DOCSLIB.ORG

Evolving Broadband Policy: Taking Adaptive Stances to Foster Optimal Internet Platforms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evolving Broadband Policy: Taking Adaptive Stances to Foster Optimal Internet Platforms EVOLVING BROADBAND POLICY: TAKING ADAPTIVE STANCES TO FOSTER OPTIMAL INTERNET PLATFORMS Richard S. Whittt "I don't care who writes a nation's laws-or crafts its advanced treaties-if I can write its economic textbooks." Paul A. Samuelson' I. INTRODUCTION So what is the big deal about broadband? Why should we care whether or not consumers have access to high-speed Internet connectivity? What is so unique about this particular infrastructure that we worry over crafting national broadband plans and strategies, and devoting billions of dollars in government economic stimulus spending, and encouraging corporations to spend their own tens of billions of dollars-just to get more of it? And what is behind the ongo- ing clash between network providers and users over broadband as a means of gaining "open" access to the Internet? Much ink has been spilled in recent years over the legal and regulatory is- sues surrounding broadband networks and services. This paper will sacrifice a little more in the hope of casting additional light on how policymakers should fashion public policy that fully and effectively enables broadband as an opti- mal Internet platform. In particular, by focusing largely on the technical, eco- nomic, and legal grounding of broadband networks, and offering some specific I Mr. Whitt currently is Washington Telecom and Media Counsel at Google Inc. This paper solely reflects his personal views, and not necessarily those of Google. The author would like to thank Anjali Dalal and Debbie Rosenbaum, former policy interns with Goo- gle, who provided helpful suggestions on the format and content of this paper. Derek Slater and Donna Lampert also supplied thoughtful critiques of an earlier version. The author ap- preciated additional suggestions by Tim Wu and Scott Hemphill, and the sharp students in Tim's Intellectual Property Colloquium at Columbia Law School. I James Surrowiecki, Class Action, THE NEW YORKER, Nov. 7, 2005, at 46 (quoting Paul Samuelson, the Nobel Prize-winning M.I.T. economist). COMMLAW CONSPECTUS [Vol. 17 potential policy projects, I hope in some manner to further a healthy debate over the appropriate policy regime to govern this generative infrastructure. This work incorporates and expands on two previous papers. In an initial piece co-authored with Stephen Schultze, we introduced the concept of "emer- gence economics" to describe a unified framework built on the latest findings of various schools of economic theory.2 In a second piece I explicated the con- cept of "Adaptive Policymaking" by governments, including some guiding principles and framing tools for utilization in the public policy design space Here, I present some specific ways that policymakers should use these con- cepts and frameworks to grapple with current controversies in the regulatory treatment of broadband networks. First, the Article provides a brief overview of emergence economics, em- phasizing the unique role of the Internet in creating and furthering innovation and economic growth. Adaptive Policymaking by governments then is summa- rized, and some guiding principles and a public policy design space are pre- sented. The design space includes a proposed adaptive toolkit for use by poli- cymakers, including institutions (the how), organizations (the who), conceptual frames and tools (the which, when, and where), and actual projects (the what). Next, the Article explains how communications policymakers should define an overarching public policy goal of "more good ideas" and a concomitant public policy objective of "harnessing broadband networks." The Article stresses how policymakers should take a particular interest in encouraging broadband as an optimal platform for accessing the Internet, and how commu- nications policy should incorporate various realities of the physics and eco- nomics of deploying broadband networks. The Article also explores the three dimensions of the availability of broadband infrastructure, the sufficiency of Net capacity, and the integrity of Net access as necessary components of broadband networks serving as optimal pathways to the Internet. After the suggested framework for Adaptive Policymaking is established, the Article applies it to the development of a public policy design space spe- cifically for broadband infrastructure. The clash of incentives and mindsets by market players is explored, including the public policy objective to foment op- timal broadband deployment against the countervailing market backdrop of broadband providers facing limited competitive challenges, significant and growing positive externalities, and the pecuniary benefits from prioritizing In- ternet traffic, and supplying managed networks. The institutional arrangements 2 Richard S. Whitt & Stephen Schultze, The New "Emergence Economics" of Innova- tion and Growth, and What It Means for Communications Policy, 7 J. OF TELECOMM. AND HIGH TECH. L. (forthcoming 2009) (manuscript at 1). 3 Richard S. Whitt, Adaptive Policymaking: Evolving and Applying Emergent Solutions for U.S. Communications Policy, 61 FED. COMM. L.J. (forthcoming June 2009) (manuscript at 1-2). [hereinafter Whitt, Adaptive Policymaking]. 