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Ernæringens Betydning for Skinn-, Tarm- Og Gjellehelse Hos Laks Faglig Sluttrapport

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Ernæringens Betydning for Skinn-, Tarm- Og Gjellehelse Hos Laks Faglig Sluttrapport Rapport 17/2019 • Utgitt mai 2019 Ernæringens betydning for skinn-, tarm- og gjellehelse hos laks Faglig sluttrapport Gerd Marit Berge, Elisabeth Ytteborg, Tone-Kari Østbye, Henrik Sundh, Ida Rud, Lene Sveen, Grete Bæverfjord, Christian Karlsen, Aleksei Krasnov, Jonas Øgaard, Kristina Sundell, Mona Pedersen, Bente Halvorsen og Bente Ruyter Nofima er et næringsrettet forskningsinstitutt Felles kontaktinformasjon: som driver forskning og utvikling for Tlf: 02140 akvakulturnæringen, fiskerinæringen og E-post: [email protected] matindustrien. Internett: www.nofima.no Nofima har om lag 350 ansatte. Foretaksnr.: NO 989 278 835 MVA Hovedkontoret er i Tromsø, og forskningsvirksomheten foregår på fem ulike steder: Ås, Stavanger, Bergen, Sunndalsøra og Tromsø Hovedkontor Tromsø: Muninbakken 9–13 Postboks 6122 Langnes NO-9291 Tromsø Ås: Osloveien 1 Postboks 210 NO-1431 ÅS Stavanger: Måltidets hus, Richard Johnsensgate 4 Postboks 8034 NO-4068 Stavanger Bergen: Kjerreidviken 16 Postboks 1425 Oasen NO-5844 Bergen Sunndalsøra: Sjølsengvegen 22 NO-6600 Sunndalsøra Alta: Kunnskapsparken, Markedsgata 3 NO-9510 Alta (Mal versjon 2 av 020117) Rapport Tittel: ISBN: 978-82-8296-596-5 (pdf) Ernæringens betydning for skinn-, tarm-, og gjellehelse hos laks ISSN 1890-579X Rapportnr.: Title: 17/2019 Importance of nutrition for skin, intestine and gill health in Atlantic salmon Tilgjengelighet: Åpen Forfatter(e)/Prosjektleder: Dato: Gerd Marit Berge, Elisabeth Ytteborg, Tone-Kari Østbye, Henrik Sundh (Göteborgs 29.05.2019 Universitet), Ida Rud, Lene Sveen, Grete Bæverfjord, Christian Karlsen, Aleksei Krasnov, Jonas Øgaard (OUS), Kristina Sundell (Göteborgs Universitet), Mona Pedersen, Bente Halvorsen (OUS) og Bente Ruyter Avdeling: Ant. sider og vedlegg: Ernæring og fôrteknologi 97 Oppdragsgiver: Oppdragsgivers ref.: Fiskeri- og havbruksnæringens forskningsfinansiering (FHF) FHF 901265 Stikkord: Prosjektnr.: omega-3, fettsyrer, Zn, sink, laks, RAS 11650 Sammendrag/anbefalinger: Prosjektets hovedmål var å skaffe kunnskap om hvordan ulike nivåer av sink (Zn) og EPA+DHA i dietten påvirker sammensetning, funksjon og robusthet til barrierevev hos laks. Forsøk med laks fôret 3 ulike nivåer av Zn og omega-3 i dietten fra parr til postsmolt-størrelse, viste at nivået av omega-3- fettsyrer i dietten påvirker opptaket av Zn i tarmen og Zn-nivået i helkropp. Zn-nivået i fôret påvirker på sin side sammensetningen av membranfosfolipidene, noe som igjen vil være av betydning for funksjonen til transportproteiner i tarmen. Histologiske analyser av skinnkvalitet viste at lave nivåer av både omega-3 og Zn ga dårligere skinnkvalitet enn høyere nivåer. omega-3 og Zn hadde effekter på ulike lag i skinnet, der omega-3 påvirket mest de dypere lagene i skinnet, påvirket Zn mest det ytre laget. Både lave doser omega-3 og Zn i fôret ga i tillegg dårligere sårhelingsevne. Lavt nivå av omega-3 i fôret førte til endret funksjon og sammensetning av tarmmembranen, inkludert reduksjon i aktiv ionetransport og endret kapasitet til osmoregulering. Ulike nivåer av både Zn og omega-3 førte til endret uttrykk av et stort antall gener i gjeller, endringer knyttet til en rekke funksjoner som vevsorganisering, metabolisme, signaloverføring m.m., men betydningen av disse endringene for fysiologisk funksjon er ikke kjent. Gjeller fra alle diettgrupper hadde normal morfologi. Våre observasjoner tyder på at samspillet mellom nivåene av omega-3 (EPA+DHA) og Zn i dietten påvirker en rekke funksjoner i barrierevev. Omega-3 er en begrenset ressurs, og bruken av Zn i fôr er regulert. Derfor er det er viktig å sikre effektivt opptak og utnyttelse av disse næringsstoffene i laksen. Samspillseffekten mellom Zn og omega-3 og deres helseeffekt bør være et viktig fokus for videre studier. English summary/recommendation: The aim of this project was to study effects of varying levels of zinc and omega-3 fatty acids on barrier tissues in Atlantic salmon, from parr in freshwater to post-smolt. Both nutrients affected composition of lipids, and also function, of barrier tissues. Forord Ideen til dette prosjektet ble utformet med bakgrunn i tidligere resultater som tydet på at sub-optimale nivåer av essensielle fettsyrer og mineraler i fôret til laksen kan være av betydning for helse og funksjon til barrierevev. En styringsgruppe for prosjektet ble utnevnt, og endelig prosjektbeskrivelse ble utarbeidet etter innspill fra styringsgruppa. Prosjektet, med en totalramme på ca. 10,8 mill. NOK, er fullfinansiert av FHF. FHF står som oppdragsgiver for prosjektet. Innhold 1 Sammendrag (både på norsk og engelsk) .................................................................... 