Index

Page numbers in italics refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables.

3D visualization 153 Christmas Island 1960 tsunami 97 cyclones 201, 203–205, 206, 207 climate and floods 8–9 mapping disaster risk 184 climate and typhoons 187 4D visualization 195 climate change 195, 196, 205 Aceh, tsunami casualties 107 climatology and geovisualization 195 agencies, crisis response collision rate 41 cooperation 172, 174–179 communication and co-ordination 102 coordination 102, 103 communication methods, Hilo tsunamis 91–104 logs 95–100 agency logs 95–100 Aleutian 1946 Earthquake 92 procedures and co-ordination 102 Anak Krakatau, simulated flank collapse 79–88 media training 102, 103, 104 debris avalanche 82–84, 85–88 survivor interviews 95, 100–102 geography 80–81 warning system 92–95, 103, 135 geology and morphology 81–82 communities at risk 127, 141–142, 152, 179–182, Andaman coast, tsunami impact 108, 127–137 209–210 see also Ao Jak Beach and Thai tourist coast community perceptions 173 Ao Jak Beach, evacuation route 107–113 community reaction, Merapi 174, 179–184 assets at risk 140, 143, 144 Concepcio´n 1960 Earthquake 92,93 atoll development 22, 23 Cook Islands, cyclone 205 atoll nations 3 Cook Islands, palaeotsunamis 212 atolls and cyclones 21, 25 coral destruction 25, 27, 29,33–36 depth 28, 36 Ba town, flooding 4 coral reef destruction 129, 131 Banda Aceh 63 cross-validation 201, 202 Bang Niang Beach, protection 134 Cuddalore 63 Bantul 2006 Earthquake 177–178, 180 cyclone see also tropical cyclone and typhoon baseflow data 10, 11, 12, 13–18 cyclone duration 200 Bataan Lineament, volcanism 162 cyclone eye, location 197 Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, risk assessment 151–167 cyclone inundation hazard, French Polynesia 24 construction 151–152 emergency measures 25 geology 154–160 cyclone tracks 199, 205, 207 hazard evaluation 160–166 cyclone, seasonal pattern 202, 203, 204 site morphology 153–154 beach erosion 25, 26, 27, 29, 32–33, 34 data resilience 36,37 monsoon flooding 9–11 bedding structures, tsunami deposits 61–74 tropical cyclone 195, 196 boulder transport, cyclones 25, 26, 27, 36 typhoons 188–190 Nott’s equation 37 volcanic risk 173–174 submarine 28–29, 30–31 database/datasets 2 terrestrial 29–32 Pacific islands palaeotsunamis 212–218 building vulnerability assessment 115–123, 141 vulnerability assessment 117–118 building vulnerability equation 116, 117, 120, 122 debris flow building, reinforcement 145–146 Taiwan 43, 45, 48, 49, 55,59 buildings and tsunami damage 130, 131 Thailand 109, 110, 111, 112 disaster management plans 5 cable break events 43–45, 50, 53, 55 disaster mangement agency, Indonesia 175 capable faults 165–166 disaster response case study, Merapi Volcano 171–184 capable volcano 161–162 administrative divisions 174, 175 casualties, estimates of 144 community reaction 174, 179–184 see also fatalities data collection 172–174 cays 27, 32, 35, 36 information flow 182, 183 Centre of Volcanology and Geological Hazard institutional response 172, 174–175 Mitigation 172, 175 agency cooperation 176–179 chemical weathering 3 warning and awareness 176, 182–184 Chiang Mai monsoon floods 7–20 disaster response communication logs, Hawaii 95–102 Chilean 1575 & 1960 tsunamis 217, 218 disaster response planning 140–145 chirp sonar 47, 48, 49, 56, 57, 58 disaster risk mitigation 145–146 Christchurch 2011 Earthquake 140 dome collapse, Merapi 172, 173, 176