20091 Evolving Broadband Policy that traditionally have governed communications infrastructure-including the common law roots of common carriage-are examined in light of the policy- making framework. That examination focuses on the increasingly forgotten common carriage prongs of public callings and voluntary bailment. Finally the Article delves into the prospect of evolving policy solutions to deal with the objective of creating optimal broadband infrastructure for Internet access, in- cluding utilizing the appropriate organizations, institutions, and tools. In con- trast to more prescriptive remedies that, for now at least, should be resisted, the Article puts forward some suggested adaptive projects to deal with concerns about maintaining and extending robust broadband as an optimal platform to the Internet. II. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ROOTS OF ADAPTIVE POLICYMAKING For too long, too many policymakers in the United States have assumed that "Old School Economics"--a term I have employed previously to represent the outdated versions of economic theory still deemed to be received wisdom in the policy world-accurately represents the realities of the marketplace.4 As a result, today's public policy discussions often seem rooted to the past in the form of economic and technological assumptions that more or less ended in the 1960s.' The rise of new economic thinking combined with new technology platforms culminating in the Internet directly challenges many of those chief assumptions. In particular, in a rapidly evolving global marketplace, new ideas and technologies are the fodder that fuels a nation's economic growth; they also bring a raft of other personal and social benefits. The extent of the public policy implications is too important to be ignored. 4 See William H. Page, The Chicago School and the Evolution ofAntitrust: Characteri- zation, Antitrust Injury and Evidentiary Sufficiency, 75 VA. L. REV. 1221, 1242-43 (1989); S.J. Liebowitz & Stephen E. Margolis, Should Technology Choice Be a Concern ofAntitrust Policy?, 9 HARV. J.L. & TECH. 284, 288-89 (1996); see also The Chicago School, http://cepa.newschool.edu/net/schools/chicago.htm (last visited Mar. 12, 2009) ("The term 'Chicago School' is associated with a particular brand of economics which adheres strictly to Neoclassical price theory in its economic analysis, 'free market' libertarianism in much of its policy work and a methodology which is relatively adverse to too much mathematical formalism and will forego careful general equilibrium reasoning in favor of more results- oriented parital equilibrium analysis."); Whitt & Schultze, supra note 2, at 77. 5 See infra Part II.A; see e.g., Christopher Caldwell, Old School Economics, N.Y. TIMES MAGAZINE, Jan. 27, 2008, at 11 (discussing presidential candidates' focus on appeal- ing to factory workers, when the percentage of Americans working in manufacturing has declined to 15% in 2008 from 30% in 1950); see also Whitt & Schultze, supra note 2, at 2. COMMLAW CONSPECTUS [Vol. 17 A. Introducing Emergence Economics Emergence economics is my umbrella term for the latest findings from a wide variety of cutting-edge schools of thought including behavioral econom- ics, game theory, complexity science, network science, new growth theory, and competition theory.6 Collectively these different theories offer the promise of a new conceptual framework-a way of approaching and understanding the growth-oriented network economy created by the Internet. That framework seeks neither to engineer deterministically the dynamic economy, nor to as- sume blindly that it is evolving toward perfect efficiency. The hoary economics presented by policymakers in public policy debates maintains, for example, that the market is linear and always seeks equilibrium; that economic actors are perfectly rational, with perfect knowledge of them- selves and the marketplace; that production is generated only by capital mar- kets or government subsidy; that growth is exogenous; and the whole of the economic system is always equal to the sum of its parts. It turns out that every one of these key assumptions is either overstated, or plain wrong.7 Emergence economics helps clarify, for example, that knowledge and tech- nology are not just outputs of the economy, but also essential inputs that drive economic growth and countless other social benefits. Further, game-changing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Study of Paul A. Samuelson's Economics
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. A Study of Paul A. Samuelson's Econol11ics: Making Economics Accessible to Students A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics at Massey University Palmerston North, New Zealand. Leanne Marie Smith July 2000 Abstract Paul A. Samuelson is the founder of the modem introductory economics textbook. His textbook Economics has become a classic, and the yardstick of introductory economics textbooks. What is said to distinguish economics from the other social sciences is the development of a textbook tradition. The textbook presents the fundamental paradigms of the discipline, these gradually evolve over time as puzzles emerge, and solutions are found or suggested. The textbook is central to the dissemination of the principles of a discipline. Economics has, and does contribute to the education of students, and advances economic literacy and understanding in society. It provided a common economic language for students. Systematic analysis and research into introductory textbooks is relatively recent. The contribution that textbooks play in portraying a discipline and its evolution has been undervalued and under-researched. Specifically, applying bibliographical and textual analysis to textbook writing in economics, examining a single introductory economics textbook and its successive editions through time is new. When it is considered that an economics textbook is more than a disseminator of information, but a physical object with specific content, presented in a particular way, it changes the way a researcher looks at that textbook.
