Complex Interacts with WRN and Is Crucial to Regulate Its Response to Replication Fork Stalling
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Structure and Function of the Human Recq DNA Helicases
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2005 Structure and function of the human RecQ DNA helicases Garcia, P L Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-34420 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Garcia, P L. Structure and function of the human RecQ DNA helicases. 2005, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. Structure and Function of the Human RecQ DNA Helicases Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorw¨urde (Dr. sc. nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultat¨ der Universitat¨ Z ¨urich von Patrick L. Garcia aus Unterseen BE Promotionskomitee Prof. Dr. Josef Jiricny (Vorsitz) Prof. Dr. Ulrich H ¨ubscher Dr. Pavel Janscak (Leitung der Dissertation) Z ¨urich, 2005 For my parents ii Summary The RecQ DNA helicases are highly conserved from bacteria to man and are required for the maintenance of genomic stability. All unicellular organisms contain a single RecQ helicase, whereas the number of RecQ homologues in higher organisms can vary. Mu- tations in the genes encoding three of the five human members of the RecQ family give rise to autosomal recessive disorders called Bloom syndrome, Werner syndrome and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. These diseases manifest commonly with genomic in- stability and a high predisposition to cancer. However, the genetic alterations vary as well as the types of tumours in these syndromes. Furthermore, distinct clinical features are observed, like short stature and immunodeficiency in Bloom syndrome patients or premature ageing in Werner Syndrome patients. Also, the biochemical features of the human RecQ-like DNA helicases are diverse, pointing to different roles in the mainte- nance of genomic stability. -
Regulation of DNA Cross-Link Repair by the Fanconi Anemia/BRCA Pathway
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 29, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press REVIEW Regulation of DNA cross-link repair by the Fanconi anemia/BRCA pathway Hyungjin Kim and Alan D. D’Andrea1 Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA The maintenance of genome stability is critical for sur- and quadradials, a phenotype widely used as a diagnostic vival, and its failure is often associated with tumorigen- test for FA. esis. The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway is essential for At least 15 FA gene products constitute a common the repair of DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs), and a DNA repair pathway, the FA pathway, which resolves germline defect in the pathway results in FA, a cancer ICLs encountered during replication (Fig. 1A). Specifi- predisposition syndrome driven by genome instability. cally, eight FA proteins (FANCA/B/C/E/F/G/L/M) form Central to this pathway is the monoubiquitination of a multisubunit ubiquitin E3 ligase complex, the FA core FANCD2, which coordinates multiple DNA repair activ- complex, which activates the monoubiquitination of ities required for the resolution of ICLs. Recent studies FANCD2 and FANCI after genotoxic stress or in S phase have demonstrated how the FA pathway coordinates three (Wang 2007). The FANCM subunit initiates the pathway critical DNA repair processes, including nucleolytic in- (Fig. 1B). It forms a heterodimeric complex with FAAP24 cision, translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), and homologous (FA-associated protein 24 kDa), and the complex resem- recombination (HR). Here, we review recent advances in bles an XPF–ERCC1 structure-specific endonuclease pair our understanding of the downstream ICL repair steps (Ciccia et al. -
Genomic Profiling Reveals High Frequency of DNA Repair Genetic
