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Magnitude and Frequency of Lahars and Lahgr-Runout Flows in the Toutle-Cowlitz River System

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Magnitude and Frequency of Lahars and Lahgr-Runout Flows in the Toutle-Cowlitz River System U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1447-B SELECTED SERIES OF U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS Periodicals Coal Investigations Maps are geologic maps on topographic or planimetric bases at various scales showing bedrock or surficial geol­ Earthquakes & Volcanoes (issued bimonthly). ogy, stratigraphy, and structural relations in certain coal-resource areas. Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (issued monthly). Oil and Gas Investigations Charts show stratigraphic information for certain oil and gas fields and other areas having petroleum potential. Technical Books and Reports Miscellaneous Field Studies Maps are multicolor or black-and- white maps on topographic or planimetric bases on quadrangle or ir­ Professional Papers are mainly comprehensive scientific reports of regular areas at various scales. Pre-1971 maps show bedrock geology wide and lasting interest and importance to professional scientists and en­ in relation to specific mining or mineral-deposit problems; post-1971 gineers. Included are reports on the results of resource studies and of maps are primarily black-and-white maps on various subjects such as topographic, hydrologic, and geologic investigations. They also include environmental studies or wilderness mineral investigations. collections of related papers addressing different aspects of a single scien­ Hydrologic Investigations Atlases are multicolored or black-and- tific topic. white maps on topographic or planimetric bases presenting a wide range Bulletins contain significant data and interpretations that are of last­ of geohy drologic data of both regular and irregular areas; principal scale ing scientific interest but are generally more limited in scope or is 1:24,000 and regional studies are at 1:250,000 scale or smaller. geographic coverage than Professional Papers. They include the results of resource studies and of geologic and topographic investigations; as well as collections of short papers related to a specific topic. Water-Supply Papers are comprehensive reports that present sig­ Catalogs nificant interpretive results of hydrologic investigations of wide interest Permanent catalogs, as well as some others, giving comprehen­ to professional geologists, hydrologists, and engineers. The series covers sive listings of U.S. Geological Survey publications are available under investigations in all phases of hydrology, including hydrogeology, the conditions indicated below from the U.S. Geological Survey, Books availability of water, quality of water, and use of water. and Open-File Reports Section, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, Circulars present administrative information or important scientific CO 80225. (See latest Price and Availability List) information of wide popular interest in a format designed for distribution "Publications of the Geological Survey, 1879-1961" may be pur­ at no cost to the public. Information is usually of short-term interest. chased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form and as a Water-Resources Investigations Reports are papers of an interpre­ set of microfiche. tive nature made available to the public outside the formal USGS publi­ "Publications of the Geological Survey, 1962-1970" may be pur­ cations series. Copies are reproduced on request unlike formal USGS chased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form and as a publications, and they are also available for public inspection at set of microfiche. depositories indicated in USGS catalogs. "Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1971- 1981" may be Open-File Reports include unpublished manuscript reports, maps, purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form (two and other material that are made available for public consultation at volumes, publications listing and index) and as a set of microfiche. depositories. They are a nonpermanent form of publication that may be Supplements for 1982,1983,1984,1985,1986, and for subsequent cited in other publications as sources of information. years since the last permanent catalog may be purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback book form. Maps State catalogs, "List of U.S. Geological Survey Geologic and Geologic Quadrangle Maps are multicolor geologic maps on Water-Supply Reports and Maps For (S tate)," may be purchased by mail and over the counter in paperback booklet form only topographic bases in 71/2- or 15-minute quadrangle formats (scales main­ "Price and Availability List of U.S. Geological Survey Publica­ ly 1:24,000 or 1:62,500) showing bedrock, surficial, or