DOCSLIB.ORG

Plant Response to 14 Engineered Log Jams on the North Fork Toutle River, WA Sediment Plain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Plant Response to 14 Engineered Log Jams on the North Fork Toutle River, WA Sediment Plain Portland State University PDXScholar Master of Environmental Management Project Reports Environmental Science and Management 2014 Plant Response to 14 Engineered Log Jams on the North Fork Toutle River, WA Sediment Plain Todd Ashley Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/mem_gradprojects Part of the Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, and the Natural Resource Economics Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Ashley, Todd, "Plant Response to 14 Engineered Log Jams on the North Fork Toutle River, WA Sediment Plain" (2014). Master of Environmental Management Project Reports. 45. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/mem_gradprojects/45 https://doi.org/10.15760/mem.47 This Project is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master of Environmental Management Project Reports by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Plant Response to 14 Engineered Log Jams on the North Fork Toutle River, WA Sediment Plain by Todd Ashley A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Management Thesis Committee: Dr. Jennifer Allen, Chair Dr. Joseph Maser Paul Sclafani Portland State University ©2014 Abstract I sought to evaluate the vegetative response to the installation of the 14 engineered log jams (ELJs) on the North Fork Toutle River (NFTR) Sediment Plain. The NFTR sediment plain is constantly being reworked due to channel bank erosion caused by a combination of processes including flow erosion and gravitational mass failure. Vegetation has the ability to protect the bank from erosion as well as providing other stabilizing effects. The ELJ structures were designed in part to protect localized areas of the sediment plain and allow vegetated islands to develop. The purpose of these vegetated islands is to trap sand sized sediment that would otherwise pass over the spillway at a Sediment Retention Structure (SRS), and serve as a seed bank and possible point for continued vegetation establishment across the rest of the sediment plain. I utilized vegetation transects to collect raw vegetation data and then analysed the data to characterize the plant communities directly downstream from each ELJ. It was found that the ELJs are having moderate success creating protected vegetated islands. The NFTR sediment plain is dominated by pioneer species with Alnus rubra as the most abundant species. A total of 42 species were identified to the species level (20 native species, 22 non-native species). Plant assemblages remain broadly similar across the sediment plain, although wetland indicators species are absent in the northern third of the Study Area. The Study Area was found to have 29.01% vegetation cover, compared to 8.8% vegetation cover in the Control Area. The Study Area was also found to have higher plant species richness and diversity than the Control Area. The vegetation behind the ELJs is able to trap sediment but releases that sediment if the vegetation interacts with the larger branches of the NFTR. It is recommended that the ELJs receive regular maintenance including re-racking of the structures. Acknowledgements Special thanks to Dr. Colin Thorne for the opportunity to work on such a diverse project. Colin was integral to my portion of the study and provided expertise, guidance, and support. The project also would not have been possible without the field assistance and GIS expertise of Joshua Townsend. Thanks to Dr. Alan Yeakley, Dr. Yangdong Pan, and Dr. Joseph Maser for providing guidance in establishing research methods. Thanks do Christopher Mikes for lending his expertise in ArcGIS. I would also like to thank the USACE, Portland District for making this project possible and specifically Tina Teed for providing project support, and to Paul Sclafani for serving on my MEM Committee. i Table of Contents Abstract ....................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... i 1. Introduction and Scope ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Historical Context .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Aim and Objectives ................................................................................................................ 8 3. Study Design and Field Methods ........................................................................................... 9 3.1 Study Design .................................................................................................................................. 9 3.2 Transect Data Entry ..................................................................................................................... 13 3.3 Sediment Sampling ..................................................................................................................... 14 4. Identified Plant Species ........................................................................................................ 14 5. Results for the Control Site .................................................................................................. 17 6. Results for the ELJ Study Site ............................................................................................... 20 7. Characterization of Plant Assemblages ............................................................................... 