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ARK A CONVERSATION WITH MICHAEL OREN THE ELUSIVE PEACE OF THE SIX-DAY WAR THE SIX-DAY OF THE PEACE ELUSIVE EWIS AUFMAN THE SEVENTH DAY & COUNTING: COUNTING: & DAY SEVENTH THE OPPENGER A JOURNAL OF CHRISTIANITY & AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY CHRISTIANITY & AMERICAN FOREIGN A JOURNAL OF K C • M NATIVE ARK OBERT • C.S. L : R • M ATAAN LSO MAN B
A INTERVENTION ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-TWO HOURS & FIFTY HOURS YEARS: HUNDREDONE THIRTY-TWO A JOHN PAUL II, RONALD REAGAN, & THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM REAGAN, COMMUNISM RONALD & THE COLLAPSE II, OF PAUL JOHN
SPRING 2017 • NUMBER 7 , June 7, 1967 7, , June
Kotel statement at the Moshe Dayan, Israeli Defense Minister Defense Israeli Dayan, Moshe to live here together with others, in unity.” in unity.” with others, together here live to HOLY PLACES, NEVER TO PART FROM IT AGAIN. IT AGAIN. FROM NEVER PLACES, TO PART HOLY religious freedom and rights. We did not come to Jerusalem Jerusalem to come not did We rights. and freedom religious added emphasis at this hour—our hand in peace. And to our our And to in peace. hand this hour—our at emphasis added for the sake of other peoples’ holy places, nor to interfere with interfere to nor places, holy peoples’ other sake of the for To our Arab neighbors, we extend, also at this hour—and with this also hour—and at extend, we Arab our neighbors, To ISRAEL. RETURNED WE OUR HAVE OF TO THE HOLIEST Christian and Muslim fellow citizens, we solemnly promise full promise solemnly we citizens, fellow Christian Muslim and “WE HAVE UNITED JERUSALEM, THE DIVIDED CAPITAL OF UNITED“WE CAPITAL HAVE THE DIVIDED OF JERUSALEM, believers of other faiths, but in order to safeguard its entirety, and and safeguard entirety, its to in order but faiths, other of believers PROVIDENCE SPRING 2017 | NUMBER 7 FEATURES ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-TWO 4 HOURS & FIFTY YEARS: A CONVERSATION WITH MICHAEL OREN
JOSHUA MURAVCHIK THE SEVENTH DAY & COUNTING: THE ELUSIVE PEACE OF THE SIX-DAY WAR 18 %%%"$% $ %& !" %&'!&%) & $% ##"&!& $% ! !!"(& (##$" &"*#$ ! !& " + !%#"!%"$+& "%$" &!& '%' "& "'!& "! PAUL KENGOR $ $ & $ $ " $ " IDLWKĆUVWKDQGDQGFRPHIDFHWRIDFHZLWKWKHPRGHUQGD\PLUDFOHWKDWLV,VUDHO8SRQWKHLUUHWXUQSDUWLFLSDQWVZLOO ! # $ " A POPE & A PRESIDENT: ! JOHN PAUL II, RONALD REAGAN, & THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM 28 !&$%& !&$ #&" %$ & $"' +"'$% ""
" $" $ " & & " ! $ " "$# % # Army Chief Chaplain Rabbi Shlomo Goren, sur- " ! ! $ $ rounded by Israeli Defense Force soldiers of the Paratroop Brigade, blows the shofar in front of the .RWHOKD0DĻDUDYLRU:HVWHUQ:DOOGXULQJWKH6L[ 'D\:DU-XQH %XLOWE\+HURGWKH*UHDWWKH & !%# $& Kotel is a segment of a much longer, ancient, lime- stone retaining wall that encased the hill known as #%%% %$ "$ WKH 7HPSOH 0RXQW 8QGHU WKH %ULWLVK 0DQGDWH RI
Palestine, the blowing of the shofar at the Kotel was FULPLQDOL]HG DQG IURP ZKHQ WKH 2OG &LW\ RI -HUXVDOHP ZDV FRQWUROOHG E\ -RUGDQ -HZV ZHUH GHQLHG DFFHVV WR WKH :DOO HQWLUHO\ 7RGD\ LQ accordance to agreements with Muslim authorities, WKH .RWHO LV WKH KROLHVW SODFH RQ HDUWK ZKHUH -HZV DUHDOORZHGWRSUD\3KRWR&UHGLW 'DYLG5XELQJHU *RYHUQPHQW3UHVV2̇FH PUBLISHERS MARK TOOLEY ROBERT NICHOLSON EDITOR MARK TOOLEY MANAGING EDITOR MARC LIVECCHE DEPUTY EDITOR ESSAYS MARK MELTON
