Structure and Function of the Human Recq DNA Helicases

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Structure and Function of the Human Recq DNA Helicases Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2005 Structure and function of the human RecQ DNA helicases Garcia, P L Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-34420 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Garcia, P L. Structure and function of the human RecQ DNA helicases. 2005, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. Structure and Function of the Human RecQ DNA Helicases Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorw¨urde (Dr. sc. nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultat¨ der Universitat¨ Z ¨urich von Patrick L. Garcia aus Unterseen BE Promotionskomitee Prof. Dr. Josef Jiricny (Vorsitz) Prof. Dr. Ulrich H ¨ubscher Dr. Pavel Janscak (Leitung der Dissertation) Z ¨urich, 2005 For my parents ii Summary The RecQ DNA helicases are highly conserved from bacteria to man and are required for the maintenance of genomic stability. All unicellular organisms contain a single RecQ helicase, whereas the number of RecQ homologues in higher organisms can vary. Mu- tations in the genes encoding three of the five human members of the RecQ family give rise to autosomal recessive disorders called Bloom syndrome, Werner syndrome and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. These diseases manifest commonly with genomic in- stability and a high predisposition to cancer. However, the genetic alterations vary as well as the types of tumours in these syndromes. Furthermore, distinct clinical features are observed, like short stature and immunodeficiency in Bloom syndrome patients or premature ageing in Werner Syndrome patients. Also, the biochemical features of the human RecQ-like DNA helicases are diverse, pointing to different roles in the mainte- nance of genomic stability. The goal of my thesis was to explore the functions of the human RecQ homologues BLM, WRN and especially the so far biochemically uncharacterised RECQ5, with a focus on the identification of functional domains of these proteins, their biochemical properties and modes of action. To characterise the domain organisation of the BLM protein, Janscak et al. (1) purified from E. coli and biochemically characterised a deletion variant of BLM, encompassing amino acids 642-1290. This truncated version contained the DEAH, the RecQ-Ct and the HRDC domains. This fragment was proficient in DNA-stimulated ATPase and DNA helicase activity displaying the same substrate specificity as the full-size protein. Gel- filtration experiments revealed that it exists as a monomer in solution both free and in its DNA-bound form, even in the presence of Mg2+ and ATPγS. With a λ Spi- assay, it could be shown that BLM642-1290 is able to partially suppress the illegitimate recombination in E. coli recQ- strains. Furthermore, the RecQ-Ct domain was identified as a region essential for activity of the protein, and the HRDC domain as an auxiliary DNA binding domain. With my work on RECQ5β (2), I could show the first biochemical characterisation of this RecQ DNA helicase. After overexpression in E. coli, I purified the protein to high homogeneity and subjected it to various biochemical assays. The protein showed the predicted ATP-dependent 3’-5’ helicase activity and was also able to promote the iii migration of Holliday juntions. Surprisingly, RECQ5β displayed a DNA strand-annealing activity residing in the C-terminal half of the protein. This activity was strongly inhibited by RPA. Inhibition of the annealing activity could also be observed in the presence of the poorly hydrolysable ATPγS, which was alleviated by mutations in the ATP binding motif of RECQ5β, indicating an inability of RECQ5β to anneal DNA strands in the ATP-bound form. BLM and WRN are classified as SF2 helicases and show ATPase activity with single and double stranded DNA as effectors, indicating that translocation along the DNA is mediated by contacts with the phosphodiester backbone. SF1 helicases like the PcrA from B. stearothermophilus make contacts with the bases of the DNA, which is depen- dent on the rotational flexibility of the DNA backbone. I have shown that DNA unwinding by BLM and WRN was inhibited by vinylphosphonate internucleotide linkages in the DNA that reduce the rotational flexibility of the phosphodiester backbone; an effect also observed with PcrA (3). However, in contrast to PcrA, a single stranded DNA bind- ing protein RPA could alleviate the inhibitory effect of these modifications on BLM and WRN-mediated unwinding, pointing to mechanistic differences between SF1 and SF2 helicases. One of the functions of BLM is to act together with Topoisomerase IIIα to process re- combination intermediates containing double Holliday junctions using a