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WRN Protein and Werner Syndrome

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WRN Protein and Werner Syndrome North American Journal of Medicine and Science Oct 2010 Vol 3 No.4 205 Commentary WRN Protein and Werner Syndrome Jianyuan Luo, PhD metabolism, genomic instability, and senescence. Werner Abstract syndrome cells show hypersensitivity to selected DNA- Werner syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder damaging agents including 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide associated with premature aging and cancer (4NQO),11 topoisomerase inhibitors,12 and certain DNA predisposition. Cells from Werner syndrome patients cross-linking agents.13 Comparing with normal cells, Werner show increased genomic instability and are hypersensitive syndrome cells also exhibit increased genomic instability to DNA damage agents. Werner syndrome is caused by including higher levels of DNA deletions, translocations, and mutations of the WRN gene. WRN protein is a member of chromosomal breaks.14,15 These studies suggest that WRN RecQ DNA helicase family. It not only contains a plays an important role in DNA repair, replication, and conserved 3’-5’ helicase domain as other members of the recombination pathways. RecQ family but also contains a unique 3’-5’ exonuclease domain. WRN recognizes specific DNA structures as Werner Syndrome Mouse Model substrates which are intermediates of DNA metabolism. Two knockout mouse models for Werner syndrome have WRN interacts with many other proteins, which function been established by using different strategies, and displayed a in telomere maintenance, DNA replication, and DNA distinct phenotype. Lebel and Leder targeted the exons that repair through different pathways. encode motifs III and IV of the helicase domain of mouse [N A J Med Sci. 2010;3(4):205-207.] WRN. The targeted gene expresses a fully translated WRN protein that lacks 121 amino acids of the helicase domain. Therefore, it is expected that it lacks helicase activity but Werner Syndrome and its Cellular Phenotype retains other putative functions of the WRN protein. The Werner syndrome is a human autosomal recessive disorder homozygous mice were born viable, and during the first year, that displays symptoms of premature aging, including early the mice appeared normal. By 24 months, 62% of the graying and thinning of hair, wrinkling and ulceration of homozygous mice had developed some kind of hyperplasia skin, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, and cataracts. In addition, or tumor.12 WRN∆hel/∆hel p53−/− double-knockout mice were Werner syndrome patients exhibit an increased incidence of shown to develop tumors more rapidly than the p53−/− diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, and are highly parental line. Indeed, by 4–5 months, 50% of the double- disposed to the emergence of benign and malignant knockout population had developed tumors.16 The other 1 neoplasms. Werner syndrome caused by mutation of the knockout mouse, generated by Lombard and co-workers,17 2 WRN gene, a member of the RecQ DNA helicase family. targeted the last exon of the helicase domain, which results in 3 There are five known human RecQ helicases. Mutations in the expression of a truncated protein, a situation similar to two other family members, BLM and RecQ4, are responsible that seen in most human Werner syndrome cases. Moreover, 4 for the two other premature aging syndromes, Bloom’s and as is seen with many of the WS mutations in humans, these 5 Rothmund Thomson, respectively. The WRN gene encodes a authors could not detect expression of the truncated protein. 2 1,432-amino acid protein that contains both 3’→5’ helicase This mouse allele, therefore, can be considered as WRN−.17 6-9 and 3’→5’ exonuclease activities. The WRN−/− homozygous mutant mice were reported to be perfectly healthy. Also, WRN−/− embryonic fibroblasts from The cells from patients with Werner syndrome show these animals showed no signs of sensitivity to 4NQO or premature replicative senescence compared with cells 10 camptothecin, and there was no significant decrease in the derived from normal individuals. The Werner syndrome replicative lifespan of these fibroblasts. However, p53−/− cellular phenotype suggests correlations among faulty DNA WRN−/− double-knockout mice died earlier, and the lack of −/− −/+ p53 accelerated the mortality of WRN or WRN mice. −/− Received 10/14/2010; Revised 10/23/2010; Accepted 10/24/2010 The lack of an obvious phenotype in this WRN mice might be explained by the fact that telomerase is expressed Jianyuan Luo, PhD constitutively in rodent cells, effectively masking any effect Department of Medical & Research Technology of a loss of WRN function.17 The finding of the mice with Department of Pathology WRN and Terc double knock out exhibiting the typical School of Medicine, University of Maryland Werner syndrome phenotype indicates that WRN regulating AHB 405A, 100 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 telomere function.18,19 [email protected] 206 Oct 2010 Vol 3 No.4 North American Journal of Medicine and Science Biochemical Characteristics