    [Show full text]
  • Media Ownership Rules
    05-Sadler.qxd 2/3/2005 12:47 PM Page 101 5 MEDIA OWNERSHIP RULES It is the purpose of this Act, among other things, to maintain control of the United States over all the channels of interstate and foreign radio transmission, and to provide for the use of such channels, but not the ownership thereof, by persons for limited periods of time, under licenses granted by Federal author- ity, and no such license shall be construed to create any right, beyond the terms, conditions, and periods of the license. —Section 301, Communications Act of 1934 he Communications Act of 1934 reestablished the point that the public airwaves were “scarce.” They were considered a limited and precious resource and T therefore would be subject to government rules and regulations. As the Supreme Court would state in 1943,“The radio spectrum simply is not large enough to accommodate everybody. There is a fixed natural limitation upon the number of stations that can operate without interfering with one another.”1 In reality, the airwaves are infinite, but the govern- ment has made a limited number of positions available for use. In the 1930s, the broadcast industry grew steadily, and the FCC had to grapple with the issue of broadcast station ownership. The FCC felt that a diversity of viewpoints on the airwaves served the public interest and was best achieved through diversity in station ownership. Therefore, to prevent individuals or companies from controlling too many broadcast stations in one area or across the country, the FCC eventually instituted ownership rules. These rules limit how many broadcast stations a person can own in a single market or nationwide.
    [Show full text]
  • He KMBC-ÍM Radio TEAM
    l\NUARY 3, 1955 35c PER COPY stu. esen 3o.loe -qv TTaMxg4i431 BItOADi S SSaeb: iiSZ£ (009'I0) 01 Ff : t?t /?I 9b£S IIJUY.a¡:, SUUl.; l: Ii-i od 301 :1 uoTloas steTaa Rae.zgtZ IS-SN AlTs.aantur: aTe AVSí1 T E IdEC. 211111 111111ip. he KMBC-ÍM Radio TEAM IN THIS ISSUE: St `7i ,ytLICOTNE OSE YN in the 'Mont Network Plans AICNISON ` MAISHAIS N CITY ive -Film Innovation .TOrEKA KANSAS Heart of Americ ENE. SEDALIA. Page 27 S CLINEON WARSAW EMROEIA RUTILE KMBC of Kansas City serves 83 coun- 'eer -Wine Air Time ties in western Missouri and eastern. Kansas. Four counties (Jackson and surveyed by NARTB Clay In Missouri, Johnson and Wyan- dotte in Kansas) comprise the greater Kansas City metropolitan trading Page 28 Half- millivolt area, ranked 15th nationally in retail sales. A bonus to KMBC, KFRM, serv- daytime ing the state of Kansas, puts your selling message into the high -income contours homes of Kansas, sixth richest agri- Jdio's Impact Cited cultural state. New Presentation Whether you judge radio effectiveness by coverage pattern, Page 30 audience rating or actual cash register results, you'll find that FREE & the Team leads the parade in every category. PETERS, ñtvC. Two Major Probes \Exclusive National It pays to go first -class when you go into the great Heart of Face New Senate Representatives America market. Get with the KMBC -KFRM Radio Team Page 44 and get real pulling power! See your Free & Peters Colonel for choice availabilities. st SATURE SECTION The KMBC - KFRM Radio TEAM -1 in the ;Begins on Page 35 of KANSAS fir the STATE CITY of KANSAS Heart of America Basic CBS Radio DON DAVIS Vice President JOHN SCHILLING Vice President and General Manager GEORGE HIGGINS Year Vice President and Sally Manager EWSWEEKLY Ir and for tels s )F RADIO AND TV KMBC -TV, the BIG TOP TV JIj,i, Station in the Heart of America sú,\.rw.
