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Battle-Scarred: Surgery, Medicine and Military Welfare During the British Civil Wars Exhibition at the National Civil War Centre, Newark Museum

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Battle-Scarred: Surgery, Medicine and Military Welfare During the British Civil Wars Exhibition at the National Civil War Centre, Newark Museum CENTRE FOR ENGLISH CENTRE FOR ENGLISH LOCAL HISTORY LOCAL HISTORY Battle-Scarred: Surgery, Medicine and Military Welfare during the British Civil Wars Exhibition at the National Civil War Centre, Newark Museum Guest curators: Dr Eric Gruber von Arni and Dr Andrew Hopper This document was published in October 2017. The University of Leicester endeavours to ensure that the content of its prospectus, programme specification, website content and all other materials are complete and accurate. On occasion it may be necessary to make some alterations to particular aspects of a course or module, and where these are minor, for example altering the lecture timetable or location, then we will ensure that you have as much notice as possible of the change to ensure that the disruption to your studies is minimised. However, in exceptional circumstances Printed by Print Services, it may be necessary for the University to cancel or change a programme or part of the specification more substantially. For example, due to the University of Leicester, unavailability of key teaching staff, changes or developments in knowledge or teaching methods, the way in which assessment is carried out, using vegetable based inks or where a course or part of it is over-subscribed to the extent that the quality of teaching would be affected to the detriment of students. In on FSC certified stock these circumstances, we will contact you as soon as possible and in any event will give you 25 days written notice before the relevant change is due to take place. Where this occurs, we will also and in consultation with you, offer you an alternative course or programme (as appropriate) or the opportunity to cancel your contract with the University and obtain a refund of any advance payments that you have made. Full Terms and Conditions and Senate Regulations governing our teaching programmes can be found here: www.le.ac.uk/offer-terms. Centre for English Local History, /uniofleicester Marc Fitch Historical Institute, University of Leicester, uniofleicester 5 Salisbury Road, Leicester, LE1 7QR, UK @uniofleicester t: +44 (0)116 252 2762 f: +44 (0)116 252 5769 e: [email protected] www.le.ac.uk/elh ERD 10419 D 12943_10/17 Team of Contributors Contents Stewart Beale, AHRC-funded PhD Student, University of Leicester • Introduction Dr Mandy de Belin, Honorary Visiting Fellow, University of Leicester • Room 1: Medicine Dr Eric Gruber von Arni, Honorary Visiting Fellow, University of Leicester • Room 2: Surgery Dr Maureen Harris, Honorary Visiting Fellow, University of Leicester Dr Andrew Hopper, Senior Lecturer in English Local History, University of Leicester • Room 3: Aftercare and Hospitals Glyn Hughes, Collections and Exhibitions Officer, National Civil War Centre • Room 4: Welfare Reverend Dr Stuart Jennings, Chaplaincy, University of Warwick • Legacy and Acknowledgements Dr Richard Jones, Senior Lecturer in Landscape History, University of Leicester Carol King, Learning and Participation Officer, National Civil War Centre Dr Ismini Pells, Associate Research Fellow, University of Exeter Dr Erin Peters, Lecturer in Early Modern History, University of Gloucestershire Dr Stephen Rutherford, Senior Lecturer in School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff Hannah Worthen, AHRC-funded PhD Student, University of Leicester Photography by Doug Jackson IMAGE: Treatments prescribed for sick parliamentarian soldiers and troopers in the Gloucester garrison: TNA, SP28/228/679. Reproduced by permission of the National Archives. 2 UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER Introduction The British Civil Wars were a critical episode in the welfare history of Europe. This point is currently little appreciated within the academic world, let alone beyond it. Previous conflicts had seen military commanders demonstrate little concern for the welfare of sick and injured soldiers. But during the British Civil Wars, Parliament’s concern for the ‘commonweal’ led to centralized care for those who had suffered ‘in the State’s service’, including a national pension scheme, which was to be emulated by the crown after 1660. Parliament’s ordinance of 24 October 1642 indicate that a larger percentage of the acknowledged members’ duty of care not British Isles’ population died as a direct just to soldiers maimed in their service but result of the Civil Wars. The impact of also to the orphans and widows of their the World Wars was immense, and has Team of Contributors war dead. This was immensely significant continued to resonate through British because for the first time Parliament and Irish society right up to the present Stewart