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Genomic profling reveals high frequency of DNA repair genetic aberrations in gallbladder cancer Reham Abdel‑Wahab1,9, Timothy A. Yap2, Russell Madison4, Shubham Pant1,2, Matthew Cooke4, Kai Wang4,5,7, Haitao Zhao8, Tanios Bekaii‑Saab6, Elif Karatas1, Lawrence N. Kwong3, Funda Meric‑Bernstam2, Mitesh Borad6 & Milind Javle1,10* DNA repair gene aberrations (GAs) occur in several cancers, may be prognostic and are actionable. We investigated the frequency of DNA repair GAs in gallbladder cancer (GBC), association with tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‑1), and its ligand (PD‑L1) expression. Comprehensive genomic profling (CGP) of 760 GBC was performed. We investigated GAs in 19 DNA repair genes including direct DNA repair genes (ATM, ATR , BRCA1, BRCA2, FANCA, FANCD2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PALB2, POLD1, POLE, PRKDC, and RAD50) and caretaker genes (BAP1, CDK12, MLL3, TP53, and BLM) and classifed patients into 3 groups based on TMB level: low (< 5.5 mutations/Mb), intermediate (5.5–19.5 mutations/Mb), and high (≥ 19.5 mutations/Mb). We assessed MSI status and PD‑1 & PD‑L1 expression. 658 (86.6%) had at least 1 actionable GA. Direct DNA repair gene GAs were identifed in 109 patients (14.2%), while 476 (62.6%) had GAs in caretaker genes. Both direct and caretaker DNA repair GAs were signifcantly associated with high TMB (P = 0.0005 and 0.0001, respectively). Tumor PD‑L1 expression was positive in 119 (15.6%), with 17 (2.2%) being moderate or high. DNA repair GAs are relatively frequent in GBC and associated with coexisting actionable mutations and a high TMB. -
Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
DNA repair: Disorders Lehmann, Alan R and O‟Driscoll, Mark Alan R Lehmann and Mark O‟Driscoll Genome Damage and Stability Centre University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ UK Encyclopedia of Life Sciences DNA Repair: Disorders Abstract Deoxyribonucleic acid inside cells is being damaged continually. Cells have evolved a series of complex mechanisms to repair all types of damage. Deficiencies in these repair pathways can result in several different genetic disorders. In many cases these are associated with a greatly elevated incidence of specific cancers. Other disorders do not show increased cancer susceptibility, but instead they present with neurological abnormalities or immune defects. Features of premature ageing also often result. These disorders indicate that DNA repair and damage response processes protect us from cancer and are important for the maintenance of a healthy condition. Keywords: UV light; xeroderma pigmentosum; ataxia telangiectasia; cancer; immunodeficiency; DNA repair. Key concepts DNA is damaged continually from both endogenous and exogenous sources. Cells have evolved many different ways for repairing different types of damage Genetic defects in these pathways result in different disorders Defective DNA repair often results in an increased mutation frequency and consequent elevated incidence of cancer. Many of the DNA repair disorders are highly cancer-prone. The central nervous system appears to be particularly sensitive to DNA breaks. Several disorders caused by defective break repair are associated with neurological abnormalities including mental retardation, ataxia and microcephaly. Development of immunological diversity uses some of the enzymes required to repair double-strand breaks. Disorders caused by defects in this process are associated with immune deficiencies. -
Further Insights Into the Regulation of the Fanconi Anemia FANCD2 Protein
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Dissertations 2015 Further Insights Into the Regulation of the Fanconi Anemia FANCD2 Protein Rebecca Anne Boisvert University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oa_diss Recommended Citation Boisvert, Rebecca Anne, "Further Insights Into the Regulation of the Fanconi Anemia FANCD2 Protein" (2015). Open Access Dissertations. Paper 397. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/oa_diss/397 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FURTHER INSIGHTS INTO THE REGULATION OF THE FANCONI ANEMIA FANCD2 PROTEIN BY REBECCA ANNE BOISVERT A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2015 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DISSERTATION OF REBECCA ANNE BOISVERT APPROVED: Dissertation Committee: Major Professor Niall Howlett Paul Cohen Becky Sartini Nasser H. Zawia DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND 2015 ABSTRACT Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare autosomal and X-linked recessive disorder, characterized by congenital abnormalities, pediatric bone marrow failure and cancer susceptibility. FA is caused by biallelic mutations in any one of 16 genes. The FA proteins function cooperatively in the FA-BRCA pathway to repair DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). The monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and FANCI is a central step in the activation of the FA-BRCA pathway and is required for targeting these proteins to chromatin. -
