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The Rhetorical Landscape of Itaewon: Negotiating New Transcultural Identities in South Korea

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The Rhetorical Landscape of Itaewon: Negotiating New Transcultural Identities in South Korea THE RHETORICAL LANDSCAPE OF ITAEWON: NEGOTIATING NEW TRANSCULTURAL IDENTITIES IN SOUTH KOREA Eun Young Lee A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2015 Committee: Alberto González, Advisor Hyeyoung Bang Graduate Faculty Representative Radhika Gajjala Ellen Gorsevski © 2015 Eun Young Lee All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Alberto González, Advisor In contemporary scholarship, space has emerged as a significant topic. Specifically in communication studies, the critical interrogation of persuasive strategies performed by spatial locations can provide scholars with the perspectives needed to adequately attend to identity politics within built environments. Drawing on the previous scholarship on space, place, and human-built environment, I elaborate the need for and benefits of defining a landscape in rhetorical terms. While developing the concept of rhetorical landscape, which directs attention to relational matters in space, this study examines the discursive changes and shifts involved in (re)imagining South Korea amidst various intersecting forces such as 20th century Cold War geopolitics, American hegemony, modernization, Americanization, nationalism, and multiculturalism. I analyze how the urban district called Itaewon, as synecdochic of Korean society and culture, spatially communicates the ever-changing rhetoric of Korean identity- building. By understanding sectors in Itaewon – such as streets, alleys, and particular places – as metonymic of conflicting ideas at historical junctures, I illuminate both the rhetoricity Itaewon embodies and its rhetoric elaborated through the dynamics among constituents configured on the landscape. I examine Itaewon as a site that negotiates transcultural identities as it mediates political, social, and cultural forces. iv This dissertation is dedicated to my parents who let me be myself. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation is a result of my nine years of being away from home. For that, I owe a great debt to my family who have supported me, struggled alongside me, and sacrificed all those times they wished to spend with their daughter without blaming me for being selfish. My parents, Sang-moon Lee and Kyeong-mo Kang, deserve endless credits for my growth and accomplishments, if any, because in my mind they were the ones who stayed up late countless nights with me during my journey of graduate schools in a foreign land. I am grateful for their infinite love and belief in me. I also owe you, my brother, Chang-woo Lee. I was able to leave home because I knew he would be with my parents. I am very thankful that he made my absence in the family less evident. Without all of you, I would not be here. I promise to catch up on all those years of birthdays and anniversaries that I missed from now on. Longing for my own family back in my home country, I was lucky to have my “family of friends” in this new home, Bowling Green State University. I am especially grateful for these good people who I can call my friends: Courtney Wright, Matt Meier, Brion White, SangHee Park, and Chad Nelson. I also would like to acknowledge the helpful friendship of the graduate community at BGSU. As my friends and colleagues, you helped me keep my sanity at times when I was losing my sense of humor and positivity about life. I will forever remember the warmth of friendship you shared with me, and I am looking forward to days to come to enjoy a life that has you in it. In the same ways, I am deeply appreciative of support and care from my colleagues at Florida Gulf Coast University. I am so fortunate to have such supportive colleagues: Dr. Billy Huff, Dr. Sachiko Tankei-Aminian, Dr. Margaret Hambrick, Dr. Jon Braddy, and Dr. Maria Roca. In addition to your friendship, your thoughtful concern for my personal well-being and vi solicitude for my research have been powerful motivations for me to get through the last year of the long journey toward completing this dissertation. In the boustrophedon years of seeding, developing, being lost, and redefining ideas for this project, I was blessed with inspiring conversations and wise guidance from faculty members at Bowling Green State University. I would especially like to thank Dr. Michael Butterworth for invaluable conversations about rhetorical criticism and critical rhetoric. Your rigor and professionalism inspired me to be a better rhetorical scholar. I am also indebted to Dr. Clayton Rosati for the hours during which I occupied his office asking too many questions and giving nonsense answers. Your patient answers helped me transform those moments of nonsense and I appreciate your guidance. I have the best dissertation committee I can ever ask for. I knew this throughout the process, and now that I have completed the research, I know it even better. Dr. Radhika Gajjala, I admire your insights that helped me see a bigger picture and guided this project into a better direction. Along with your keen scholarship from which I certainly benefitted, your warm personality helped me get through chilly days in a grad school. Dr. Ellen Gorsevski, your mentorship made me feel safe along the way, and I appreciate that you have been there with me from the beginning when I was stumbling through complex theories about space and place. I was able to have faith in myself because you taught me to do so and treated me that way. Dr. Hyeyoung Bang, I really appreciate your warm and encouraging words for me and my project. Having you in my committee helped me keep scholarly rigidity to approach my research. Dr. Alberto González, I put you in this last paragraph because I could not come up with words to sufficiently express how grateful I am to have you as my advisor. You mean so much to me on so many levels. You made me feel at home from the first day I came to Bowling Green, Ohio. If there is anything that I have accomplished over the last several years at BGSU, it is only vii because you created safe environment and nurtured the comforting feeling of security for me as both a person and a scholar. You guided me to be a confident person, which is now one of my most cherished life assets. Your patience with my uncurbed chat about ripening research ideas is beyond imagination, and for that, I admire you. You provide me a model for what it truly means to be an educator. I am blessed to learn that first hand while working with you. Your guidance on my dissertation was more than what I could ever ask for, and you were a beacon during dark days when I was feeling lost, puzzled, and baffled amidst the magnitude of this project. Thank you for walking me through the muddy road and thank you for, more than anything, being there for me. I was honored to work with you. I am grateful to know you. And I will be forever blessed to be your advisee. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION: RHETORIC, SPACE, AND LANDSCAPE ................... 1 Mapping Itaewon ....................................................................................................... 2 Conceptualizing Landscapes as a Rhetorical Domain ............................................... 5 Symbolism and Materialism as Dialectic ...................................................... 7 Rhetoricity of Place........................................................................................ 11 Rhetorical Landscapes ................................................................................... 15 Methodology: Ideological Rhetorical Criticism ........................................................ 24 Procedure ....................................................................................................... 25 Research Question ......................................................................................... 30 Overview of Chapters ................................................................................................ 31 Notes ............................................................................................................ 34 CHAPTER II. THE IDENTITY OF THE SPACE: ITAEWON AS LITTLE AMERICA IN THE CITY OF SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA ......................................……………………… 43 A Brief History of the US Military Settlement in South Korea ................................. 47 Main Street: Examining Liminality in the Americanization of Itaewon ................... 54 Antique Street: Examining Colonial Modernity ........................................................ 57 Hooker Hill: Living Experiences of Social-Injustice and Anti-American Sentiment ............................................................................................................ 65 Conclusion: Americanization on the Rhetorical Landscape of Itaewon .................... 77 Notes ............................................................................................................ 80 CHAPTER III. NATIONAL IDENTITY SPOKEN THROUGH THE WAR MEMORIAL OF KOREA ........................……………………………………………………………….. 87 vii The Constitutive Rhetoric of the War Memorial of Korea: The Past through its Present .......................………………..………………………. 91 Nation-Building: Korea in the Modern Concept of Nation ....................................... 94 Ethnic Nationalism in Korea ...................................................................................... 97 Colonialism to Postcolonialism: The Transition in Korea ......................................... 99 Identity Construction of the War Memorial of Korea:
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