MARK COPPENGER SENIOR EDITORS KEITH PAVLISCHEK
SNOWDENISM: JOSEPH LOCONTE A MORAL ASSESSMENT 37 ASSOCIATE EDITOR SUSANNAH BLACK CHRISTOPHER L. KOLAKOWSKI CONTRIBUTING EDITORS FLICKERING FORLORN HOPE: MARK AMSTUTZ THE BATTLE OF BATAAN 44 FRED BARNES NIGEL BIGGAR MARK TOOLEY J. DARYL CHARLES PAUL COYER AMERICAN INTERESTS MICHAEL CROMARTIE & HUMAN RIGHTS 50 DEAN CURRY ALAN DOWD THOMAS FARR ALAN DOWD MARY HABECK IN THE INTEREST OF HUMANITY 54 REBECCAH HEINRICHS WILL INBODEN JAMES TURNER JOHNSON ROBERT G. KAUFMAN HERB LONDON TIMOTHY MALLARD IN DEFENSE OF AQUINAS: PAUL MARSHALL PREEMPTION, PREVENTION, FAITH MCDONNELL & DECISIVENESS AS JUST WAR STAPLES 64 WALTER RUSSELL MEAD PAUL MILLER JOSHUA MITCHELL LUKE MOON REVIEWS ERIC PATTERSON JONATHAN LEEMAN MACKUBIN THOMAS OWENS AN EXCEPTIONAL CRISIS GREG THORNBURY John Wilsey’s American Exceptionalism and Civil Religion: Reassessing the History of an Idea 71 INTERNS MATTHEW ALLEN GEORGE BARROS JOSHUA CAYETANO BOOKSHELF SAVANNAH HUSMANN JESSICA MEYERS THE QUARTERMASTER’S BOOKSHELF: LOGAN WHITE Recommendations for further reading & a survey of newly available books 75 LAYOUT & DESIGN JOSEPH AVAKIAN PRINTED BY AD ORIENTEM LINEMARK ROBERT NICHOLSON BASIC SUBSCRIPTIONS ARE JUSTICE IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT 80 $28 FOR A YEAR, FOUR ISSUES. STUDENT RATES AVAILABLE. FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: [email protected] SPONSORED BY WEBSITE: PROVIDENCEMAG.COM ISSN 24713511 ESSAY FLICKERING FORLORN HOPE: THE BATTLE OF BATAAN
CHRISTOPHER L. KOLAKOWSKI
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hree-quarters of a century dwindling supplies and dim commanded by Lieutenant Tago, in the opening days of prospects for outside help, the General Masaharu Homma, and the Second World War in the garrison held on as long as pos- General Douglas MacArthur’s Pacific, a joint U.S. and Filipino sible and seriously delayed the U.S. Army Forces in the Far East (Filamerican) army fought des- Japanese timetable for conquest (USAFFE). The Japanese were perately to defend Manila Bay in the Pacific. In the end, the confident of victory, and gave and the Philippines against a Japanese succeeded in forcing Homma just 50 days to capture Japanese invasion. Much of the largest capitulation in U.S. the Philippines before his troops the campaign (8 December military history. would be transferred elsewhere; 1941–6 May 1942) was waged only the British bastion at on both the Bataan Peninsula The 1941–1942 Philippine Singapore was expected to hold and Corregidor Island in the Campaign was fought be- out longer. Japanese planners mouth of Manila Bay. Despite tween the Japanese 14th Army, expected that MacArthur would
make his stand around Manila, the Philippine capital, and once that battle was won the rest of the islands could be occupied at leisure.
The campaign began on 8 December 1941 (7 December, Washington time) with air strikes on key air bases on the main island of Luzon, which succeeded in wiping out much of MacArthur’s air force and removing one of the key pil- lars of the Filamerican defense strategy. Small Japanese land- ings on the north of Luzon fol- lowed, but failed to stir a strong Filamerican reaction.
