............... 20 supported deposits ...................... 61 Facies of the largest lahar in the river system .... 21 Inverse grading ........................... 61 Size distributions of the lahars ........................ 21 Coarse-tail grading of low-density clasts ...... 62 North Fork lahar peak-flow deposits of the flood-plain Concentration of low-density clasts near lateral facies ........................................ 23 flow boundaries ......................... 62 North Fork lahar basal-flow deposits of the channel Sorting .................................. 62 facies ........................................ 25 Transitional cumulative curves .............. 62 North Fork lahar sole layer of the channel facies .... 26 Lack of coarse inflection point in cumulative curves 63 South Fork lahar peak-flow deposits of the flood-plain Sediment transport in the lahar-runout flow of March facies ........................................ 27 19-20,1982, and correlation with deposit characteris­ South Fork lahar avalanche deposits of the deflating tics ....................................... 63 pyroclastic surge and basal-flow deposits of the channel Effect of postdepositional drainage on deposit texture 66 facies ........................................ 29 Origin and evolution of lahar-runout flows ........ 66 South Fork lahar sole layer of the channel facies .... 30 Conclusions on lahar texture as related to origin and behavior 69 Lahars of previous eruptive stages and periods ....... 32 Lahars formed by flow transformations ............. 69 Large lahar of the Pine Creek eruptive period .... 32 Flood surges transformed to lahars .............. 69 "Ball-bearing bed" ........................... 32 Catastrophically ejected surges and avalanches trans­ Alluvium source of sediment in lahars of the Pine formed to lahars ............................ 70 Creek eruptive period ....................... 34 Lahars formed from failure of volcanic deposits not selec­ Clast roundness and the lahar bulking factor ............ 35 tively sorted .................................. 70 Roundness in the 1980 lahars ..................... 36 Summary of the general relation of lahar origin to mag­ Bulking factors of the 1980 lahars ................. 37 nitude ........................................ 71 Roundness in the pre-1980 lahars .................. 38 Interpretations of dynamics based on texture ........ 71 Bulking factors of the pre-1980 lahars .............. 39 References cited ..................................... 72 Roundness in the sole layers ...................... 40 Appendix Equations used in calculating lahar velocity and Abrasion and cataclasis in lahars .................. 40 statistics of grain size distributions .................. 76 Clastlithology ...................................... 41 Velocity ........................................ 76 Pyroxene andesite and olivine basalt ................ 41 Grain size statistics .............................. 76 in IV CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. Map showing the major streams draining Mount St. Helens .............................................. A3 2. Graph of stage and recession sediment concentrations in the Cowlitz River at Castle Rock, May 18-19, 1980 .... 7 3. Photograph showing surface of the debris avalanche approximately 18 km downstream from the 1980 crater ..... 8 4. Photograph of pyroclastic flow formed by collapse of the Plinian eruption column ............................ 9 5. Photograph showing uppermost part of watershed of South Fork Toutle River, and tributary Sheep Canyon ..... 10 6. Profile of the South Fork Toutle River, showing longitudinal phases of the main lahar occurring on May 18, 1980 11 7. Diagram portraying origin of the 1980 South Fork lahar as the transformation of a pyroclastic surge ........... 14 8. Photograph showing longitudinal view of whaleback bar in South Fork Toutle River ......................... 16 9. Photograph showing transverse view of whaleback bar in South Fork Toutle River ........................... 17 10. Diagrams portraying facies types described in table 4 ................................................... 19 11. Cross section of Cowlitz River showing deposits of North Fork lahar of May 18, 1980, and subsequent streamflow 20 12. Diagrams of channel and flood-plain facies of 1980 North Fork lahar at Coal Bank Bridge and of lahars of Pine Creek age near the Green Mountain Mill .................................................................. 22 13. Graphs showing downstream changes in particle-size distribution characteristics in peak-flow deposits of 1980 North Fork lahar ....................................................................................... 23 14. Cumulative curves and histograms of peak-flow deposits of the North Fork lahar ............................ 24 15. Photograph of bar deposits of North Fork
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