23 8. Spatial Distribution and the Physical Environment ............................................................. 29 9. Historical Survey .................................................................................................................. 32 10. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 40 11. Interpretation & Recommendations ................................................................................. 44 12. References ......................................................................................................................... 45 Appendix A: Corps Brochure .................................................................................................... 50 Appendix B: Copy of Successful Proposal ................................................................................ 52 Appendix C: Over-arching Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................. 56 Appendix D: Condition Survey Summary Produced by Dr. Colin Thorne ................................ 59 Appendix E: Sedimentation induced by raising the spillway in 2012 ...................................... 79 Appendix F: Selected photographs of Cross-Valley Structure, False Valley Wall and Diversion Berm in 2013 ............................................................................................................................ 81 ii 1. Introduction and Scope The research presented in this paper made up the biotic study portion of a larger final report that was completed for the Portland District, US Army Corps of Engineers: THORNE, C., TOWNSEND, J. AND ASHLEY, T. 2014. ‘Geomorphic and Ecological Assessment and Evaluation of Grade Building Structures on the SRS Sediment Plain, North Fork Toutle River’ Final Report to the Portland District, US Army Corps of Engineers, under contract number W9127N-13-P- 0072, January 2014, 166 pages. The aim of the project was to assess, evaluate and visualise the morphological, sediment and ecological performance of the fourteen “engineered log jams” (ELJs) constructed for a 2010 pilot project. The aim of the biotic study was to evaluate the vegetative response to the installation of the ELJs on the Sediment Plain and characterize the plant species composition directly downstream from each structure. 1.1 Historical Context On May 18th, 1980 the Mount St. Helens stratovolcano erupted with an initial lateral blast that swept across 230 square miles with an arc radius 180 degrees north of the volcano. Subsequent debris flows, pyroclastic flows, tephra fall, and lahars transformed hundreds of square miles of the surrounding landscape (Major, 2009). The majority of the 3.4 billion cubic yard (bcy) debris avalanche was deposited in the North Fork Toutle River (NFTR), burying the upper 17 miles of the valley at an average depth of 130 ft. and a maximum depth of 460 ft. Just hours after the debris avalanche a lahar deposited an additional 183 million cubic yards of sand, gravel, and debris with an average thickness of 15 ft. in the lower NFTR Valley (Pearson, 1985). 1 Figure 1.1 Distribution of major volcanogenic deposits associated with the 18 May, 1980 eruption. USGS gauging stations indicated for reference (Modified by Dr. Colin Thorne from Major et al., 2009). These events radically altered the NFTR including the terrain and hydrology of the headwater catchment system, stripping soil and vegetation. The land surface and channel bed were inundated with sediment at depths up to several hundred feet, creating a massive new source of sediment. The post-eruption headwaters of the North Fork Toutle constitute the Spirit Lake Outlet
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Decision Framework for Managing the Spirit Lake and Toutle River System at Mount St
    THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS This PDF is available at http://nap.edu/24874 SHARE A Decision Framework for Managing the Spirit Lake and Toutle River System at Mount St. Helens (2018) DETAILS 336 pages | 6 x 9 | PAPERBACK ISBN 978-0-309-46444-4 | DOI 10.17226/24874 CONTRIBUTORS GET THIS BOOK Committee on Long-Term Management of the Spirit Lake/Toutle River System in Southwest Washington; Committee on Geological and Geotechnical Engineering; Board on Earth Sciences and Resources; Water Science and Technology Board; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Board on Environmental Change and Society; FIND RELATED TITLES Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine SUGGESTED CITATION National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2018. A Decision Framework for Managing the Spirit Lake and Toutle River System at Mount St. Helens. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24874. Visit the National Academies Press at NAP.edu and login or register to get: – Access to free PDF downloads of thousands of scientific reports – 10% off the price of print titles – Email or social media notifications of new titles related to your interests – Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. (Request Permission) Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Copyright © National Academy
    [Show full text]
  • Sediment Data-Collection Techniques" (SW1 091TC) (Al 06002.01.362.530)