Beale, AHRC-funded PhD Student, University of Leicester publicly assumed responsibility for such day. How much greater must the impact Dr Mandy de Belin, Honorary Visiting Fellow, University of Leicester matters, whilst the specific inclusion of of the Civil Wars have been upon the far Dr Eric Gruber von Arni, Honorary Visiting Fellow, University of Leicester widows and orphans was particularly novel: smaller seventeenth-century populations? Dr Maureen Harris, Honorary Visiting Fellow, University of Leicester such schemes were not to be seen again Some of those who had suffered were still Dr Andrew Hopper, Senior Lecturer in English Local History, University of Leicester for another 200 years. The evidence that petitioning for relief as late as the 1690s. There are indications that thousands of Glyn Hughes, Collections and Exhibitions Officer, National Civil War Centre survives is especially plentiful, making the veterans and civilians were afflicted with Reverend Dr Stuart Jennings, Chaplaincy, University of Warwick Civil Wars the best source of information mental problems as a result of the conflict. Dr Richard Jones, Senior Lecturer in Landscape History, University of Leicester for military welfare during the early modern The impact of this is all too easy to imagine Carol King, Learning and Participation Officer, National Civil War Centre period. when we consider how British society was Dr Ismini Pells, Associate Research Fellow, University of Exeter It has been estimated that between traumatized by the psychological legacy of Dr Erin Peters, Lecturer in Early Modern History, University of Gloucestershire 180,000 and 190,000 people, including the World Wars. Dr Stephen Rutherford, Senior Lecturer in School of Biosciences, University of Cardiff civilians, died from combat and war-related Many historians consider the Civil Wars Hannah Worthen, AHRC-funded PhD Student, University of Leicester diseases in England and Wales alone were the most unsettling experience between 1642 and 1651. The First World Photography by Doug Jackson the British and Irish peoples have ever War is generally regarded as the conflict undergone. This exhibition aims to provide which resulted in the greatest loss of British the modern visitor with a small window lives, and the Second World War as the one into the human cost of those wars and to that had the greatest impact on the civilian consider how the consequences of wars population. Yet if the estimate cited above persist well beyond the peace treaties and is accepted as even approximately correct, settlements that conclude them. then there is overwhelming evidence to BATTLE SCARRED MEDICAL EXHIBITION AT THE NATIONAL CIVIL WAR CENTRE IN NEWARK 3 and Chalke’. Terra sigillata was a clay Room 1 Medicine exported from the Greek island of Lemnos, bolarmonicke from Spain, and chalk was to be found all over Britain. The calcium, magnesium and silicon in these clays might have helped settle the stomach, much like Introduction anti-indigestion tablets or milk of magnesia today. The dominant popular misconception is that seventeenth-century medical treatments were incompetent and hopeless, that medical The Physician practice was riddled with charlatans and quack doctors, and that in an age lacking modern antibiotics, those suffering from Physicians exercised control over the administration of all medicines taken infection were doomed. Medical ideas were still based on the internally, and were normally graduates work of the Classical Greeks, Hippocrates and Galen, and the of Oxford or Cambridge. The College of theory that sickness resulted from an imbalance in the human Physicians, which had risen in importance in the decades before the civil war, was body’s four humours: black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm. struggling to impose its authority over Yet much medical practice was also based on practical experience, medical practice. Many medical textbooks observation and specific drugs according to the teachings of the were produced between 1640 and 1660, but, although some were of practical value, Swiss physician Paracelcus. Herbal remedies were also administered. most were vessels for their authors to Whilst most English towns had apothecaries’ shops where drugs, project their personal arguments for one potions, herbs and spices were available, civilians could not avoid or other of the two ideological camps of contemporary medicine - the traditionalists the effects of war and increased numbers died from diseases, such (Galenists), symbolised by the College of as plague and typhus, spread by marching armies and for which Physicians, or the modernists, (Helmontians there was no effective treatment. or Paracelcians). Aelius Galenus (AD 129 – c. 200- 216) was a prominent Greek physician, surgeon and philosopher. His Soldiers’ Medicine understanding of anatomy and medicine was influenced by the then-current theory In his Approved Medicines of Little Cost of the four humours
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