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Rural-Development

Foundation PT CUM MAINS WORK-SHEET Part - 8

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RURAL DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION: Ministry of Rural Development has two departments namely Department of Rural Development and Department of Land Resource. Being the nodal Ministry for most of the development and welfare activities in the rural areas, the Ministry of Rural Development plays a pivotal role in the overall development strategy of the country. The vision and mission of the Ministry is sustainable and inclusive growth of rural India through a multipronged strategy for eradication of poverty by increasing livelihoods opportunities, providing social safety net and developing infrastructure for growth. This is expected to improve quality of life in rural India and to correct the developmental imbalances, aiming in the process, to reach out to most disadvantaged sections of the society. Aims of MoRD:  Providing livelihood opportunities to those in need including women and other vulnerable sections with focus on Below Poverty Line (BPL) households.  Providing for the enhancement of livelihood security of households in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in every financial year to every household demanding it.  Provision of all weather rural connectivity to unconnected rural habitations and upgradation of existing roads to provide market access.  Providing basic housing and homestead to BPL household in rural areas.  Providing social assistance to the elderly, widow and disabled persons.  Providing urban amenities in rural areas for improvement of quality of rural life.  Capacity development and training of rural development functionaries.  Promoting involvement of voluntary agencies and individuals for rural development.  Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land. This is done through watershed development programmes and initiating effective land reform measures for providing land to the landless rural poor.

SOCIAL JUSTICE: The term social justice implies a political and cultural balance of the diverse interests in society. Democracy is the only means by which is indeed a dynamic process because human societies have higher goals to attain. Social justice is an integral part of the society. Social injustice can not be tolerated for a long period and can damage society through revolts. Therefore the deprived class should be made capable live with dignity. Social justice is a principle that lays down the foundation of a society based on equality, liberty and fraternity. The basic aim and objective of society is the growth of individual and development of his personality. The concept of social justice is a revolutionary concept which provides meaning and significance to life and makes the rule of law dynamic. When Indian society seeks to meet the challenge of socio-economic

3 + India YEAR Book GO Housing inequality by its legislation and with the assistance of the rule of law, it seeks to achieve economic justice without any violent conflict. The ideal of a welfare state postulates unceasing pursuit of the doctrine of social justice. The significance and importance of the concept of social justice today that Social justice is not a blind concept . It seeks to do justice to all the citizen of the state.

RURAL PROGRAMS AND POLICIES: Schemes for Rural Development: 1. The following major programmes are being operated by the Ministry of Rural Development in rural areas: 2. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) for providing wage employment, 3. National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) for self employment and skill development, 4. Housing for All : Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana - Grameen (PMAY-G) for providing housing to BPL households, 5. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) for construction of quality roads, 6. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) for social pension, 7. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee RURBAN Mission, 8. Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) for improving the productivity of the land. In addition, the Ministry also has schemes for capacity development of rural functionaries; Information, Education and Communication; and Monitoring and Evaluation.

Department of Rural Development The Department of Rural Development is implementing a number of programmes in rural areas through the state Governments for poverty reduction, employment generation, rural infrastructure habitant development, provision of basic minimum services etc. The important programmes presently being implemented by the Department are:  Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)  Rural Housing (Indira Awaas Yojana)  DRDA Administration  Training Schemes  Promotion of Voluntary Schemes and Social Action Programme, organization of beneficiaries, advancement and dissemination of rural technology through CAPART. Department of Land Resources The department works in arresting land degradation, land ownership reform, and maintaining ecological balances. The major programmes implemented by the department are as follows:  Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Yojna (Watershed Development Component)  Digital India Land Record Modernization Programme

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 Neeranchal - World Bank assisted Watershed Management Programme  Technology Development, Extension & Training  Bio-diesel Mission