    CENTER FOR NUCLEAR WASTE REGULATORY ANALYSES TRIP REPORT SUBJECT: U.S. Geological Survey training course entitled "Sediment Data-Collection Techniques" (SW1 091TC) (Al 06002.01.362.530) DATE/PLACE: March 13-18, 2005 Castle Rock, Washington AUTHOR: Donald Hooper, Research Scientist Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses (CNWRA) at Southwest Research Instituter (SwRlt) DISTRIBUTION: CNWRA NRC-NMSS SwRl Contracts W. Patrick J. Trapp Record Copy B (IQS) CNWRA Directors D. DeMarco CNWRA Element Managers B. Meehan S. Mohanty J. Rubenstone R. Benke J. Guttman L. Gutierrez E. Whitt CENTER FOR NUCLEAR WASTE REGULATORY ANALYSES TRIP REPORT SUBJECT: U.S. Geological Surveytraining course entitled "Sediment Data-Collection Techniques" (SW1091TC) (Al 06002.01.362.530) DATE/PLACE: March 13-18, 2005 Castle.Rock, Washington AUTHOR: Donald Hooper, Research Scientist Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses (CNWRA) at Southwest Research Institutee (SwRl~ PERSONS PRESENT: One staff member from the Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses attended the training course. A total of 32 scientists enrolled in the course, which was taught by a team of U.S. Geological Survey staff members with John Gray as course leader and coordinator. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OF TRIP: This training course in Castle Rock, Washington, near Mount St. Helens, provided instruction in basic sediment data-collection'techniques with principal emphasis on the following: (i) basic sediment concepts; (ii) sampler characteristics; (iii) field techniques; (iv) direct sampling with suspended sediment, bed material, and bedload samplers; (v) computation of sediment discharge records; (vi) quality-assurance procedures; and (vii) estimating sediment properties from surrogate technologies based on bulk optic, digital optic, laser, acoustic, and pressure- differential principles.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnitude and Frequency of Lahars and Lahgr-Runout Flows in the Toutle-Cowlitz River System
    Magnitude and Frequency of Lahars and Lahgr-Runout Flows in the Toutle-Cowlitz River System U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1447-B SELECTED SERIES OF U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PUBLICATIONS Periodicals Coal Investigations Maps are geologic maps on topographic or planimetric bases at various scales showing bedrock or surficial geol­ Earthquakes & Volcanoes (issued bimonthly). ogy, stratigraphy, and structural relations in certain coal-resource areas. Preliminary Determination of Epicenters (issued monthly). Oil and Gas Investigations Charts show stratigraphic information for certain oil and gas fields and other areas having petroleum potential. Technical Books and Reports Miscellaneous Field Studies Maps are multicolor or black-and- white maps on topographic or planimetric bases on quadrangle or ir­ Professional Papers are mainly comprehensive scientific reports of regular areas at various scales. Pre-1971 maps show bedrock geology wide and lasting interest and importance to professional scientists and en­ in relation to specific mining or mineral-deposit problems; post-1971 gineers. Included are reports on the results of resource studies and of maps are primarily black-and-white maps on various subjects such as topographic, hydrologic, and geologic investigations. They also include environmental studies or wilderness mineral investigations. collections of related papers addressing different aspects of a single scien­ Hydrologic Investigations Atlases are multicolored or black-and- tific topic. white maps on topographic or planimetric bases presenting a wide range Bulletins contain significant data and interpretations that are of last­ of geohy drologic data of both regular and irregular areas; principal scale ing scientific interest but are generally more limited in scope or is 1:24,000 and regional studies are at 1:250,000 scale or smaller.
    [Show full text]
  • Sediment Yield Following Severe Volcanic Disturbance— a Two-Decade Perspective from Mount St
    Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on April 4, 2012 Sediment yield following severe volcanic disturbance— A two-decade perspective from Mount St. Helens J.J. Major* U.S. Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory, Vancouver, Washington 98661, USA T.C. Pierson R.L. Dinehart U.S. Geological Survey, University of California, Sacramento, California 95819, USA J.E. Costa U.S. Geological Survey, Portland, Oregon 97216, USA ABSTRACT lowing the eruption, and establish a conceptual model for posteruption sedi- Explosive volcanic eruptions perturb water and sediment fluxes in mentary response to a severe explosive eruption. We restrict our discussion watersheds; consequently, posteruption sediment yields can exceed pre- to suspended-sediment yield because bedload data are limited and sus- eruption yields by several orders of magnitude. Annual suspended-sed- pended sediment averaged ≥80% of the total sediment yield (Lehre et al., iment yields following the catastrophic 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption 1983; Simon, 1999). were as much as 500 times greater than typical background level, and they generally declined nonlinearly for more than a decade. Although 1980 MOUNT ST. HELENS ERUPTION sediment yields responded primarily to type and degree of disturbance, The catastrophic 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption affected some wa- streamflow fluctuations significantly affected sediment-yield trends. tersheds severely, others mildly. Watersheds north of the volcano underwent Consecutive years (1995–1999) of above-average discharge reversed the the most severe disturbance and the greatest accumulation of new, loose nonlinear decline and rejuvenated yields to average values measured sediment from deposition by a 2.5 km3 debris avalanche (Glicken, 1998) within a few years of the eruption.