strand-passage mechanism that prevents the formation of cross-over products (4). Wu et al. (5) have shown that this dissolution reaction is highly specific to BLM amongst the human RecQ helicases and that it requires the HRDC domain of BLM. The HRDC domain is essen- tial for the efficient binding to and unwinding of double Holliday junctions by BLM. The unwinding of simple duplexes is not an activity of the protein that is required for this reaction. The lysine 1270 of BLM located in the HRDC domain is required for efficient dissolution and is predicted to majorly contribute to the interaction with DNA. Cheok et al. have shown that, in addition to the highly conserved DNA unwinding activity, BLM also contains a strand-annealing activity that does not require Mg2+, is inhibited by ssDNA binding proteins and ATP,and is dependent on DNA length. Through deletion analysis we have shown that a 60 amino acid stretch in the C-terminal part of BLM is important for strand annealing (6). iv Zusammenfassung Die RecQ DNS Helikasen sind hochkonserviert in Bakterien bis zum Menschen und sind wichtig fur¨ die Bewahrung genomischer Stabilitat.¨ Alle unizellularen¨ Organismen bein- halten eine einzige RecQ Helikase, wahrend¨ die Anzahl in hoheren¨ Organismen vari- ieren kann. Mutationen in drei der funf¨ menschlichen RecQ-Homologen resultieren in den seltenen autosomal rezessiven Krankheiten Bloom Syndrom, Werner Syndrom und Rothmund-Thompson Syndrom. Diese Krankheiten zeichnen sich alle durch genomis- che Instabilitat¨ und hohe Krebsdisposition aus. Jedoch zeigen Syndrome Unterschiede bezuglich¨ der genetischen Veranderungen,¨ Art der Tumore und klinischen Befunden. Die biochemischen Eigenschaften der humanen RecQ DNS Helikasen sind auch ver- schieden, auf deren unterschiedlichen Aufgaben in verschiedenen Ketten und Rollen in Gewahrleistung¨ der genomischen Stabilitat¨ hin weisend. Das Ziel meiner Dissertation war es, die Funktionen der RecQ Homologen BLM, WRN und besonders die des bis dahin sparlich¨ charakterisierten RECQ5 zu erforschen mit speziellem Augenmerk auf die Identifikation funktioneller Domanen,¨ biochemische Eigenschaften und Reaktionsmechanismen. Um die Domanorganisationsstruktur¨ des BLM Proteins zu definieren, haben Janscak et al. (1) eine Deletionsvariante von BLM, das Peptid der Aminosauren¨ 642-1290, nach Uberexpression¨ in E. coli aufgereinigt und biochemisch charakterisiert. Die Variante enthalt¨ die DEAH Helikasen-, die RecQ-Ct und die HRDC Domanen.¨ Dieses Fragment zeigte DNS-stimulierte ATPase Aktvitat¨ mit derselben Substratspezifitat¨ wie das Pro- tein der ganzen Lange.¨ Durch Gel-filtrationsexperimente konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Protein in Losung¨ frei und in DNS gebundener Form als Monomer vorlag, was nicht durch die Prasenz¨ von Mg2+ sowie von ATPγS beeinflusst wurde. In einem λ Spi- Versuch hat sich gezeigt, dass BLM642-1290 partiell die illegitime Rekombination in E. ColiRecQ- unterdrucken¨ konnte. Des Weiteren wurde die RecQ-Ct Domane¨ als eine fur¨ die Aktivitat¨ des Proteins essentielle Region und die HRDC Domane¨ als auxiliare¨ Bindungsdomane¨ identifiziert werden. Durch meine Arbeit mit RECQ5β, konnte ich die erste biochemische Charakter- isierung dieser RecQ-ahnlichen¨ DNS Helikase zeigen (2). Nach Uberexprimierung¨ in E. coli habe ich das Protein zu hoher Homogenitat¨ aufgereinigt und es mittels klassischen Helikasenversuchen charakterisiert. Das Protein hat die vorausgesagte ATP-abhangige¨ v 3’-5’ Helikasenaktivitat¨ gezeigt, und vermochte auch Holliday Strukturen zu migrieren. Erstaunlicherweise zeigte dieses Protein eine DNS-Paarungsaktivitat¨ im C-terminalen Teil, welche durch RPA inhibiert werden konnte. Die Inhibition der Paarungsaktivitat¨ konnte ebenfalls durch das schwach hydrolysierbare ATPγS beobachtet werden, was wiederum duch Mutationen im ATP-Bindungsmotiv aufgehoben wurde, darauf hindeu- tend, dass das Protein in ATP-gebundener Form nicht in der Lage ist, DNS Strange¨ aneinanderzufuhren.¨ BLM und WRN sind als SF2 Helikasen klassifiziert und zeigen ATPase Aktivitaten¨ mit einzelstrangiger¨ sowie doppelstrangiger¨ DNS als Effektoren, auf einen Translokations- mechanismus deutend, welcher durch Kontakte mit dem Phosphodiestergerust¨ bew- erkstelligt wird. SF1 Helikasen wie PcrA aus B. stearothermophilus gehen Kontakte mit den Basen ein, was eine Rotationsflexibilitat¨ der DNS benotigt.¨ Ich konnte zeigen, dass die Helikasenaktivitat¨ von BLM und WRN durch den Einbau von Vinylphosphonaten, welche die Rotationsflexibilitat¨ des Phosphodiestergerusts¨ der DNS vermindern, inhi- biert wurde; ein Effekt, der auch mit PcrA beobachtet wurde (3). Im Gegensatz zu PcrA konnte der inhibitorische Effekt durch das humane einzelstrangbindende RPA aufge- hoben werden, auf mechanistische Unterschiede
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