FANCJ Regulates the Stability of FANCD2/FANCI Proteins and Protects Them from Proteasome and Caspase-3 Dependent Degradation
FANCJ regulates the stability of FANCD2/FANCI proteins and protects them from proteasome and caspase-3 dependent degradation Komaraiah Palle, Ph.D. (Kumar) Assistant Professor of Oncologic Sciences Abraham Mitchell Cancer Research Scholar Mitchell Cancer Institute University of South Alabama Outline • Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway • Role of FA pathway in Genome maintenance • FANCJ and FANCD2 functional relationship • FANCJ-mediated DDR in response to Fork-stalling Fanconi Anemia • Rare, inherited blood disorder. • 1:130,000 births Guido Fanconi 1892-1979 • Affects men and women equally. • Affects all racial and ethnic groups – higher incidence in Ashkenazi Jews and Afrikaners Birth Defects Fanconi anemia pathway • FA is a rare chromosome instability syndrome • Autosomal recessive disorder (or X-linked) • Developmental abnormalities • 17 complementation groups identified to date • FA pathway is involved in DNA repair • Increased cancer susceptibility - many patients develop AML - in adults solid tumors Fanconi Anemia is an aplastic anemia FA patients are prone to multiple types of solid tumors • Increased incidence and earlier onset cancers: oral cavity, GI and genital and reproductive tract head and neck breast esophagus skin liver brain Why? FA is a DNA repair disorder • FA caused by mutations in 17 genes: FANCA FANCF FANCM FANCB FANCG/XRCC9 FANCN/PALB2 FANCC FANCI RAD51C/FANCO FANCD1/BRCA2 FANCJ SLX4/FANCP FANCD2 FANCL ERCC2/XPF/FANCQ FANCE BRCA1/FANCS • FA genes function in DNA repair processes • FA patient cells are highly sensitive -
Genome Instability in Secondary Solid Tumors Developing After Radiotherapy of Bilateral Retinoblastoma
Oncogene (2001) 20, 8092 ± 8099 ã 2001 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0950 ± 9232/01 $15.00 www.nature.com/onc Genome instability in secondary solid tumors developing after radiotherapy of bilateral retinoblastoma Sandrine-He leÁ ne LefeÁ vre1, Nicolas Vogt1, Anne-Marie Dutrillaux1, Laurent Chauveinc2, Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet3, FrancËois Doz4, Laurence Desjardins5, Bernard Dutrillaux1,6, Sylvie Chevillard6 and Bernard Malfoy*,1 1Institut Curie ± CNRS UMR 147, 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; 2Institut Curie, Service de RadiotheÂrapie, 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; 3Institut Curie, Service de GeÂneÂtique Oncologique, 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; 4Institut Curie, Service de PeÂdiatrie, 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; 5Institut Curie, Service d'Ophtalmologie, 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France; 6CEA, DSV DRR, 60 avenue du GeÂneÂral Leclerc 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France Genome alterations of seven secondary tumors (®ve these cancers and the diculty in collecting a series of osteosarcomas, one malignant peripheral sheath nerve cases in clearly de®ned context. tumor, one leiomyosarcoma) occurring in the ®eld of It is well established that therapeutic irradiation can irradiation of patients treated for bilateral retinoblasto- induce secondary malignancies within or at the margin ma have been studied. These patients were predisposed to of the radiation ®eld after a long latent period. These develop radiation-induced tumors because of the presence tumors have dierent histology from the primary of a germ line mutation in the retinoblastoma gene lesions, with sarcomas being common (Robinson et (RB1). Tumor cells were characterized by a high al., 1988). -
Genomic Instability Promoted by Overexpression of Mismatch Repair Factors in Yeast: a Model for Understanding Cancer Progression