1 2 Innledning .................................................................................................................. 2 2.1 Faglig bakgrunn for prosjektet ............................................................................................... 2 2.2 Ernæring og skinnhelse .......................................................................................................... 2 2.3 Ernæring og tarmhelse ........................................................................................................... 3 2.4 Ernæring og gjellehelse .......................................................................................................... 4 2.5 Prosjektets omfang ................................................................................................................. 5 2.6 Prosjektorganisering ............................................................................................................... 5 3 Problemstilling og formål ........................................................................................... 7 3.1 Hovedmål ............................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Prosjektets effektmål ............................................................................................................. 7 4 Prosjektgjennomføring ............................................................................................... 9 4.1 Prøver fra kommersielle anlegg med ulik produksjonsstrategi .............................................. 9 4.2 Bestemme tilgjengelighet av sink fra ulike kilder ................................................................. 10 4.3 Fôringsforsøk i RAS-anlegg, med ulike nivåer av EPA+DHA og sink i fôr .............................. 11 4.4 Prøver fra hovedforsøket ..................................................................................................... 15 4.5 Funksjonsanalyse av tarmvev ............................................................................................... 15 4.6 Sårhelingsforsøk ................................................................................................................... 15 4.7 Mikrobiota ............................................................................................................................ 15 4.8 Smittetest ............................................................................................................................. 16 4.9 Beregninger og analyser ....................................................................................................... 17 4.9.1 Beregning av fordøyelighet, vekst og organindekser ....................................................... 17 4.9.2 Kjemiske analyser ............................................................................................................. 17 4.9.3 Fett og fettsyrer, fettklasser, PL ....................................................................................... 17 4.9.4 Analyse av LPS i plasma .................................................................................................... 18 4.9.5 Genuttrykk ........................................................................................................................ 18 4.9.6 Morfologiske analyser og velferdsscore ........................................................................... 18 4.9.7 Statistikk ........................................................................................................................... 19 5 Oppnådde resultater, diskusjon og konklusjon ......................................................... 21 5.1 Data fra kommersielle anlegg ............................................................................................... 21 5.1.1 Fettsyrer ........................................................................................................................... 22 5.1.2 Sink ................................................................................................................................... 24 5.1.3 Røntgenundersøkelse ....................................................................................................... 24 5.2 Tilgjengelighet av Zn ............................................................................................................. 26 5.3 Hovedforsøk: Fra parr til postsmolt i RAS ............................................................................ 27 5.3.1 Vekst, organindekser og velfersscore ............................................................................... 27 5.3.2 Sink i helkropp og barrierevev .......................................................................................... 29 5.3.3 Fettsyresammensetning av ulike membranfosfolipider i skinn, tarm og gjeller .............. 32 5.3.4 Røntgenundersøkelser ....................................................................................................
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