MacArthur’s command was di- vided in two: the North Luzon Force under Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright, and the South Luzon Force un- der Major General George M. Parker. On 22 December 1941, the 14th Army’s main body land- ed at Lingayen Gulf; two days later another force landed on the Bicol Peninsula in southeastern Luzon. MacArthur planned to defend the beaches and throw the invaders back into the sea, -RQDWKDQ:DLQZULJKW OHIW ZLWK'RXJODV0DF$UWKXULQ2FWREHU 6RXUFH but Wainwright’s counterat- 86$UP\ tacks on the 22nd and 23rd failed due to poor reconnaissance, on Christmas Eve MacArthur from the north. The crux poor coordination, and poor ordered the plan, known as of the problem was the logistics. Many Filipino units WPO-3, put into effect. successful passage of a were untrained or half-trained at the war’s start, and broke at IDPRXVWDFWLFDOGH¿OHWKH WPO-3’s activation meant that first contact with the enemy. bridge at Calumpit, just all of USAFFE’s 80,000 men south of San Fernando had to move from all over Luzon In Manila, MacArthur digested in Pampanga, where to Bataan. Writing after the war, the reports from Lingayen Gulf. Highway No. 3 from MacArthur’s staff summed up He realized the landing repre- northern Luzon to Manila the challenges: sented the main Japanese effort joined with Highway No. with Manila as its objective. 7 leading into Bataan. 7KH GL̇FXOW SUREOHP MacArthur also faced the hard [MacArthur] faced was to The movement of the truth that his plan to defend sideslip his troops west- Southern Luzon Force, the beaches had failed within ward in a series of rapid already complicated the first 24 hours of the main maneuvers and holding through the passage of invasion. Prewar planners had actions to the rocky pen- Manila, was inevitably prepared a scheme for with- insula and to the island canalized at Calumpit, drawing to the Bataan Peninsula forts in Manila Bay before and once across the and Corregidor Island (on the superior forces of the ene- bridge, this force would western end of Manila Bay), and P\FRXOGFXWR̆WKHLUSDWK also have to pass through
San Fernando before it was safely on the road to Bataan.
As a corollary, the hard-pressed Northern Luzon Force would have to hold the enemy back from San Fernando and the Calumpit bridge no matter what the price until the Southern Luzon Force had cleared the FULWLFDOGH¿OHRU*HQHUDO MacArthur stood to lose nearly half the forces with which he expected to defend Bataan and Corregidor. On top of these risks, the Japanese held air supremacy over WKHEDWWOH¿HOG WKH:32 3 movements would be detected and attacked.
WPO-3’s evacuation shocked Manila. Many Filipinos assumed there would be a battle for the capital, and fear swept through 7KH:DUZLWK-DSDQ 3KLOLSSLQH&DPSDLJQ0DS-DQXDU\ 6RXUFH :HVW Manila’s diverse population. 3RLQW$WODVRI$PHULFDQ:DUV On Christmas Eve Philippine President Manuel Quezon, his 1942, the Calumpit Bridge was the eastern half. The Japanese family, and elements of the cab- destroyed. Homma’s forces en- repeatedly attacked the Abucay inet left for Corregidor. Late in tered Manila on 2 January; from position head on, but failed to the day MacArthur sailed to Corregidor Americans watched break through. Assaults west of Corregidor with his senior staff through binoculars as Japanese Abucay bent Parker’s line with and family, who had evacuated flags went up over the Manila fierce fighting. Flanking oper- their residence in the Manila Hotel and other places along ations over Mt. Natib finally Hotel that afternoon on four the waterfront. succeeded reaching the USAFFE hours’ notice. On Boxing Day rear, in one place cutting the the Philippine capital was de- By 7 January the USAFFE forces main road behind I Corps. On clared an open city. stood ready on Bataan to repel 22 January MacArthur ordered any further Japanese advances. a retreat to a new position half- In a series of hard-fought However, in the hasty with- way down the peninsula, run- battles, Wainwright’s North drawal not enough food made ning from Orion to Bagac. Four Luzon Force held successive it to the peninsula in time; the days later his forces were in po- defense positions long enough Bataan garrison immediately sition and reorganizing for their for the South Luzon Force went on half rations. last stand on Bataan. to race northward and west- ward around Manila Bay. Men MacArthur’s line stretched Flushed with victory, Homma’s and supplies also moved into across the peninsula’s base from men closed with this new line Bataan despite Japanese air Abucay to Mauban, with a break and attacked immediately. Most attacks; Homma’s staff under- around rugged Mount Natib. of the assaults were repulsed af- estimated the significance of Wainwright’s force, renamed I ter several days of intense fight- the Filamerican withdrawal and Corps, held the western sector ing, but a deep penetration in stayed focused on Manila. On while Parker’s command (now Wainwright’s line (later known the morning of New Year’s Day known as II Corps) took over as the Pockets) took three weeks
to wipe out. Homma also sent several battalions of infantry to land on the west coast of Bataan and smash supplies and rear-area installations. These landings (named the Points) were contained by a scratch force of Philippine Scouts, pilots converted to infantry, and other rear-area troops. Reserve infan- try and tanks came forward and crushed the Points and Pockets over two weeks of bitter fighting that ended in mid-February.