HIGHLIGHTED ARTICLE | INVESTIGATION Genomic Instability Promoted by Overexpression of Mismatch Repair Factors in Yeast: A Model for Understanding Cancer Progression Ujani Chakraborty,* Timothy A. Dinh,† and Eric Alani*,1 *Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-2703 and †Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 ORCID ID: 0000-0002-5011-9339 (E.A.) ABSTRACT Mismatch repair (MMR) proteins act in spellchecker roles to excise misincorporation errors that occur during DNA replication. Curiously, large-scale analyses of a variety of cancers showed that increased expression of MMR proteins often correlated with tumor aggressiveness, metastasis, and early recurrence. To better understand these observations, we used The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression across Normal and Tumor tissue databases to analyze MMR protein expression in cancers. We found that the MMR genes MSH2 and MSH6 are overexpressed more frequently than MSH3, and that MSH2 and MSH6 are often cooverex- pressed as a result of copy number amplifications of these genes. These observations encouraged us to test the effects of upregulating MMR protein levels in baker’s yeast, where we can sensitively monitor genome instability phenotypes associated with cancer initiation and progression. Msh6 overexpression (two- to fourfold) almost completely disrupted mechanisms that prevent recombination be- tween divergent DNA sequences by interacting with the DNA polymerase processivity clamp PCNA and by sequestering the Sgs1 helicase. Importantly, cooverexpression of Msh2 and Msh6 (eightfold) conferred, in a PCNA interaction-dependent manner, several genome instability phenotypes including increased mutation rate, increased sensitivity to the DNA replication inhibitor HU and the DNA-damaging agents MMS and 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide, and elevated loss-of-heterozygosity. -
Consequences Resulting from the Loss of the NEIL1 DNA Glycosylase
Crossing the oxidative DNA damage threshold - consequences resulting from the loss of the NEIL1 DNA glycosylase R. Stephen Lloyd Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology and Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics Oregon Health & Science University DNA Repair & Related Transactions October 2001 Erling Seeberg Arthur Grollman Stephen Lloyd But…..we were not alone Sankar Mitra 3/2002 (NEH1) Susan Wallace 4/2002 (NEIL1) Mitra, Hazra, Izumi 7/2002 (NEIL2) Erling Seeberg 9/2002 (HFPG1) Akira Yasui 9/2002 (NEIL1) Arthur Grollman 1/2003 (NEIL1) Reaction Mechanism of DNA Glycosylase/AP Lyases *B δ− *B H H *B H NE NE CH δ+ E N H CH C C H H O O O O HO O O O O CH2 O CH2 O CH2 O CH2 protonated Schiff base intermediate O O O CH2 OH CH2 OH CH2 OH + H2N E 3' phosphate O H H N N O AH H H H δ-elimination :B- E OH E OH β-elimination trans α/β unsaturated aldehyde McCullough et al, 2001 Catalytic Mechanism Glycosylase/β, δ elimination catalyst Higher catalytic efficiency on single-stranded vs double-stranded DNA and S-phase expression ⇒ replication-associated and/or transcription-coupled repair (Dou et al, 2003) Stimulated by the hus1,Rad1, Rad9 (9-1-1 complex) Major Products of Oxidative Damage to DNA Bases Evans et al, 2004 Substrate Specificities of NEIL1 IR-damaged genomic DNA (Miral Dizdaroglu) Fapy A* and Fapy G Defined Oligodeoxynucleotides Thymine glycol (both 5S,6R*, and 5R,6S) 5-OH U (↑ proximity to ssb), 5-OH C me-FapyG DHT, DHU ↓ 8-oxoG oxidation spiroiminodihydantoin * ↑↑↑ guanidinohydantoin * ↑↑↑ * = Lack of recognition redundancy for: FapyA, 5S,6R TG, SP, GH May suggest a critical role for NEIL1 in maintenance of genomic integrity Radiation Sensitivity of neil1 si RNA Depleted Cells Rosenquist et al. -
Epigenetic Regulation of DNA Repair Genes and Implications for Tumor Therapy ⁎ ⁎ Markus Christmann , Bernd Kaina
Mutation Research-Reviews in Mutation Research xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Mutation Research-Reviews in Mutation Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mutrev Review Epigenetic regulation of DNA repair genes and implications for tumor therapy ⁎ ⁎ Markus Christmann , Bernd Kaina Department of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: DNA repair represents the first barrier against genotoxic stress causing metabolic changes, inflammation and DNA repair cancer. Besides its role in preventing cancer, DNA repair needs also to be considered during cancer treatment Genotoxic stress with radiation and DNA damaging drugs as it impacts therapy outcome. The DNA repair capacity is mainly Epigenetic silencing governed by the expression level of repair genes. Alterations in the expression of repair genes can occur due to tumor formation mutations