of the WRN aphidicolin, 4NQO, etoposide or camptothecin, WRN 26,30,35-37 Protein migrates from nucleoli to discrete nuclear foci. The The lack of phenotypes of WRN knockout mice underscores fact that DNA damage also induces the formation of RPA and RAD51 foci, and these co-localize with WRN almost the need to study human WRN functions at biochemical and 37 cellular level. WRN is a bipartite and bifunctional enzyme. In fully (RPA), or partially (RAD51), emphasizes the potential addition to the ATP-dependent 3’→5’ helicase and DNA- role of the WRN protein in DNA replication and DNA repair. dependent ATPase activities, it also possesses a functional 3’→5’ exonuclease domain, which is similar to the Conclusion Mark exonuclease domain of E. coli DNA polymerase I.20 The two The increasing number of WRN interacting proteins enzymatic functions are separable from each other. The involving DNA replication, recombination and repair provide mutation WRND82A and E84A, disables exonuclease the strong evidence that WRN functions in multiple DNA activity, but retains its helicase activity.7 Similarly, the metabolic processes. WRN participates in several DNA ATPase and helicase activities are diminished when the repair pathways including double strand break repair for both Lys577 residue in the ATPase domain is mutated, but the homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end- exonuclease activity is not affected by this substitution.7,21 joining (NHEJ) pathways and base excision repair (BER) The helicase and exonuclease activities are physically pathway. While it may not be essential in any individual separable, recombinant N-terminal fragments WRN1–368,22 process, WRN appears to have significant functional roles in and the minimal exonuclease domain WRN70–24023 display these pathways. WRN resolves DNA intermediates that arise exonuclease activity without helicase activity. Similarly, N normally as a result of DNA repair and replication processes. terminal deletion derivatives, which lack the exonuclease However, the precise role of WRN protein in these processes domain, retain helicase activity. Although the two enzymatic still remains unclear. How the mutations of WRN protein activities are not affect each other, full function and contribute to the plethora of premature aging symptoms in regulation of catalytic activities require the presence of other Werner Syndrome is yet to be ascertained. Further study to regions of the protein, which could modify the activity of the address these important questions should lead to new insights minimal enzymatic domains.24 regarding aging process. The helicase activity of WRN shows very poor processivity References as it preferentially unwound bubble substrates, forked 1. Martin GM, Austad SN, Johnson TE. Genetic analysis of ageing: role 25 of oxidative damage and environmental stresses. Nat Genet. 1996; structures and G-quadruplex DNA. WRN was also capable 13(1):25-34. of branch-migrating Holliday junctions over distances as 2. Yu CE, Oshima J, Fu YH, et al. Positional cloning of the Werner's great as 2.7 kb.26 The 3’→5’ exonuclease activity also syndrome gene. Science 1996; 272(5259):258-262. displays low processivity. Exonucleolytic cleavage results in 3. Hickson ID. RecQ helicases: caretakers of the genome. Nat Rev 8 Cancer. 2003;3(3):169-178. the production of 5’-deoxymonophosphates. It prefers 5’ 4. Ellis NA, Groden J, Ye TZ, et al. The Bloom's syndrome gene product overhangs, bubbles, loops and Holliday junctions structures, is homologous to RecQ helicases. Cell. 1995;83(4):655-666. but has little or no activity on double-stranded duplexes with 5. Kitao S, Shimamoto A, Goto M, et al. Mutations in RECQL4 cause a blunt ends, partial duplexes with 3’ overhangs, or single- subset of cases of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Nat Genet. 24 1999;22(1):82-84. strand DNA. 6. Gray MD, Shen JC, Kamath-Loeb AS, et al. The Werner syndrome protein is a DNA helicase. Nat Genet. 1997;17(1):100-103. Functions of WRN Protein and its Subcellular 7. Huang S, Li B, Gray MD, Oshima J, Mian IS, Campisi J. The premature ageing syndrome protein, WRN, is a 3’→5’ exonuclease. Localization Nat Genet. 1998;20(2):114-116. The multi-functional nature of WRN, as well as the range of 8. Kamath-Loeb AS, Shen JC, Loeb LA, Fry M. Werner syndrome different symptoms seen in Werner syndrome patients, protein: II. Characterization of the integral 3’→5’ DNA exonuclease. J Biol Chem. 1998;273(51):34145-34150. suggests that WRN may be a versatile enzyme with an 9. Orren DK, Brosh RM Jr, Nehlin JO, Machwe A, Gray MD, Bohr VA. involvement in diverse cellular processes. The finding that Enzymatic and DNA binding properties of purified WRN protein: high WRN interacts physically and functionally with other affinity binding to single-stranded DNA but not to DNA damage proteins required for DNA metabolism supports this notion. induced by 4NQO. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999;27(17):3557-3566. 10. Martin GM, Sprague CA, Epstein CJ. Replicative life-span of WRN was found to interact directly with numerous proteins, cultivated human cells.
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