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA),2005

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), also known as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MNREGS) is Indian legislation enacted on August 25, 2005. The MGNREGA provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household willing to do public work-related unskilled manual work at the statutory minimum wage. The Ministry of Rural Development (MRD), Govt of India is monitoring the entire implementation of this scheme in association with state governments Objective of the Act  The objective of the Act is to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. MGNREGA Goals  Strong social safety net for the vulnerable groups by providing a fall-back employment source, when other employment alternatives are scarce or inadequate  Growth engine for sustainable development of an agricultural economy. Through the process of providing employment on works that address causes of chronic poverty such as drought, deforestation and soil erosion, the Act seeks to strengthen the natural resource base of rural livelihood and create durable assets in rural areas. Effectively implemented, MGNREGA has the potential to transform the geography of poverty  Empowerment of rural poor through the processes of a rights-based Law  New ways of doing business, as a model of governance reform anchored on the principles of transparency and grass root democracy Thus, MGNREGA fosters conditions for inclusive growth ranging from basic wage security and recharging rural economy to a transformative empowerment process of democracy

Salient Features of the Act 1. Adult members of a rural household, willing to do unskilled manual work, may apply for registration in writing or orally to the local Gram Panchayat 2. The Gram Panchayat after due verification will issue a Job Card. The Job Card will bear the photograph of all adult members of the household willing to work under MGNREGA and is free of cost 3. The Job Card should be issued within 15 days of application. 4. A Job Card holder may submit a written application for employment to the Gram Panchayat, stating the time and duration for which work is sought. The minimum days of employment have to be at least fourteen.

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5. The Gram Panchayat will issue a dated receipt of the written application for employment, against which the guarantee of providing employment within 15 days operates 6. Employment will be given within 15 days of application for work, if it is not then daily unemployment allowance as per the Act, has to be paid liability of payment of unemployment allowance is of the States. 7. Work should ordinarily be provided within 5 km radius of the village. In case work is provided beyond 5 km, extra wages of 10% are payable to meet additional transportation and living expenses 8. Wages are to be paid according to the Minimum Wages Act 1948 for agricultural labourers in the State, unless the Centre notifies a wage rate which will not be less than Rs. 60/ per day. Equal wages will be provided to both men and women. 9. Wages are to be paid according to piece rate or daily rate. Disbursement of wages has to be done on weekly basis and not beyond a fortnight in any case 10. At least one-third beneficiaries shall be women who have registered and requested work under the scheme. 11. Work site facilities such as crèche, drinking water, shade have to be provided 12. The shelf of projects for a village will be recommended by the gram sabha and approved by the Zilla panchayat. 13. At least 50% of works will be allotted to Gram Panchayats for execution 14. Permissible works predominantly include water and soil conservation, afforestation and land development works 15. A 60:40 wage and material ratio has to be maintained. No contractors and machinery is allowed 16. The Central Government bears the 100 percent wage cost of unskilled manual labour and 75 percent of the material cost including the wages of skilled and semi-skilled workers 17. Social Audit has to be done by the Gram Sabha 18. Grievance redressal mechanisms have to be put in place for ensuring a responsive implementation process 19. All accounts and records relating to the Scheme should be available for public scrutiny

Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana

Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAGY), a Government of India initiative for the empowerment of deprived sections, aims to achieve integrated development of selected villages through convergent implementation of all relevant Central and State schemes. The scheme was launched in March, 2010 on a pilot basis for the integrated development of 1000 villages each with more than 50% SC population. These villages should, inter alia, satisfy the following norms:

Physical Infrastructure

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 Should be connected to the nearest major road by an all-weather road. Likewise, in case of a multi- hamlet village, all hamlets should be connected with each other by an all-weather road.  Access for all to safe drinking water on a sustainable basis.  All houses should have electricity.  The village should have slush-free internal roads, and adequate street lighting.  Village should have adequate communication facilities, such as post-office, telephones, and, if possible, internet, and Bharat Nirman Common Service Centre (being established by the Deptt. of Information Technology).  Availability of adequate banking facilities through regular (brick and mortar) branches in the village or in close proximity, and through Business Correspondent/Business Facilitator Model.  All residents should have adequate housing, and there should be no homeless family.

Sanitation and Environment

 The village should have a high degree of sanitation- it should be free from dry latrines, and open defecation, and should have sanitary toilets, drains and an efficient waste disposal system. It should, as far as possible, fulfil “Nirmal Gram Puraskar” norms.  The Village should take care of its environment through (1) planting trees, (2) water harvestation and maintenance of water bodies (3) use of renewable sources of energy, such as biogas, solar energy, wind energy, (4) use of smokeless chulhas, etc.