engineering geol­ tions," issued annually, is available free of charge in paperback book­ ogy. Maps generally include brief texts; some maps include structure and columnar sections only. let form only. Selected copies of a monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geophysical Investigations Maps are on topographic or planimetric Geological Survey" available free of charge by mail or may be obtained bases at various scales; they show results of surveys using geophysical over the counter in paperback booklet form only. Those wishing a free techniques, such as gravity, magnetic, seismic, or radioactivity, which subscription to the monthly catalog "New Publications of the U.S. reflect subsurface structures that are of economic or geologic significance. Geological Survey" should write to the U.S. Geological Survey, 582 Many maps include correlations with the geology. National Center, Reston, VA 22092. Miscellaneous Investigations Series Maps are on planimetric or topographic bases of regular and irregular areas at various scales; they Note. Prices of Government publications listed in older catalogs, present a wide variety of format and subject matter. The series also in­ announcements, and publications may be incorrect. Therefore, the cludes 71/2-minute quadrangle photogeologic maps on planimetric bases prices charged may differ from the prices in catalogs, announcements, which show geology as interpreted from aerial photographs. Series also and publications. includes maps of Mars and the Moon. Magnitude and Frequency of Lahars and Lahar-Runout Flows in the Toutle-Cowlitz River System By KEVIN M. SCOTT LAHARS AND LAHAR-RUNOUT FLOWS IN THE TOUTLE-COWLITZ RIVER SYSTEM, MOUNT ST. HELENS, WASHINGTON U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1447-B Geologic evidence suggests large, destructive flows have a recurrence interval of less than 100 years UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1989 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Scott, Kevin M., 1935- Lahars and lahar-runout flows in the Toutle-Cowlitz River system, Mount St. Helens, Washington. (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1447-A- Includes bibliographies. Contents: [1] Origins, behavior, and sedimentology of lahars and lahar-runout flows in the Toutle-Cowlitz River system [2] Magnitude and frequency of lahars and lahar-runout flows in the Toutle-Cowlitz River system. Supt. of Docs, no.: I 19.16:1447-A-B 1. Lahars Washington (State) Toutle River Watershed. 2. Lahars Washington (State) Cowlitz River Watershed. 3. Sediments (Geology) Washington (State) Toutle River Watershed. 4. Sediments (Geology) Washington (State) Cowlitz River Watershed. I. Title. II. Series: Geological Survey professional paper ; 1447-A, etc. QE598.2.S38 1989 551.3 86-600198 For sale by the Books and Open-File Reports Section, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Center, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225 Any use of trade names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. CONTENTS Page Abstract ........................................... Bl Magnitude of lahars Continued Introduction ....................................... 1 Measurements and estimates of velocity and discharge Bll Purpose, scope, and location of study ............... 1 Flow magnitudes for planning purposes ............. 15 Methods of study ................................ 2 The nature of lahar hazards ....................... 17 Acknowledgments ............................... 4 Recurrence intervals of lahars and lahar-runout flows ..... 17 Lahars and lahar-runout flows of pre-1980 eruptive stages and Evidence of time grouping of lahars ................ 18 periods .......................................... 4 Character of the eruptive episodes ................. 19 Ape Canyon eruptive stage ....................... 4 Lake-breakout lahars of the Pine Creek eruptive period ... 19 Cougar eruptive stage ............................ 5 Evidence of lake-breakout origin ................... 20 Swift Creek eruptive stage ........................ 5 Comparison of magnitudes of lahar PC 1 and lahars of Spirit Lake eruptive stage ........................ 6 other origins ............................... 20 Smith Creek eruptive period ................... 6 Implications of lahar bulking factors ............ 21 Pine Creek eruptive period ..................... 8 Castle Creek eruptive period ................... 9 Megaclasts .................................. 21 Sugar Bowl eruptive period .................... 9 Natural dams at volcanoes ........................... 21 Kalama eruptive period ....................... 9 Lahar-margin lakes modern and ancient ............ 22 Goat Rocks eruptive period .................... 10 Comparison of lahar PC 1 with modeled flows ....... 23 Magnitude of lahars ................................
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