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Baoxue Yang Jeff M. Sands Editors Urea Transporters Subcellular Biochemistry Subcellular Biochemistry 73 Baoxue Yang Jeff M. Sands Editors Urea Transporters Subcellular Biochemistry Volume 73 Series editor Robin Harris, Northumberland, UK More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6515 Baoxue Yang · Jeff M. Sands Editors Urea Transporters 1 3 Editors Baoxue Yang Jeff M. Sands Department of Pharmacology Renal Division, Department of Medicine School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Physiology Peking University Emory University School of Medicine Beijing Atlanta, GA China USA ISSN 0306-0225 ISBN 978-94-017-9342-1 ISBN 978-94-017-9343-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9343-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014949493 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London © Springer Science Business Media Dordrecht 2014 This work is subject+ to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword Urea Transporters edited by B. Yang and J.M. Sands is a compendium of chapters about urea transport across membranes and the transporters/channels that medi- ate it. This is the first book on urea transport since a classic book Urea and the Kidney edited by Bodil-Schmidt Nielsen in 1970. The editors have recruited the top workers in the field worldwide to provide us with a far-reaching accounting of the world’s knowledge about urea transport. The book deals with most aspects of urea transport from urea transporter molecules, illustrating that the SLC14 family of proteins most likely function as urea channels and not carriers. The chapter on the use of transgenic knockout mice to study renal urea transporters by Fenton and Yang is particularly informative, providing the latest information on the relation- ship between urea transport and the urinary concentrating mechanism. An exciting chapter on small molecule inhibitors of urea channels by Verkman and colleagues provides insight into urea channels as pharmacological targets. Since SLC14 iso- forms UT-A1 and UT-A3 are expressed in the inner medullary collecting duct, downstream from sites of sodium chloride transport, inhibition of these transport- ers can be expected to increase water excretion without affecting sodium chloride balance. Thus, this family of drugs may provide us with new therapeutic agents for the treatment of water balance disorders. I expect that this book will be highly useful as a comprehensive reference work to provide a foundation for future studies of urea transport. We are living in an era of information glut, and works such as the one provided by Yang and Sands are invaluable as a means to rapidly assimilate information on a given topic going back to the earliest studies. The scholarship is exceptional and book is as up-to- date as it can be in this era of rapidly expanding knowledge. I wish that more books with this level of focus and scholarship were available. Mark A. Knepper v Contents 1 Overview and Historical Perspective ........................... 1 Baoxue Yang and Jeff M. Sands 2 Urea ..................................................... 7 Hongkai Wang, Jianhua Ran and Tao Jiang 3 Mathematical Modeling of Urea Transport in the Kidney ......... 31 Anita T. Layton 4 Genes and Proteins of Urea Transporters ....................... 45 Jeff M. Sands and Mitsi A. Blount 5 Structure of Urea Transporters ............................... 65 Elena J. Levin and Ming Zhou 6 Expression of Urea Transporters and Their Regulation ........... 79 Janet D. Klein 7 Biochemical Properties of Urea Transporters ................... 109 Guangping Chen 8 Transport Characteristics of Urea Transporter-B ................ 127 Baoxue Yang 9 Urea Transporter Knockout Mice and Their Renal Phenotypes .... 137 Robert A. Fenton and Baoxue Yang 10 Extrarenal Phenotypes of the UT-B Knockout Mouse ............. 153 Baoxue Yang, Xin Li, Lirong Guo, Yan Meng, Zixun Dong and Xuejian Zhao vii viii Contents 11 Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Urea Transporters ................. 165 Alan S. Verkman, Cristina Esteva-Font, Onur Cil, Marc O. Anderson, Fei Li, Min Li, Tianluo Lei, Huiwen Ren and Baoxue Yang 12 Clinical Aspects of Urea Transporters .......................... 179 Jianhua Ran, Hongkai Wang and Tinghai Hu 13 Active Urea Transport in Lower Vertebrates and Mammals ....... 193 Lise Bankir 14 Urea Transport Mediated by Aquaporin Water Channel Proteins .... 227 Chunling Li and Weidong Wang Contributors Marc O. Anderson Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA Lise Bankir INSERM UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche Des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France Mitsi A. Blount Renal Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Guangping Chen Department of Physiology, and Renal Division Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Onur Cil Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Zixun Dong Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China Cristina Esteva-Font Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Robert A. Fenton Department of Biomedicine, Interpret Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark Lirong Guo Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine of Jilin University, Changchun, China Tinghai Hu Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China Tao Jiang Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China Janet D. Klein Renal Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Anita T. Layton Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA ix x Contributors Tianluo Lei Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China Elena J. Levin Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA Xin Li Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China Fei Li Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China Min Li Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China Chunling Li Institute of Hypertension and Kidney Research, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Yan Meng Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine of Jilin University, Changchun, China Jianhua Ran Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Center, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China Huiwen Ren Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China Jeff M. Sands Renal Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, NE, Atlanta, GA, USA Alan S. Verkman Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA Hongkai Wang Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience Center, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China Weidong Wang Institute of Hypertension and Kidney Research, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China Baoxue Yang State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China Xuejian Zhao Department of Pathophysiology, Norman Bethune College of Medicine of Jilin University, Changchun, China Ming Zhou Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
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