Social Infrastructure, Human Development and Social Harmony  Should have an Anganwadi centre and schools of appropriate levels.  The village should have adequate and attractive building for its anganwadi, school, health centre, panchayat, and community hall. The village should have adequate facility for sports and other physical activities.  All children in the age-group of 3-6 should be enrolled in, and regularly attend the Anganwadi. Likewise, all children in the 6-14 age group should be enrolled in, and regularly attend school.  All adults should be at least functionally literate, and should have access to facilities for continuing education.  Access for all to primary health care and Reproductive Child Health (RCH) facilities, with proper pre-natal and ante-natal care for mothers.  100% institutional deliveries, full immunization of children, and observance of the small family norm.  The village as a community should take special care of its women, children (especially girls), senior citizens, and persons with disabilities.  There should be no public consumption of liquor or any other intoxicating substances, and their use in general should be discouraged.  The village should have an active Gram Sabha/Gram Panchayat, women’s/swarozgaris’ Self-help Group, youth club and Mahila mandal.

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 There should be no caste-based discrimination, complete eradication of untouchability, and a due sense of security and dignity among the weaker sections.  Residents of the village should be aware of and exercise their constitutional and legal rights. Likewise, they should also be aware of and discharge their fundamental and civic duties.

Livelihood

 All youth and adults of the village should have adequate employment and means of livelihood, and there should be adequate arrangements for development of skills among them, so that as many of them as possible are in skilled employment.  Progressive and efficient practices, based on new technology, should be used in all the economic activities pursued in the village, especially in agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries etc.  Should have adequate access to remunerative prices for agricultural and other produce of the village. Objective To ensure integrated development of the selected villages into “model villages” so that, inter alia:  They have all requisite physical and social infrastructure for their socio-economic development, and satisfy the norms mentioned in the vision of an adarsh gram to the maximum possible extent.  Disparity between SC and non-SC population in terms of common socio- economic indicators (e.g. literacy rate, completion rate of elementary education, IMR/MMR, ownership of productive assets, etc.) is eliminated, the indicators are raised to at least the level of the national average, and  All BPL families, especially those belonging to SCs, have food and livelihood security, and are enabled to cross the poverty line and earn an adequate livelihood  All children complete at least eight years of education, and  Incidence of malnutrition, especially among children and women, is eliminated.  Untouchability, discrimination, segregation, and atrocities against SCs are eliminated, as are other social evils like discrimination against girls/women,alcoholism and substance (drugs) abuse, etc., and all sections of society are able to live with dignity and equality, and in harmony with others.

Implementation

The scheme is being implemented by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India. To ensure focused attention, the selected States are to select villages from same, or 2-3 contiguous districts and give preference to the more backward districts. The development of the villages has to be ensured through:  Convergent implementation of existing Schemes of the Centre and State Governments, and  The works which could not be covered under the above, to be taken up through provision of "gap- filling" funds for which central assistance is provided @ Rs. 10 lakh per village revised to Rs. 20 lakhs per village at an average w.e.f. Sep. 2011, with State Government also expected to make a suitable, preferably matching, contribution.

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Gram Swaraj Abhiyaan Gram Swaraj Abhiyaan is a campaign that is being organised on the occasion of Ambedkar Jayanti during the period 14th April to 05th May, 2018.

Objectives of the campaign  The campaign is undertaken under the name of "Sabka Sath, Sabka Gaon, Sabka Vikas".  The objective of the campaign is to promote social harmony, spread awareness about pro-poor initiatives of government, reach out to poor households to enroll them as also to obtain their feedback on various welfare programmes.

Activities to be taken up  The campaign is being held through a partnership of beneficiaries, 33 lakh elected PRIs members, 5 crore women SHG members, MLAs and MPs to achieve goals. The Central/State and Local Governments are also partners in progress.