    [Show full text]
  • Cowlitz County Comprehensive Parks, Habitat and Recreation Update
    Cowlitz County Comprehensive Parks, Habitat and Recreation Update Prepared By Cowlitz County Park and Recreation Advisory Board BOARD OF COWLITZ COUNTY COMMISSIONERS Joe Gardner Dennis Weber Arne Mortensen PARK & RECREATION ADVISORY BOARD Mike Karnofski Alice Millward Ron Junker Paul Youmans Drew Davidson Tina Cygrymus Darcy Mitchem Jennifer Keene December 2017 Cowlitz County Parks Comprehensive Parks, Habitat and Recreation Update Page 2 of 40 Table of Contents Vision/Mission Statement and Goals 3 Key Findings and Target Projects 6 Introduction and Case Statement 10 Historical Overview 12 Existing Parks / Recreation & Habitat in Cowlitz County 13 Populations Trends 22 Summary of Research, Public Input, and Background Materials 26 Appendices A Public Input 27 Appendices B Completed or Assisted Projects 29 Appendices C Public Parks Provided by Private Industry 33 Appendices D Cowlitz County Recreation Map 35 Appendices E Cowlitz County Rural Recreation map 36 Appendices F Trail Map of Cowlitz County Trails Map 37 Cowlitz County Parks Comprehensive Parks, Habitat and Recreation Update Page 3 of 40 VISION Cowlitz County Parks Department is recognized for collaboration among public and private partnerships to build a healthy community, protect the natural environment and support high quality of place for all residents, now and into the future. MISSION Meeting community and visitor needs by providing a safe unified system of parks, trails, recreation facilities and natural areas that maintains environmental stewardship and provides diverse
    [Show full text]
  • FLOOD HAZARDS ALONG the TOUTLE and COWLITZ RIVERS, WASHINGTON, from a HYPOTHETICAL FAILURE of CASTLE LAKE BLOCKAGE by Antonius L
    FLOOD HAZARDS ALONG THE TOUTLE AND COWLITZ RIVERS, WASHINGTON, FROM A HYPOTHETICAL FAILURE OF CASTLE LAKE BLOCKAGE By Antonius Laenen and L. L. Orzol U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4055 Prepared in cooperation with the STATE OF WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT Portland, Oregon 1987 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: Oregon Office Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Section 847 N.E. 19th Ave., Suite 300 Federal Center Portland, OR 97232 Box 25425 Denver, CO 80225 IV CONTENTS Page Abstract --------------------------------------------------------- 1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------- 2 Purpose and scope ------------------------------------------- 2 Acknowledgments --------------------------------------------- 3 Hypothetical blockage failure and start of flood ----------------- 6 Flood routing ---------------------------------------------------- 7 The bulking process ----------------------------------------- 10 The debulking process --------------------------------------- 11 The hypothetical flood -------------------------------------- 11 Hypothetical flood with the lake level lowered -------------- 26 Sensitivity of the routing model ---------------------------- 26 Summary and conclusions ------------------------------------------ 26 References cited -------------------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • City of Castle Rock Comprehensive Plan, 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
    CITY OF CASTLE ROCK COMPREHENSIVE PLAN JANUARY 2006 City of Castle Rock Comprehensive Plan January, 2006 City of Castle Rock Comprehensive Plan, 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The City of Castle Rock expresses its appreciation to the citizens participating in the public meetings, hearings, and workshops held to update the Castle Rock Comprehensive Plan and to the following people and organizations who devoted time and effort in the Plan’s preparation. Castle Rock Planning Commission Gwen Boss Richard Heltemes Mari Hodges Brenda Hornbuckle Leah Medina Nancy Murphy Gordon Snyder Castle Rock City Council Barbara Larsen Julie Bean Greg Marcil Jeff Skeie Ed Smith Khembar Yund Castle Rock Staff Ryana Covington, City Clerk/Treasurer Public Works Director, Dave Vorse City Clerk, Joanne Purvis Bob Heuer, Police Chief Eric Koreis, Fire Chief Tom O’Neill, City Attorney Michael