    [Show full text]
  • Institutional Analysis and Development: Elements of the Framework in Historical Perspective - Elinor Ostrom
    HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND THEORETICAL APPROACHES IN SOCIOLOGY – Vol. II - Institutional Analysis and Development: Elements of The Framework in Historical Perspective - Elinor Ostrom INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT: ELEMENTS OF THE FRAMEWORK IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Elinor Ostrom Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis, Indiana University, USA Keywords: Actor, common-pool resources, configurations, institution, level of analysis, norms, open-access, organization, property rights, public good, rules, strategies Contents 1. Introduction 2. Challenges 3. Multiple Definitions of Institutions 4. Invisibility of Institutions 5. Multiple Disciplines—Multiple Languages 6. Multiple Levels of Analysis 7. Configural Relationships 8. Institutional Framewor ks, Theories, and Models 9. The Institutional Analysis and Development Framework 10. Diagnosis and Explanation within the Frame of an Action Arena 11. An Action Situation 12. The Actor: Theories and Models of The Individual 13. Predicting Outcomes within an Action Arena 14. Evaluating Outcomes 15. Explanation: Viewing Action Arenas as Dependent Variables 16. The Concept of Rules 17. Rule Configurations 18. Attributes of States of the World: Physical and Material Conditions 19. Attributes of the Community 20. Linking Action Arenas 21. Multiple Levels of Analysis 22. Uses and Value of the IAD Framework Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch UNESCO – EOLSS Summary The IAD frameworkSAMPLE is a general language forCHAPTERS analyzing and testing hypotheses about behavior in diverse situations at multiple levels of analysis and concerns analyses of how rules, physical and material conditions, and attributes of community affect the structure of action arenas, the incentives that individuals face, and the resulting outcomes. A systematic exposition of this meta-language is provided. 1. Introduction In previous centuries, social theorists such as Locke, Montesquieu, Hume, Adam Smith, ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND THEORETICAL APPROACHES IN SOCIOLOGY – Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Strength in Numbers: the Rising of Academic Statistics Departments In
    Agresti · Meng Agresti Eds. Alan Agresti · Xiao-Li Meng Editors Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics DepartmentsStatistics in the U.S. Rising of Academic The in Numbers: Strength Statistics Departments in the U.S. Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics Departments in the U.S. Alan Agresti • Xiao-Li Meng Editors Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics Departments in the U.S. 123 Editors Alan Agresti Xiao-Li Meng Department of Statistics Department of Statistics University of Florida Harvard University Gainesville, FL Cambridge, MA USA USA ISBN 978-1-4614-3648-5 ISBN 978-1-4614-3649-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3649-2 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012942702 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.
    [Show full text]
  • Nexstar Media Group Stations(1)
    Nexstar Media Group Stations(1) Full Full Full Market Power Primary Market Power Primary Market Power Primary Rank Market Stations Affiliation Rank Market Stations Affiliation Rank Market Stations Affiliation 2 Los Angeles, CA KTLA The CW 57 Mobile, AL WKRG CBS 111 Springfield, MA WWLP NBC 3 Chicago, IL WGN Independent WFNA The CW 112 Lansing, MI WLAJ ABC 4 Philadelphia, PA WPHL MNTV 59 Albany, NY WTEN ABC WLNS CBS 5 Dallas, TX KDAF The CW WXXA FOX 113 Sioux Falls, SD KELO CBS 6 San Francisco, CA KRON MNTV 60 Wilkes Barre, PA WBRE NBC KDLO CBS 7 DC/Hagerstown, WDVM(2) Independent WYOU CBS KPLO CBS MD WDCW The CW 61 Knoxville, TN WATE ABC 114 Tyler-Longview, TX KETK NBC 8 Houston, TX KIAH The CW 62 Little Rock, AR KARK NBC KFXK FOX 12 Tampa, FL WFLA NBC KARZ MNTV 115 Youngstown, OH WYTV ABC WTTA MNTV KLRT FOX WKBN CBS 13 Seattle, WA KCPQ(3) FOX KASN The CW 120 Peoria, IL WMBD CBS KZJO MNTV 63 Dayton, OH WDTN NBC WYZZ FOX 17 Denver, CO KDVR FOX WBDT The CW 123 Lafayette, LA KLFY CBS KWGN The CW 66 Honolulu, HI KHON FOX 125 Bakersfield, CA KGET NBC KFCT FOX KHAW FOX 129 La Crosse, WI WLAX FOX 19 Cleveland, OH WJW FOX KAII FOX WEUX FOX 20 Sacramento, CA KTXL FOX KGMD MNTV 130 Columbus, GA WRBL CBS 22 Portland, OR KOIN CBS KGMV MNTV 132 Amarillo, TX KAMR NBC KRCW The CW KHII MNTV KCIT FOX 23 St. Louis, MO KPLR The CW 67 Green Bay, WI WFRV CBS 138 Rockford, IL WQRF FOX KTVI FOX 68 Des Moines, IA WHO NBC WTVO ABC 25 Indianapolis, IN WTTV CBS 69 Roanoke, VA WFXR FOX 140 Monroe, AR KARD FOX WTTK CBS WWCW The CW WXIN FOX KTVE NBC 72 Wichita, KS
    [Show full text]
  • Growth and Dynamics of Maturing New Media Companies Growth and Dynamics of Maturing New Media Companies Growth and Dynamics Of