 As a special endeavour during the Gram Swaraj Abhiyan, saturation of eligible households/persons would be made under seven flagship pro-poor programmes in 21,058 identified villages covering 530 districts (except Karnataka, West Bengal where Election Code of Conduct is in place). The identified schemes are as follows: 1. Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana 2. Saubhagya 3. Ujala scheme 4. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana 5. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana 6. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana and 7. Mission Indradhanush. An important aspect of the campaign would also be the public disclosure to the Gram Panchayats (GP) regarding funds made available under various schemes of the line departments and activities to be taken up in each GP area.

Deendayal Antayodaya Yojana (DAY-NRLM).

 Aajeevika - National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) was launched by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), Government of India in June 2011.  Aided in part through investment support by the World Bank, the Mission aims at creating efficient and effective institutional platforms of the rural poor, enabling them to increase household income through sustainable livelihood enhancements and improved access to financial services.  NRLM set out with an agenda to cover 7 Crore rural poor households, across 600 districts, 6000 blocks, 2.5 lakh Gram Panchayats and 6 lakh villages in the country through self-managed Self Help

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Groups (SHGs) and federated institutions and support them for livelihoods collectives in a period of 8-10 years.  In addition, the poor would be facilitated to achieve increased access to rights, entitlements and public services, diversified risk and better social indicators of empowerment. DAY-NRLM believes in harnessing the innate capabilities of the poor and complements them with capacities (information, knowledge, skills, tools, finance and collectivization) to participate in the growing economy of the country. In November 2015, the program was renamed Deendayal Antayodaya Yojana (DAY-NRLM).

Features of DAY-NRLM: 1. Universal Social Mobilization At least one woman member from each identified rural poor household, is to be brought under the Self Help Group (SHG) network in a time bound manner. Special emphasis is particularly on vulnerable communities such as manual scavengers, victims of human trafficking, Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), Persons with Disabilities (PwDs) and bonded labour. 2. Participatory Identification of Poor (PIP) method The inclusion of the target group under NRLM is determined by a well-defined, transparent and equitable process of participatory identification of poor, at the level of the community Target Group is identified through the Participatory Identification of Poor (PIP) method. The NRLM Target Group (NTG) derived through the PIP is de-linked from the BPL. The efforts to roll-out PIP in the states have begun. PIP needs to be a community-driven process. To ensure this, the first PIP exercise is conducted after the formation of the primary federation (6-12 months after village entry). The list of poor identified through the PIP must be vetted by the Gram Sabha and approved by the Gram Panchayat. All the households in the PIP list are eligible to receive all benefits under NRLM. 3. Community Funds as Resources in Perpetuity NRLM provides Revolving Fund (RF) and Community Investment Fund (CIF) as resources in perpetuity to the institutions of the poor, to strengthen their institutional and financial management capacity and build their track record to attract mainstream bank finance. 4. Financial Inclusion: NRLM works on both demand and supply sides of financial inclusion. On the demand side, it promotes financial literacy among the poor and provides catalytic capital to the SHGs and their federations. On the supply side, the Mission coordinates with the financial sector and encourages use of Information, Communication & Technology (ICT) based financial technologies, business correspondents and community facilitators like ‘Bank Mitras’. It also works towards universal coverage of rural poor against risk of loss of life, health and assets. Further, it works on remittances, especially in areas where migration is endemic. 5. Livelihoods NRLM focuses on stabilizing and promoting existing livelihood portfolio of the poor through its three pillars – ‘vulnerability reduction’ and ‘livelihoods enhancement’ through deepening/enhancing and expanding existing livelihoods options and tapping new opportunities in farm and non-farm sectors; ‘employment’ -