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drainage, road stability 108, 113 flood vulnerability 4 Dvorak technique 197–198 flow velocity, boulder transport 29, 30–31, 35, 36 focus group 173, 184 early warning system see warning system forecasting hazards, summary 1–2 earthquake catastrophe models in response fragility curves 115 planning 139–149 French Polynesia, tropical cyclone 21–36 earthquake intensity 140 Fukushima nuclear power plant 1 earthquake recurrence 1–2 earthquake, cable breaks 43, 44,45 Gaoping Submarine Canyon 42, 47, 49, 54, 57 earthquake-plot software 153 cable break 43, 45, 50, 53, 55 earthquakes gaseous plumes 58 1960 Concepcio´n 92,93 gatekeeper, Merapi 172, 180 1994 Northgate 140 geomorphic impact of cyclones 25–33 2004 Sumatra 63, 107, 127 geothermal prospects, Natib Volcano 152, 159 2006 Bantul 117–178, 180 geovisualization of tropical cyclones 195–207 2006 Pingtung 44, 45, 47–49 analysis 198 2008 Wenchuan 148 cyclogenesis 202 2010 Jiashian data accuracy 197–198 2011 To¯hoku 141, 142 interpolation 198–202 2011 Christchurch 140 mapping 196 education 91, 103, 104, 107 point convention 196, 197, 198 El Nino˜ 205 temporal presentation 202–203, 205 El Nino˜ Southern Oscillation 7, 9–10, 15, 19 track analysis 205, 207 cyclone hazards 24 volumetric interpolation 203–205, 206 emergency planning 122 Global Earthquake Model 141 emergency respose 141 Global Information Systems (GIS) engineered design, enforcement 145 and typhoon study 195 engineered road design 108, 110, 112–113 in disaster response planning 143–144 engineering evaluation 165, 167 tsunami vulnerability assessment 115–123 of evacuation routes 112–113 government agencies disaster response engineering projects near Krakatau 81, 87 Hawaii 92, 93–103 environmental degradation 136 Merapi 174–179 erosion and cyclones 25, 27, 33,35–36 government, and catastrophe insurance 146–149 erosion, coastal 134, 137 graded bedding, inverse 48, 52, 62, 67, 68, 71, 72 erosion, roads 108–110, 112 grain size analysis 47, 50, 52, 54 erosion, tsunami 130 tsunami deposits 64–67, 68, 69,72 escape route 135, 136 gravity flow 41 evacuation 97, 177, 178–179, 180, 183 source 53–54, 57 evacuation routes, design and management 117 Great Hanshin 1995 Earthquake, insurance 148 case study 107–110 Great Kanto 1923 Earthquake 141 engineering solutions 112–113 ground shaking damage 141, 143, 144, 145 gully formation 109, 110–112 false alarms 95 Fangliao Submarine Canyon 42, 43, 45, 48, 53, 55 Hawaii, communication record 91–104 gravity flow source 53–54, 56,57 1946 tsunami 92–92 fatalities 141, 144, 145 1960 tsunami 93–94 tsunami 62, 79–80, 92, 107, 115, 127 critical events 96, 98–99 volcanism 172, 176, 177, 178, 180 Hawaii, map 92 faults, active 153, 159–160, 163, 165, 166, 167 hazard maps 117, 143, 174, 179 field mapping, Natib Volcano 153 hazard protection measures 4 fill-slope failure 113 hazard vulnerability 3 financial loss, tsunami 218 heavy minerals, tsunami deposits 65, 68, 69, financial solutions, earthquake damage 139–140, 145, 71, 74 146–149 Hilo see Hawaii fire and earthquakes 141, 144 Historical Tsunami Database 209, 210, 218 flood frequency analysis 10–11 hotspot ellipses, typhoons 191, 192, 193 flood generation data 9–11 hotspot, MacDonald 22 flood generation mechanisms 11–12 Huahine 22, 25, 26, 33,35 flood monitoring and management 20 flow velocity 30 flood studies, northern Thailand 7–20 human behaviour during disaster data and methods 9–11 tsunami 100–102, 103 prediction 11 volcanism 171, 177–178, 180–181 results 11–15 hyaloclastic tuff-ring 82 study site 8 hydrodynamic equations (Nott’s) 25, 29, 30–31, 35, 37