    CINZIA DAL ZOTTO CINZIA DAL CINZIA DAL ZOTTO (ed.) CINZIA DAL ZOTTO (ed.) (ed.) Growth and Dynamics of Maturing New Media Companies Media Companies and Dynamics of Maturing New Growth Growth and Dynamics of Companies that were called “new media” fi rms a decade ago are now maturing and playing increasingly competitive roles in the media landscape and compre- Maturing New Media hension of the uses and opportunities presented by these technologies have evol- ved along with the fi rms. The changes resulting from the introduction of the technologies, and their uses by media and communication enterprises, today Companies present a host of realistic opportunities to both established and emergent fi rms. This book explores developments in the new media fi rms, their effects on traditional media fi rms, and emerging issues involving these media. It addresses Media Management and Transformation Centre issues of changes in the media environment, markets, products, and business practices and how media fi rms have adapted to those changes as the new techno- Jönköping International Business School logy fi rms have matured and their products have gained consumer acceptance. It explores organizational change in maturing new media companies, challenges of growth in these adolescent fi rms, changing leadership and managerial needs in growing and maturing fi rms, and internationalization of small and medium new media fi rms. The chapters in this volume reveal how they are now creating niches within media and communication activities that are providing them com- petitive spaces in which to further develop and succeed. The book is based on papers and discussions at the workshop, “The ‘New Economy’ Comes of Age: Growth and Dynamics of Maturing New Media Com- panies” sponsored by the Media Management and Transformation Centre of Jönköping International Business School, 12-13 November 2004.
    [Show full text]
  • The Death of Welfare Economics: History of a Controversy
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Igersheim, Herrade Working Paper The death of welfare economics: History of a controversy CHOPE Working Paper, No. 2017-03 Provided in Cooperation with: Center for the History of Political Economy at Duke University Suggested Citation: Igersheim, Herrade (2017) : The death of welfare economics: History of a controversy, CHOPE Working Paper, No. 2017-03, Duke University, Center for the History of Political Economy (CHOPE), Durham, NC This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/155466 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu The death of welfare economics: History of a controversy by Herrade Igersheim CHOPE Working Paper No. 2017-03 January 2017 Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2901574 The death of welfare economics: history of a controversy Herrade Igersheim December 15, 2016 Abstract.
    [Show full text]
  • Kurt Stephenson
    CURRICULUM VITA KURT STEPHENSON Department of Agricultural & Applied Economics Virginia Tech Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 (540) 231 – 5381 (Office) (540) 231-7417 (fax) EDUCATION Ph.D., Economics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, August 1994. M.S. Agricultural Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, July 1988. B.S. Economics, Radford University, June 1986. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Professor, Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Tech. June 2008 to present. Responsibilities: Conduct and manage a research program in natural resource and environmental economics and policy; classroom instruction; undergraduate program coordinator, undergraduate and graduate student advising; departmental and committee work. Associate Professor, Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Tech. June 2001 to 2008. Assistant Professor, Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Tech. November 1995 to June 2001. Senior Research Associate, Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, Virginia Tech. October 1994 to October 1995. PROFESSIONAL SERVICE AND AWARDS Professional Service Eastern Virginia Groundwater Management Advisory Committee, established by Senate Bill S 1341, March 2015. 2015-2017. Academic Advisory Committee to Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, 2004-present. Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee, Chesapeake Bay Program, Committee Member, 2013- present. National Research Council, Committee on Review of EPA's Economic Analysis of Final Water Quality Standards for Nutrients for Lakes and Flowing Waters in Florida, 2011- 2012. Chesapeake Bay Watershed Nutrient Credit Exchange Program Study. Senate Joint Resolution No. 334. Virginia Secretary of Natural Resources, 2011. National Research Council, Evaluation of the Revisions to Federal Principles and Standards for Evaluation Water Resources Projects, 2009-10.