B. Johnson, PE, Engineer Cowlitz-Wahkiakum Council of Governments Erin Erdman, City Planner Stephen H. Harvey, Director Nancy Harris, Adm. Secretary Don Mathison, former City Planner Others Castle Rock School District No. 401 Castle Rock Chamber of Commerce Castle Rock Senior Center Castle Rock Exhibit Hall Ministerial Association City of Castle Rock Comprehensive Plan, 2006 Table of Contents CHAPTERS I. INTRODUCTION Purpose .............................................................................................................. I-1 The Planning Process........................................................................................... I-1 The Study Area...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Volume II, Chapter 8 Cowlitz Subbasin—Lower Cowlitz
    Volume II, Chapter 8 Cowlitz Subbasin—Lower Cowlitz TABLE OF CONTENTS 8.0 COWLITZ SUBBASIN—LOWER COWLITZ ......................................................... 8-1 8.1 Subbasin Description.................................................................................................. 8-1 8.1.1 Topography & Geology ....................................................................................... 8-1 8.1.2 Climate................................................................................................................. 8-1 8.1.3 Land Use/Land Cover.......................................................................................... 8-1 8.2 Focal Fish Species....................................................................................................... 8-5 8.2.1 Fall Chinook—Cowlitz Subbasin (Lower Cowlitz).............................................. 8-5 8.2.2 Coho—Cowlitz Subbasin ..................................................................................... 8-8 8.2.3 Chum—Cowlitz Subbasin .................................................................................. 8-12 8.2.4 Winter Steelhead—Cowlitz Subbasin (Cowlitz)................................................. 8-14 8.2.5 Cutthroat Trout—Cowlitz River Subbasin......................................................... 8-17 8.3 Potentially Manageable Impacts ............................................................................... 8-19 8.4 Hatchery Programs...................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mount St. Helens Long-Term Sediment Management Plan (CEQ Project Number 20180179; Region 10 Project Number 84-193-COE)
    ~ US Army Corps Mount St. Helens of Engineers• Long-Term Sediment Portland District Management Plan Record of Decision September 2018 Sediment retention structure and upstream sediment plain on the North Fork Toutle River U.S. Army Corps of Engineers photo RECORD OF DECISION MOUNT ST. HELENS, WASHINGTON LONG-TERM SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN The Mount St. Helens Limited Re-Evaluation Report (LRR) and Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement (SEIS), both dated 2018, address long-term sediment management actions necessary to maintain flood risk reduction for the cities of Castle Rock, Lexington, Kelso, and Longview, Washington. The purpose of the proposed action is to manage flood risk to established levels of protection (LOP) for the cities of Castle Rock, Lexington, Kelso and Longview, Washington through the year 2035, as authorized by Public Law No. 99‐88 (1985) and Section 339 of the Water Resources Development Act of 2000 (Public Law No. 106- 541), and to do so in a manner that does not jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of designated critical habitat. The recommended plan and preferred alternative described in the LRR and SEIS represent a complete and complementary effort that maintains the congressionally-authorized LOP. The recommend plan is contained in the LRR and is the preferred alternative identified in the SEIS. The 2018 LRR and SEIS are incorporated herein by reference. Based on these reports, the reviews of other Federal, State, and local agencies, Tribes, input from the public, and review by my staff, I find the plan recommended by the Commander, Portland District, to be technically feasible, economically justified, in accordance with environmental statutes, and in the public interest.