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hydrothermal system 167 marine inundation hazards 21–36 hyperpycnal plume 50, 57 Mariveles volcano 151, 152, 162 age 161, 163 IAEA see International Atomic Energy Agency future eruptions 165 Indian Ocean 2004 tsunami map 108 Marshall Islands, typhoons 191 Indian Ocean 2004 tsunami, Thai tourist coast 127–137 Mataura, beach erosion 36 beach recovery 131–134 media 182 coastal resilience 128, 134–135, 136–137 training for disasters 102, 103, 104 impact 128–131 Merapi Volcano 171–184 mitigation measures 134, 135 danger zone 174, 179 tourist industry 132, 134, 136 eruption history 172, 173 Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Micronesia, typhoons 191 Mitigation System 135 Mitigate and Assess Risk from Volcanic Impact on Terrain Indonesia see Merapi and Human Activities 171, 175 information flow and disaster management 182, 183 Mohr–Coulomb frictional law 83 infrared imagery 197 monsoon and flooding 7–20 institutional response in crisis 102–103, 172, 174–179 Moorea, cyclone impact 25, 28, 34 insurance for catastrophes 145–149 Morakot 2006 typhoon, deposit 49–53, 57 insured loss 139, 140 Motu One cay 27, 32 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) motus 27 draft guidelines 167 Mount Mayuyama 1792 collapse 79–80 Safety Standard Series 165–166 Mount Pinatubo resettlement 184 Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone 8–9, 11 inundation deposits 61–74 Nagipattinum tsunami deposits 62,63, 66–69, 70, 74 distance 62 Natib Volcano 151, 152 sedimentation 73 age 161, 163 water depth 120 future eruptions 165 inverse bedding 48, 52, 62, 67, 68, 71, 72 stratigraphy 157 island development 3, 23 National Disaster Management Agency 175 island nations 3,4–5 National Geophysical Data Centre 209, 210, 218 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Japan 2011 earthquake epicentre 142 209, 210 Jiashian 2010 Earthquake 45 Ngargomulyo, volcanic hazard 173, 175, 177 Jogan tsunami, 869AD 1 Northern Marianas, typhoon clusters 193 Northgate 1994 Earthquake 140 Kaliadem village 178 Nott’s equation 35, 37 Kallar, Nagipattinum tsunami deposits 62,63, nuclear installations and volcanic hazards, case study 66–69, 70, 74 151–167 Karon Beach 133, 136 adverse characteristics 166 Khao Lak, tsunami impact 128, 129, 130, 134, 136 hazard evaluation 160–166 Kinahrejo village 180 methodology 153 Ko Phi Phi Don, tsunami impact 128, 129, 130, 134 site investigation 153–160 Krakatau 1883 eruption 80, 87 site suitability 164 Kriging 198–199, 202 nuclear power plants, unsafe sites 145

La Nina˜ and monsoon 7, 10 observatory, Anak Krakatau 80, 88 labuhan 172, 180 observatory, Hawaii 92, 95 lahar 159, 162, 163, 166, 167 ocean warming 195, 205 engineering solutions 165 Oli, Tropical Cyclone 21–36 lahar, bridge over 180, 181 overwash deposits 35,62 lamination, tsunami deposits 67, 69, 70, 71–72, 74 landslide simulation 82–84 Pacific Island countries, tsunami risk 209, 210 landslides, road-related 109, 110, 112 Pacific Tsunami Museum 92, 95 lava flow 158, 161, 166 palaeotsunami, Pacific 1, 213, 214–215 lead-210 analysis 47, 50, 52 database 209–210, 211–212 lineaments 153, 155, 159–160 source scenarios 213–218 liquefaction 57, 145 Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment model Loss Exceedance Probability Curve 140 116–121 loss, probability of 140, 143, 145–146, 148, 149 comparison 121–122 Luzon Strait, typhoons 191 field testing 120–121 limitations 122–123 Maeva, beach erosion 32, 33 peak flow data 11, 13, 14, 15 Manila Trench 42,43 Philippines see Bataan Nuclear Power Plant Manly, tsunami inundation 120 Philippines, typhoon clusters 193