10 + India YEAR Book GO Housing building skills for the job market outside; and ‘enterprises’ - nurturing self-employed and entrepreneurs (for micro-enterprises). NRLM promotes and supports collectives towards Sustainable Livelihoods of the Poor (CSLP) around these and other key livelihoods of the poor. These collectives offer their members access to livelihoods knowledge, skills, technology, market intelligence, risk management products and credit support through their SHGs and Federations to individual members/households. 6. Sensitive Support Structures NRLM’s process-intensive effort requires dedicated human resources. Realizing this, NRLM has set up sensitive and dedicated support structures at the National (NMMU), State (SMMU), district (DMMU) and sub-district levels (BMMU/PFT). The institutions of the poor, their staff and other social capital also provide the support in implementing the programme. These structures would have suitable linkages with Government(s), District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs), and PRIs. These support structures are staffed with professionally competent and dedicated human resources through appropriate arrangements including partnerships and outsourcing of services. In order to implement the NRLM effectively, National Rural Livelihoods Promotion Society (NRLPS) has been set up under the Societies’ Registration Act of 1860, under MoRD, as the technical arm of the Mission. The NMMU has been made an integral part of NRLPS.

Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana – Gramin

Housing for all by 2022, the rural housing scheme Indira Awas Yojana has been revamped to Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana – Gramin and approved during March 2016. Under the scheme, financial assistance is provided for construction of pucca house to all houseless and households living in dilapidated houses. It is proposed that one crore households would be provided assistance for construction of pucca house under the project during the period from 2016-17 to 2018-19.

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The scheme would be implemented in rural areas throughout India except Delhi and Chandigarh. The cost of houses would be shared between Centre and States.

Objective To provide pucca house to all who are houseless and living in dilapidated houses in rural areas by 2022.

Funding Pattern Under PMAY, the cost of unit assistance is to be shared between Central and State Governments in the ratio 60:40 in plain areas and 90:10 for North Eastern and hilly states. The unit assistance given to beneficiaries under the programme is Rs 1,20,000 in plain areas and to Rs 1,30,000 in hilly states/difficult areas /Integrated Action Plan (IAP) for Selected Tribal and Backward Districts. Presently the NE States, States of HP, J&K and Uttarakhand and all 82 LWE districts are identified as difficult and hilly areas. The unit size is 25 sq.m including a dedicated area for hygienic cooking.

 The beneficiary is entitled to 90 days of unskilled labour from MGNREGA.  The beneficiary would be facilitated to avail loan of up to Rs.70,000/- for construction of the house which is optional.  Funds will be transferred electronically directly to the account of the beneficiary.

Target Group  Identification of beneficiaries eligible for assistance and their prioritisation to be done using information from Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC) ensuring total transparency and objectivity.  The list will be presented to Gram Sabha to identify beneficiaries who have been assisted before or who have become ineligible due to other reasons. The finalised list will be published. Annual list of beneficiaries will be identified from the total list through participatory process by the Gram Sabha.

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana: Ministry/Department : Ministry of Rural Development Objective: To provide all-weather road connectivity to all eligible unconnected habitations.

Scheme:  It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme  The programme envisages connecting all eligible unconnected habitations with : a) A population of 500 persons and above in plain areas b) 250 persons and above in Hill States, Tribal (Schedule-V) areas, the Desert Areas (as identified in Desert Development Programme) and 82 Selected Tribal and Backward Districts under Integrated Action Plan (IAP) as identified by the Ministry of Home Affairs/Planning Commission.

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 The programme also has an Upgradation component in order to ensure full farm to market connectivity.  The Rural Roads is one of the six components of Bharat Nirman  World Bank has supported PMGSY since its inception.  For this scheme, 75 paise per litre has been earmarked out of cess levied on high speed diesel.  It considers habitation as unit for providing connectivity and not a revenue village.  A Standard Bidding Document has been prepared and is being sent to all the States for use in all PMGSY roads. Tender will be invited for construction as well as maintenance for the road work for five years including the liability of the defects for five years.  Under PMGSY, for the first time systematic District Rural Roads Plans have been prepared listing out the complete network of all roads in the district i.e. Village Roads, Major District Roads, State Roads and National Highways.  The concept of Core Network has been operationalised for the first time in order to focus on the set of roads which are considered essential to provide connectivity to all habitations of the desired size.  A 3-tier quality control system has been put in place and State and National Quality Monitors is being enforced. Third tier of Quality Control Mechanism is being managed by the National Rural Roads Development Agency(NRRDA).