The defeat of the Points and the Pockets attacks represent- 7KH:DUZLWK-DSDQ 3KLOLSSLQH&DPSDLJQ0DS-DQXDU\ 6RXUFH :HVW ed the first time Allied forces 3RLQW$WODVRI$PHULFDQ:DUV had stopped a major Japanese land offensive in the Pacific “Lack of quinine had brought enduring And my reward War. More importantly for the hospitalization for ma- for bearing pain—is pain; MacArthur, the victory en- laria to 500 daily by 1 March Yet, though the thrill, the sured the continued survival and 1000 daily by 1 April. Due zest, the hope are gone, of his forces for the time being. to lack of vitamins, beriberi Something within me Homma pulled back his man- was flagrant and increasing. NHHSVPH¿JKWLQJRQ gled units to regroup and await Dysentery and diarrhea were reinforcements. Judging his extremely prevalent and due to Bataan’s defenders defiantly forces too weak to counterat- the weakened condition of the referred to themselves as “The tack, MacArthur ordered them men, it could not be controlled.” Battling Bastards of Bataan.” to dig in and await the next By 1 April the Bataan garrison’s Japanese blow. 78,500 men were down to only Events elsewhere affected the 25 percent effectiveness. Philippine defenders’ fortunes. A lull settled over the Bataan Bataan was the only place where battlefront. However, the cu- Still, the defenders held togeth- the Japanese march of conquest mulative effects of poor rations er. Some clung to rumors of had been stopped; elsewhere in now became more apparent. reinforcements: “There was not Southeast Asia the Allies met Daily rations of 2,000 calo- a day that you didn’t hear ships defeat after defeat throughout ries had “dropped to 20 ounces were on the way,” remembered February and early March. As (1,500 calories) in February and Lieutenant Hattie Brantley, a the Philippines became more to 15 ounces (1,000 calories) U.S. Army nurse. “And we be- isolated, it became clear that in March and April,” report- lieved every word of every ru- the defenders were doomed. In ed Brigadier General Charles mor. I think, now, it was part February submarines evacuated Drake, MacArthur’s chief quar- of the psychology of surviv- part of the Philippine treasury, termaster. “The last consisted al. If you had known that you President Quezon and his fam- principally of rice varying from were going to be a captive of the ily, and High Commissioner ten to fourteen ounces and a Japs for three and a half years, Francis Sayre and his family. little meat, canned milk, and you wouldn’t have existed. You canned vegetables.” Insufficient would have given up right then.” Radio Tokyo had announced food left the men listless, easily that MacArthur would be hung tired, and showing what one Lieutenant Henry Lee struck a in Tokyo as a war criminal; Filipino officer termed an “un- deep chord with his widely-cir- in the United States, political acceptable indifference” to the culated poem, “Fighting On”: pressure built upon President battlefield situation. Franklin Roosevelt to save I see no gleam of victory MacArthur. But MacArthur was Disease also took its toll. alluring, No chance of determined not to leave, tell- “Bataan is a malarial infested splendid booty or of gain, ing Washington on 11 February region,” wrote General Parker. If I endure—I must go on that he, his wife Jean, and their
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4-year-old son Arthur would his arrival, General MacArthur In Australia, General MacArthur “share the fate of the garrison.” announced to the press, “I came issued a statement. “The Bataan What tipped the balance was through, and I shall return.” force went out as it would have a request from Australia for a wished, fighting to the end of senior U.S. general to take com- General Wainwright received its flickering, forlorn hope,” he mand of the Southwest Pacific a third star and overall com- said. “No army has ever done so region. mand of the Philippine defend- much with so little and nothing ers, renamed U.S. Forces in the became it more than its last On 23 February MacArthur Philippines, or USFIP. Major hour of trial and agony. To the received a telegram from General Edward P. King as- weeping mothers of its dead, I Washington. He read: “The sumed command of the Bataan can only say that the sacrifice President directs that you make garrison, renamed Luzon Force, and halo of Jesus of Nazareth arrangements to leave Fort Mills and Major General Albert Jones has descended upon their sons, [Corregidor] and proceed to took over I Corps. and that God will take them Mindanao. You are directed to unto Himself.” make this change