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Phuket, tsunami impact 128, 129, 130, 132 slope failure 3 Pinatubo volcano 152, 155, 161, 162 and road construction 108–110, 111, 113 Ping River catchment 8 slope instability 110–112 gauging station data 9–11, 13–14, 16–18 monitoring 88 Pingtung 2006 Earthquakes 44, 45, 47–49 source of tsunami deposits 71 planning and disaster management 171, 175, 178, 179 spatial analysis see under typhoon polynomial interpolation 199, 205 spatial stationarity 198 pore fluid pressure 57 spiritual guardian, Merapi 172, 180 pore-water pressure 113 spline 199 pre-crisis management 183 Stromboli 2002 Tsunami 121 probabilistic catastrophe model 140 Stromboli flank collapse 79 probability of eruption 163, 165 Structural Vulnerability 119, 120 property damage estimates 143–144 submarine groundwater discharge 59 pumice, welded 158, 160, 162 submarine landslide 41, 43, 55 pyroclastic flows submarine natural hazard, SW Taiwan 41–59 Merapi 172, 173, 178 cable break events 43–45 Mount Natib 155–159, 162, 165, 167 grain size analysis 47, 50, 52, 54 results and discussion 47–57 questionnaires 173, 174, 177, 180 sampling 45, 48 sediment cores 46–47, 52 radon and active faults 153, 160, 164, 167 study area 42,43 rainfall data 9–18 study method 45–47 Ranong Province 110 X-ray radiography 45, 48, 52 reef damage, cyclone 27–28 Sudimoro 183, 184 Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre 188 Sumatra 2004 Earthquake 63, 107, 127 Regional Specialized Metereological Sunda Strait, geography 80–81 Service 195–196, 197 survivor interviews, tsunami 95, 100–102 Regional Tsunami Watch Providers 135 swell hazard, French Polynesia 24 Relative Vulnerability Index 119, 122 remote sensing 153 Tahiti 1960 Tsunami 94, 97 resettlement 183–184 Tahiti, 2010 cyclone 25, 26, 27, 28,36 retrofitting, structural bracing 145, 146 flow velocity 29 reverse grading 62, 67, 68, 71, 72 marine inundation 21, 24, 34 rheology 82–84 Taiwan, submarine hazard 41–59 risk mitigation, tsunami 91–92, 145–146, 149 Tetiaroa, 2010 cyclone 25, 26 data base 209–218 flow velocity 31 risk, earthquake damage 139, 140, 141, 143 Thai tourist coast 127–137 risk, volcanism 165, 171, 172, 175 beach and tourist recovery 131–134 Ritter Island 1888 eruption 79 coastal resilience 134–135 ritual and ceremony 172, 180, 181, 184 tsunami impact 128–131 road construction techniques 108, 110, 113 tidal wave alert 95 road see evacuation route tidal wave gauge log 97 road-related landslide 107–113 To¯hoku 2011 Earthquake 141, 142 runoff 113 To¯hoku 2011 Tsunami 2, 209 runout facies 71, 72, 74 tourist coast, tsunami impact 127–137 run-up, controls on 128–129 beach and structural damage 129, 130 Rurutu, cyclone damage 23,24 traditional community responses 180–182 training 178, 183 sacred places 172, 180 emergence services 140, 141, 145 safety regulations 136 media 102–104 Samoa 1960 tsunami 97 response units 141, 145 sand migration 27, 32 tremor-induced shut-offs 145 sand sheet 61, 62, 66 tropical cyclone see also typhoon sandy bank (cay) 27, 32, 35, 36 Tropical Cyclone Forecasters Reference Guide 197 sandy coast and cyclone damage 35–36 Tropical Cyclone Oli 21–26 seamount 22, 23 impact 25–33 sedimentary evidence for palaeotsunami 210 tropical cyclones and flooding 9, 12–15, 19 seismic design code, enforcement 146 tropical cyclones, geovisualization 195–207 seismic profile, chaotic deposits 51 tsunami awareness 102–103 seismicity, Bataan 153 tsunami data base and risk reduction 209–218 SHAKE-MAP model (USGS) 141, 142 tool-kit of proxies 212, 214–215 Silver Beach, tsunami deposits 62,63, 64–66, 70, 74 tsunami deposits 61–74 site evaluation, volcanic terrain 166 bedding 65 sliver failure 109, 111, 112 bioturbation 72, 74

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current ripples 62 genesis points 189 depositional model 74 maximum intensity 191–192 deposits and bedding 64–69 track data 188–189 flow characteristics 71–74 track sinuosity 187, 188, 190–191 grading 62, 67, 68, 71, 72 typhoons and cable breaks 43, 44,45 lamination 71–72 runout 71, 72, 74 uplift rate 41 sand sheet 62, 66 sedimentary facies 71, 73 vegetation buffers 35 source of 71 volcanic hazard map 174, 175, 179, 183 study methods 62, 64 volcanic risk perception 172–173 unidirectional flow 64, 74 volcanic rocks, Mount Natib 154–159, 162 tsunami escape shelters 135, 136 vulnerability model 139 tsunami hazard 1–2 vulnerability to inundation 21–36 French Polynesia 22, 24 vulnerability, tsunami 115, 117, 121 vulnerability 115–123 tsunami hazard, simulated model 82–88 Waiakea, 1960 tsunami 94 digital elevation model 82 warning and awareness 176, 182–184 numerical model 82–84 warning system, Merapi eruption 176, 183 sea-level profile and bathymetry 86,87 warning system, tsunami 92–95, 103 wave travel time 84–85, 88 Indian Ocean 134–135, 136 tsunami, impact on tourist coast 127–131 Pacific 93–94 tsunami-proof structures 131, 134, 135 warning/alert 88 tsunamis, historical 79–88 washover accumulation 27, 32–33 Tubuai, cyclone 23, 25, 26, 27 washover deposits 74 coastal damage 34,35–36 Water Vulnerability 119 flow velocity 29, 30–31,32 wave characteristics 84–85, 87, 88 turbidity currents and cable breaks 45, 50, wave height 127, 129, 131 52,57 wave speed, tsunami 127 turbidity currents and earthquakes 41 Weibull Formula 10 Turgo, volcanism 173, 174, 175, 177, 180, 183 Wenchuan 2008 Earthquake 148 typhoon 9, 11, 12, 15, 17, 18,41 World Tourism Organization 132 Typhoon Morakot 187 typhoon, spatial analysis 187–194 X-ray radiography 45, 52, 54 clustering 188, 189–190 duration 192–193 Yunnan, road-related landslide 112

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