in their coding or promoter region, changes in the expression of transcription factors activating or Cancer therapy repressing these genes, and/or epigenetic factors changing histone modifications and CpG promoter methylation MGMT Promoter methylation or demethylation levels. In this review we provide an overview on the epigenetic regulation of DNA repair genes. GADD45 We summarize the mechanisms underlying CpG methylation and demethylation, with de novo methyl- TET transferases and DNA repair involved in gain and loss of CpG methylation, respectively. We discuss the role of p53 components of the DNA damage response, p53, PARP-1 and GADD45a on the regulation of the DNA (cytosine-5)- methyltransferase DNMT1, the key enzyme responsible for gene silencing. We stress the relevance of epigenetic silencing of DNA repair genes for tumor formation and tumor therapy. -
Posttranslational Regulation of the Fanconi Anemia Cancer Susceptibility Pathway
DNA repair interest group 04/21/15 Posttranslational Regulation of the Fanconi Anemia Cancer Susceptibility Pathway Assistant professor Department of Pharmacological Sciences Stony Brook University Hyungjin Kim, Ph.D. DNA Repair System Preserves Genome Stability DNA DAMAGE X-rays DNA DAMAGE Oxygen radicals UV light X-rays RESPONSE Alkylating agents Polycyclic aromatic Anti-tumor agents Replication Spontaneous reactions hydrocarbons (cisplatin, MMC) errors Cell-cycle arrest Cell death Uracil DNA REPAIR Abasic site (6-4)PP Interstrand cross-link Base pair mismatch DEFECT 8-Oxiguanine Bulky adduct Double-strand break Insertion/deletion Single-strand break CPD Cancer • Mutations • Chromosome Base- Nucleotide- Fanconi anemia (FA) aberrations Mismatch excision repair excision repair pathway repair (BER) (NER) HR/NHEJ DNA REPAIR Adapted from Hoeijmakers (2001) Nature DNA Repair Mechanism as a Tumor Suppressor Network Cancer is a disease of DNA repair Environmental Mutagen Oncogenic Stress • Hereditary cancers: mutations in DNA repair genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, MSH2, etc) DNA damage response Checkpoint, • Sporadic cancers: DNA repair - Oncogene-induced replication stress - Inaccurate DNA repair caused by selection of somatic mutations in DNA repair genes Tumorigenesis Genome instability Germ-line and Somatic Disruption of DNA Repair Is Prevalent in Cancer The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA): Genomic characterization and sequence analysis of various tumors from patient samples TCGA network, (2011) Nature Clinical and Cellular Features of Fanconi Anemia (FA) -
Structure and Functional Implications of the Human Rad9-Hus1-Rad1
Supplemental Material can be found at: http://www.jbc.org/content/suppl/2009/06/17/C109.022384.DC1.html ACCELERATED PUBLICATION This paper is available online at www.jbc.org THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY VOL. 284, NO. 31, pp. 20457–20461, July 31, 2009 © 2009 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. Printed in the U.S.A. Structure and Functional onto DNA lesion sites by Rad17-RFC2–5 (which consists of one large subunit, Rad17, and four small subunits, RFC2–5), where Implications of the Human it triggers the activation of the cell cycle checkpoint (3, 4). Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 Cell Cycle Moreover, the 9-1-1 complex can also directly participate in DNA repair via physical association with many factors involved *□S Checkpoint Complex in base excision repair (BER), translesion synthesis, homolo- Received for publication, May 18, 2009, and in revised form, June 5, 2009 gous recombination, and mismatch repair pathways (5–9). Published, JBC Papers in Press, June 17, 2009, DOI 10.1074/jbc.C109.022384 Although both the 9-1-1 and the PCNA complexes perform Min Xu‡§, Lin Bai‡§, Yong Gong‡, Wei Xie‡§, Haiying Hang‡1, ‡2 critical functions in eukaryotic cells with predicted similar and Tao Jiang structures (10), their specific roles are distinct. First, the 9-1-1 ‡ From the National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of complex is a DNA damage sensor in the cell cycle checkpoint Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 and the §Graduate University of Chinese Academy but does not function as a scaffold for the major DNA replica- of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China tion factors; however, PCNA plays exactly the opposite role (1, 11).