The scheme encourages use of “Green Technologies” and non-conventional materials (like waste plastic, geo-textiles, fly-ash, iron and copper slag etc) for constructing rural roads. Funding pattern : In ratio of 60:40 between Centre and State for all States except for 8 North Eastern and 3 Himalayan States (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Jammu & Kashmir) for which it is 90:10.

Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana–“Saubhagya”

Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana – ‘Saubhagya’ a new scheme was launched by the Hon’ble Prime Minister on 25th September 2017. Under Saubhagya free electricity connections to all households (both APL and poor families) in rural areas and poor families in urban areas will be provided. There are around 4 Crore un-electrified households in the country and they are targeted for providing electricity connections by December 2018. Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) has been designated as its nodal agency for the Saubhagya scheme. Under the Saubhagya scheme, DISCOMs will also organize camps in villages/cluster of villages to facilitate on-the-spot filling up of application forms including release of electricity connections to households. DISCOMs/Power Department will also adopt innovative mechanism through dedicated web-portal/Mobile App for collection/consolidation of application form in electronic mode and also capturing process of release of electricity connections.

Scope of the Scheme:

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 Providing last mile connectivity and electricity connections to all un-electrified households in rural areas.  Providing Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) based standalone system for un-electrified households located in remote and inaccessible villages/habitations, where grid extension is not feasible or cost-effective.  Providing last mile connectivity and electricity connections to all remaining economically poor un- electrified households in urban areas. Non-poor urban households are excluded from this scheme.

Salient Features of Saubhagya are:

 All DISCOMs including Private Sector DISCOMs, State Power Departments and RE Cooperative Societies shall be eligible for financial assistance under the scheme in line with DDUGJY.  The prospective beneficiary households for free electricity connections under the scheme would be identified using SECC 2011 data. However, un-electrified households not covered under SECC data would also be provided electricity connections under the scheme on payment of Rs. 500 which shall be recovered by DISCOMs in 10 installments through electricity bill.  The electricity connections to un-electrified households include provision of service line cable, energy meter including pre-paid/smart meter, single point wiring. LED lamps and associated accessories in line with technical specifications and construction standard.  In case of un-electrified households located in remote and inaccessible areas, power packs of 200 to 300 Wp(with battery bank) with a maximum of 5 LED lights, 1 DC Fan, 1 DC power plug etc. may be provided along with the provision of Repair and Maintenance (R&M) for 5 years.  The defaulters whose connections have been disconnected should not be given benefit of the scheme. However, the utilities may consider settlement of old dues and reconnection as per norms.

Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana(DDUGJY):

The Government of India has launched the scheme “Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana” for rural electrification. The erstwhile Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) scheme for village electrification and providing electricity distribution infrastructure in the rural areas has been subsumed in the DDUGJY scheme. Rural Electrification Corporation is the Nodal Agency for implementation of DDUGJY.

Objectives

 To provide electrification to all villages  Feeder separation to ensure sufficient power to farmers and regular supply to other consumers  Improvement of Sub-transmission and distribution network to improve the quality and reliability of the supply  Metering to reduce the losses

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Components of the scheme a) Separation of agriculture and non-agriculture feeders facilitating judicious rostering of supply to agricultural & non-agricultural consumers in the rural areas; b) Strengthening and augmentation of sub-transmission & distribution (ST&D) infrastructure in rural areas, including metering at distribution transformers, feeders and consumers end; c) Rural electrification, as per CCEA approval dated 01.08.2013 for completion of the targets laid down under RGGVY for 12th and 13th Plans by subsuming RGGVY in DDUGJY and carrying forward the approved outlay for RGGVY to DDUGJY.

Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin)

The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan has been restructured into the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin). The mission aims to make India an open defecation free country in Five Years. It seeks to improve the levels of cleanliness in rural areas through Solid and Liquid Waste Management activities and making Gram Panchayats Open Defecation Free (ODF), clean and sanitised.

Under the mission, One lakh thirty four thousand crore rupees will be spent for construction of about 11 crore 11 lakh toilets in the country. Technology will be used on a large scale to convert waste into wealth in rural India in the forms of bio-fertilizer and different forms of energy. The mission is to be executed on war footing with the involvement of every gram panchayat, panchayat samiti and Zila Parishad in the country, besides roping in large sections of rural population and school teachers and students in this endeavor.