as quickly as Homma meanwhile received possible. The President desires heavy reinforcements and General King surrendered that in Mindanao you take such planned a new offensive. The 76,000 American and Filipino measures as will ensure a pro- final Japanese blow fell on Good soldiers on 9 April 1942. longed defense of that region… Friday, 3 April 1942, and it fell Approximately 1,500 of that to- From Mindanao you will pro- squarely on the II Corps line. tal were transferred or escaped ceed to Australia where you will The Filamerican forces gave to Corregidor, which meant that assume command of all United ground, and King committed his about 74,000 men were go- States troops.” reserves to counterattack and ing with him into captivity—far stabilize the situation. Despite more than the 40,000 prison- A stunned MacArthur tried these efforts, the Japanese con- ers the Japanese expected to to duck the order, even to the tinued to slash their way south- house and feed. The result was point of resigning his commis- ward. By the evening of 6 April, one of the Pacific War’s worst sion. His staff talked him out of the Luzon Force’s line was irrep- atrocities. that, and MacArthur prepared arably broken; Japanese units for departure. On 11 March he, raced down the east coast of Over the next three days, his family, and select staff de- Bataan. Troops gathered for a King’s troops began their parted Corregidor via PT boats last stand, but everyone sensed trip out of Bataan to a prison and arrived on the north shore the end was near. To save his camp at Camp O’Donnell near of Mindanao on the morning men from massacre, General Clark Field. Except for a short of 13 March. Three days later King surrendered the Luzon train trip from San Fernando they flew on B-17s overnight to Force on 9 April, in the largest Pampanga to Capas, the 66- Australia, landing on the morn- capitulation in U.S. history. mile journey was by road. Some ing of 17 March. Shortly after rode in Japanese trucks, but the
majority of prisoners, including render of the entire Philippines, ment, and preparations for bat- several senior commanders, and the Japanese finally held tle in future Pacific operations. walked. Japanese treatment of the islands after more than five the Bataan defenders was often months of hard fighting. Today, the defense of Bataan cruel, capricious, and in some occupies a central place in cases murderous. Only 54,000 The fall of the Philippines ranks Philippine national identity. arrived at Camp O’Donnell, as one of the worst defeats in Monuments mark key locations which meant that over two U.S. military history, and King’s on the battlefield, and the 9th of weeks, 20,000 Americans and capitulation on 9 April is far and April is a national holiday. The Filipinos disappeared between away the largest of its kind in Camp O’Donnell site is now the Bataan and O’Donnell. Five American history. But the val- Capas National Shrine. One thousand stayed behind in the iant defense of the Philippines of the monuments there hon- hospitals and on work details, was not in vain; the USAFFE/ ors the men held there in the while an undetermined number USFIP troops had held out summer of 1942. At the top escaped to fight as guerrillas. for five months, disrupted the is a quote from General King: The vast majority (usually es- Japanese timetable of conquest, “Courage is a quality God has timated at 11,000) died on the and denied the enemy use of the seen fit to dispense with utmost road. Of those deaths, at least key base at Manila Bay. Their care. The men of Bataan were 650 were Americans. Ever af- stand inspired the Allied world, His chosen favorites.” There is ter, this trip to prison would and would do so until the final no better tribute. be known as the Bataan Death victory over the Axis in 1945. March. Most importantly, through their Christopher L. Kolakowski victories in early February the works as a historian in Norfolk, The Japanese next turned their Bataan defenders had shown Virginia. He is the author of four attention to Corregidor. After that the Japanese could be beat- books on the American Civil nearly a month of incessant air en. Lessons and intelligence War and World War II, and is and artillery bombardment, about weapons and tactics, both working on a study of the 1944 they invaded and captured the American and Japanese, learned India-Burma campaigns. The island on 6 May 1942. The fall of during the campaign would in- views contained herein are his Corregidor precipitated the sur- fluence U.S. training, equip- own.
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