English Civil War

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English Civil War Key individuals: Key terms: Charles I: The King of England during Catholic—Christians who believe that the the English Civil War. He firmly be- Pope is God’s representative on Earth. (They lieved in the ‘Divine Right of Kings’ and are loyal to the Pope before anyone else). was suspected of being a Catholic. Cavalier—A nickname for a Royalist soldier. Prince Rupert: He was the nephew of Civil War—a war fought by different groups Charles I and was the cavalry com- of people living in the same country. mander of the Royalist forces. Divine Right of Kings—The right to rule a Oliver Cromwell: A member of Parlia- country because God has decided that they ment involved in the creation of the are the king. New Model Army. He became the Did you know! Key events: New Model Army—A professional army leader of the ‘Roundhead’ was an insulting 1642—Start of the English Civil War created by Parliament in 1643. Parliamentarian cavalry and signed the nickname for the Parliamentari- Parliamentarian—A person loyal to document that condemned Charles I. 1642—Battle of Edge Hill an troops. Many apprentices parliament. Sir Thomas Fairfax: He was appointed 1643—Creation of the New Model joined the war and had short Puritans—Christians from the 16th & 17th leader of the New Model Army by Army haircuts. The Royalists were centuries, who believed in simple life devot- Parliament. therefore suggesting Parliamen- 1644—Battle of Marston Moor ed to God. tarians were all naughty boys. 1645—Battle of Naseby Roundhead—A nickname for a ‘Cavalier’ was an insulting nick- Parliamentarian soldier. 1646—Charles I surrenders to Scotland name for the Royalist forces. As Royalist—A person loyal to Charles I and the Charles paid for troops from oth- 1647—Charles I briefly escapes but is royal family. er countries to fight in his armies recaptured they were referred to by the 1649—Charles I is executed Spanish name ‘Cabellero’. .

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Being a Thesis Submitted for the Degree Of
The tJni'ers1ty of Sheffield Depaz'tient of Uistory YORKSRIRB POLITICS, 1658 - 1688 being a ThesIs submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by CIthJUL IARGARRT KKI August, 1990 For my parents N One of my greater refreshments is to reflect our friendship. "* * Sir Henry Goodricke to Sir Sohn Reresby, n.d., Kxbr. 1/99. COff TENTS Ackn owl edgements I Summary ii Abbreviations iii p Introduction 1 Chapter One : Richard Cromwell, Breakdown and the 21 Restoration of Monarchy: September 1658 - May 1660 Chapter Two : Towards Settlement: 1660 - 1667 63 Chapter Three Loyalty and Opposition: 1668 - 1678 119 Chapter Four : Crisis and Re-adjustment: 1679 - 1685 191 Chapter Five : James II and Breakdown: 1685 - 1688 301 Conclusion 382 Appendix: Yorkshire )fembers of the Coir,ons 393 1679-1681 lotes 396 Bibliography 469 -i- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Research for this thesis was supported by a grant from the Department of Education and Science. I am grateful to the University of Sheffield, particularly the History Department, for the use of their facilities during my time as a post-graduate student there. Professor Anthony Fletcher has been constantly encouraging and supportive, as well as a great friend, since I began the research under his supervision. I am indebted to him for continuing to supervise my work even after he left Sheffield to take a Chair at Durham University. Following Anthony's departure from Sheffield, Professor Patrick Collinson and Dr Mark Greengrass kindly became my surrogate supervisors. Members of Sheffield History Department's Early Modern Seminar Group were a source of encouragement in the early days of my research.
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