    [Show full text]
  • GEORGE J. STIGLER Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, 1101 East 58Th Street, Chicago, Ill
    THE PROCESS AND PROGRESS OF ECONOMICS Nobel Memorial Lecture, 8 December, 1982 by GEORGE J. STIGLER Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, 1101 East 58th Street, Chicago, Ill. 60637, USA In the work on the economics of information which I began twenty some years ago, I started with an example: how does one find the seller of automobiles who is offering a given model at the lowest price? Does it pay to search more, the more frequently one purchases an automobile, and does it ever pay to search out a large number of potential sellers? The study of the search for trading partners and prices and qualities has now been deepened and widened by the work of scores of skilled economic theorists. I propose on this occasion to address the same kinds of questions to an entirely different market: the market for new ideas in economic science. Most economists enter this market in new ideas, let me emphasize, in order to obtain ideas and methods for the applications they are making of economics to the thousand problems with which they are occupied: these economists are not the suppliers of new ideas but only demanders. Their problem is comparable to that of the automobile buyer: to find a reliable vehicle. Indeed, they usually end up by buying a used, and therefore tested, idea. Those economists who seek to engage in research on the new ideas of the science - to refute or confirm or develop or displace them - are in a sense both buyers and sellers of new ideas. They seek to develop new ideas and persuade the science to accept them, but they also are following clues and promises and explorations in the current or preceding ideas of the science.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Media Ownership Rules
    Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Media Ownership Rules Updated October 9, 2018 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R45338 SUMMARY R45338 Federal Communications Commission (FCC) October 9, 2018 Media Ownership Rules Dana A. Scherer The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) aims, with its broadcast media ownership Specialist in rules, to promote localism and competition by restricting the number of media outlets that a Telecommunications single entity may own or control within a geographic market and, in the case of broadcast Policy television stations, nationwide. In addition, the FCC seeks to encourage diversity, including (1) the diversity of viewpoints, as reflected in the availability of media content reflecting a variety of perspectives; (2) diversity of programming, as indicated by a variety of formats and content; (3) outlet diversity, to ensure the presence of multiple independently owned media outlets within a geographic market; and (4) minority and female ownership of broadcast media outlets. Two FCC media ownership rules have proven particularly controversial. Its national media ownership rule prohibits any entity from owning commercial television stations that reach more than 39% of U.S. households nationwide. Its “UHF discount” rule discounts by half the reach of a station broadcasting in the Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) band for the purpose of applying the national media ownership rule. In December 2017, the commission opened a rulemaking proceeding, seeking comments about whether it should modify or repeal the two rules. If the FCC retains the UHF discount, even if it maintains the 39% cap, a single entity could potentially reach 78% of U.S. households through its ownership of broadcast television stations.
    [Show full text]
  • CMCRP : the Growth of the Network Media Economy in Canada
    THE GROWTH OF THE NETWORK MEDIA ECONOMY IN CANADA, 1984-2017 REPORT NOVEMBER 2018 (UPDATED JANUARY 2019) Canadian Media Concentration Research Project Research Canadian Media Concentration www.cmcrp.org 2 Candian Media Concentration Research Project The Canadian Media Concentration Research project is directed by Professor Dwayne Winseck, School of Journalism and Communication, Carleton University. The project is funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and aims to develop a comprehensive, systematic and long-term analysis of the media, internet and telecom industries in Canada to better inform public and policy-related discussions about these issues. Professor Winseck can be reached at either [email protected] or 613 769- 7587 (mobile). Open Access to CMCR Project Data CMCR Project data can be freely downloaded and used under Creative Commons licens- ing arrangements for non-commercial purposes with proper attribution and in accor- dance with the ShareAlike principles set out in the International License 4.0. Explicit, written permission is required for any other use that does not follow these principles. Our data sets are available for download here. They are also available through the Dat- averse, a publicly-accessible repository of scholarly works created and maintained by a consortium of Canadian universities. All works and datasets deposited in Dataverse are given a permanent DOI, so as to not be lost when a website becomes no longer avail- able—a form of “dead media”. Acknowledgements Special thanks to Ben Klass, a Ph.D. student at the School of Journalism and Communi- cation, Carleton University, Lianrui Jia, a Ph.D student in the York Ryerson Joint Gradu- ate Program in Communication and Culture and Han Xiaofei, also in the Ph.D.
    [Show full text]