    [Show full text]
  • Surveys on Gifford Pinchot NF, 2008
    2008 Bridgeoporus nobilissimus surveys on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest Report authors: Kelli Van Norman, Darci Rivers-Pankratz, Andrea Ruchty, John Scott Introduction Bridgeoporus nobilissimus (BRNO8) is a fungal species that produces a perennial polypore (conk). The host species is noble fir (Abies procera), though one conk on the Olympic National Forest was found on a Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis). The distinctive conks have been found only on very large (> 36-inch DBH, diameter breast height) snags, stumps, and a few green trees within about 4 feet of the ground and up to 6 feet from the base of the host tree growing from the host’s root collar and root crown. It has been found in stands with very few large noble fir, in dry to moist areas, and on all topographic aspects (pers. comm. Terry Fennell). Additional information is available in a species fact sheet (Lebo 2007). The Goat Marsh Research Natural Area southwest of Mount St. Helens on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest has a population of BRNO8. However, relatively few other areas on the Gifford Pinchot NF have been surveyed for BRNO8 though there are other stands of large noble fir. Surveys were conducted in 2006, approximately 100 acres, as part of an effort to evaluate a BRNO8 habitat model developed by Dr. Robin Lesher (Lippert et al., 2006). The objective of the 2008 survey effort was to inventory large-diameter noble fir stands working away from the known population at Goat Marsh. In particular, we speculated that there may be potential habitat to the northeast of Goat Marsh within the Mount.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of the Eruptions of Mount St. Helens on Physical, Chemical, And
    Effects of the Eruptions of Mount St. Helens on Physical, Chemical, RECEIVED and Biological Characteristics of U.S.G,S AUG 2 i 1996 Surface Water, Ground Water, WATER Kco. J , .^^ o L'i"" and Precipitation in the Western ROLLA, MQ. United States United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2438 Effects of the Eruptions of Mount St. Helens on Physical, Chemical, and Biological Characteristics of Surface Water, Ground Water, and Precipitation in the Western United States By DOUGLAS B. LEE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 2438 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1996 For sale by the U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Lee, Douglas B. Effects of the eruptions of Mount St. Helens on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of surface water, ground water, and precipitation in the Western United States by Douglas B. Lee p. 124 cm. -- (U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper: 2438) Includes bibliographical references. Supt.ofDocs.no.: I 19.3:2438 1. Volcanic ash, tuff, etc. Environmental aspects Northwest, Pacific. 2. Volcanic ash, tuff etc. Environmental aspects Colorado. 3. Water Pollution Northwest, Pacific. 4. Water Pollution Colorado. 5. Saint Helens, Mount (Wash.) Eruption, 1980 Environmental aspects. I. Title II. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2438.
    [Show full text]
  • For Shorelines in Cowlitz County and the Cities of Castle Rock, Kalama, Kelso, and Woodland
    COWLITZ COUNTY Grant No. G1200052 SHORELINE RESTORATION PLAN for Shorelines in Cowlitz County and the Cities of Castle Rock, Kalama, Kelso, and Woodland Prepared for: Cowlitz –Wahkiakum Council of Governments 207 4th Avenue North Kelso, WA 98626 Prepared by: Finalized April 2015 The Watershed Company Reference Number: 110922 This report was funded in part The Watershed Company through a grant from the Washington Contact Person: Department of Ecology. Dan Nickel / Sarah Sandstrom Cite this document as: The Watershed Company. April 2015. Shoreline Restoration Plan for Shorelines in Cowlitz County and the Cities of Castle Rock, Kalama, Kelso, and Woodland. Prepared for the Cowlitz-Wahkiakum Council of Governments, Kelso, WA. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ................................................................................ 1 1.1. Purpose .............................................................................................. 1 1.2. Restoration Plan Requirements ....................................................... 2 1.3. Types of Restoration Activities ........................................................ 3 1.4. Restoration Plan Approach .............................................................. 4 2. Restoration Goals ...................................................................... 5 3. Existing Conditions ................................................................... 5 3.1. Unincorporated Cowlitz County ....................................................... 6 3.1.1. Columbia River Assessment Unit
    [Show full text]