Incentive as provided under the Mission for the construction of Individual Household Latrines (IHHL) shall be available for all Below Poverty Line (BPL) Households and Above Poverty Line (APL) households restricted to SCs/STs, small and marginal farmers, landless labourers with homestead, physically handicapped and women headed households.

The Incentive amount provided under SBM(G) to Below Poverty Line (BPL) /identified APLs households shall be up to Rs.12,000 for construction of one unit of IHHL and provide for water availability, including for storing for hand-washing and cleaning of the toilet. Central Share of this Incentive for IHHLs shall be Rs.9,000/- (75%) from Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin). The State share will be Rs.3,000/-(25%). For North Eastern State, and Special category States, the Central share will be Rs. 10,800/- and the State share Rs.1,200/- (90% : 10%). The beneficiary is to be encouraged to additionally contribute in the construction of his/her IHHL to promote ownership.

INTEGRATED WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM:

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For the promotion of rainfed/dryland farming, various watershed programmes are being implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Rural Development through integrated watershed management approach. The details of these programmes are:-

Ministry of Agriculture 1. National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) 2. Soil Conservation in the Catchments of River Valley Project and Flood Prone River (RVP & FPR) 3. Watershed Development Project for Shifting Cultivation Areas (WDPSCA) Minsitry of Rural Development: Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP): Integration and Modification of the schemes of Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP), Desert Development Programme (DDP) and Integrated Waterland Development Programme (IWDP). Maharashtra.

In watershed programmes, assistance is provided to farmers for natural resource management activities. Besides, in other agriculture development programmes, incentives are provided to farmers in terms of subsidy for various agricultural inputs/operations. Watershed programmes have helped in increasing production & productivity in rainfed/degraded areas.

Besides, programmes like Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), National Food Security Mission (NFSM), National Mission on Micro Irrigation (NMMI), National Horticulture Mission (NHM) also accord special focus to rainfed areas for improving livelihood security and agricultural productivity. Research Projects on Dryland agriculture are also being implemented by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) under the All India Coordinated Research Project on Dryland Agriculture (AICRPDA).

Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana

There are several challenges preventing India’s rural poor from competing in the modern market, such as the lack of formal education and marketable skills. DDU-GKY bridges this gap by funding training projects benchmarked to global standards, with an emphasis on placement, retention, career progression and foreign placement.

Features of Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana Enable Poor and Marginalized to Access Benefits • Demand led skill training at no cost to the rural poor Inclusive Program Design • Mandatory coverage of socially disadvantaged groups (SC/ST 50%; Minority 15%; Women 33%) Shifting Emphasis from Training to Career Progression • Pioneers in providing incentives for job retention, career progression and foreign placements Greater Support for Placed Candidates • Post-placement support, migration support and alumni network

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Proactive Approach to Build Placement Partnerships • Guaranteed Placement for at least 75% trained candidates Enhancing the Capacity of Implementation Partners • Nurturing new training service providers and developing their skills Regional Focus • Greater emphasis on projects for poor rural youth in Jammu and Kashmir (HIMAYAT), • The North-East region and 27 Left-Wing Extremist (LWE) districts (ROSHINI) Standards-led Delivery • All program activities are subject to Standard Operating Procedures that are not open to interpretation by local inspectors. All inspections are supported by geo-tagged, time stamped videos/photographs. Beneficiary Eligibility Rural Youth:15 - 35 Yrs SC/ST/Women/PVTG/PWD: upto 45 Yrs Implementation Model DDU-GKY follows a 3-tier implementation model. The DDU-GKY National Unit at MoRD functions as the policy-making, technical support and facilitation agency. The DDU-GKY State Missions provide implementation support; and the Project Implementing Agencies (PIAs) implement the programme through skilling and placement projects.

PM KISAN SCHEME:

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) has launched the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evem Utthan Mahabhiyan (PM KUSUM) Scheme for farmers for installation of solar pumps and grid connected solar and other renewable power plants in the country.

The scheme aims to add solar and other renewable capacity of 25,750 MW by 2022 with total central financial support of Rs. 34,422 Crore including service charges to the implementing agencies.

Scheme Components

The Scheme consists of three components: Component A: 10,000 MW of Decentralized Ground Mounted Grid Connected Renewable Power Plants of individual plant size up to 2 MW. Component B: Installation of 17.50 lakh standalone Solar Powered Agriculture Pumps of individual pump capacity up to 7.5 HP. Component C: Solarisation of 10 Lakh Grid-connected Agriculture Pumps of individual pump capacity up to 7.5 HP. Scheme implementation

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State Nodal Agencies(SNAs) of MNRE will coordinate with States/UTs, Discoms and farmers for implementation of the scheme.

Components A and C of the Scheme will be implemented in Pilot mode till 31st December 2019. The Component B, which is a ongoing sub-programme, will be implemented in entirety without going through pilot mode.

The capacities to be implemented under pilot mode for the Components A and C are as follows: Component A: Commissioning of 1000 MW capacity of ground/ stilt mounted solar or other renewable energy source based power projects Component C: Solarization of 1,00,000 grid connected agriculture pumps On successful implementation of pilot run of Components A and C of the Scheme, these components would be scaled-up, after getting necessary approval.

Scheme benefits The scheme will open a stable and continuous source of income to the rural land owners for a period of 25 years by utilisation of their dry/uncultivable land. Further, in case cultivated fields are chosen for setting up solar power project, the farmers could continue to grow crops as the solar panels are to be set up above a minimum height.

The proposed scheme would ensure that sufficient local solar/ other renewable energy based power is available for feeding rural load centres and agriculture pump-set loads, which require power mostly during the day time. As these power plants will be located closer to the agriculture loads or to electrical substations in a decentralized manner, it will result in reduced Transmission losses for STUs and Discoms. Moreover, the scheme will also help the Discoms to achieve the RPO target

The solar pumps will save the expenditure incurred on diesel for running diesel pump and provide the farmers a reliable source of irrigation through solar pump apart from preventing harmful pollution from running diesel pump. In light of the long waiting list for electric grid connection, this scheme will benefit 17.5 lakh farmers over a period of four years, without adding to the grid load.

PANCHAYATI RAJ INSTITUTIONS:

Panchayat: The 73rd and 74th Amendments to the Constitution of India laid the way for a paradigm shift in the governance system of the country. From two levels of the National and State governments, a new level was introduced which could be broadly called local government.

The major guiding principles : a) Autonomy of local governments

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b) Powers to take decisions in matters transferred to local governments, and c) Devolution of functions, finance and functionaries. The major objectives of these Constitutional amendments include Ensuring social justice and local economic development. And these definitely cover all aspects of human development.

Salient Features of the Constitutional Amendments • Every State shall have Panchayats in rural areas and Municipalities in urban areas. • A three-tier system for States having population over two million. • For others, a two-tier system with no intermediate tier. • Panchayats and Municipalities are established as institutions of self-government. • There is reservation of seats – not less than one-third seats for women while for scheduled caste and tribes, proportional to their population. • The term of office for the elected representatives of these local governments is five years. • The local governments are also to prepare local area development plans. • Resources to the local governments may come from own resources generated by them like from taxes, duties, tolls, fees, rent, user charges, taxes collected by the state and a part of which assigned to or shared with the local governments, specific purpose grants from the State and Central governments, untied grants, borrowing, donations and gifts. These are to be decided by the State governments based on the recommendations of a mandatory State Finance Commission. • Each district has a District Planning Committee (DPC), which prepares a development plan for the district consolidating the urban and rural local plans and higher tier plans. • Village assemblies’ alias Gram Sabhas with all adult citizens as members are established in every local government. • States are mandated to confer power and responsibilities to these Gram Sabhas. • The State governments shall constitute independent State Election Commissions. • 29 subjects are transferred to the local governments; the details of which have to be defined by the State governments. The Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) consists of three levels: a) Gram Panchayat at the village level b) Block Panchayat or Panchayat Samiti at the intermediate level c) Zilla Panchayat at the district level

Gram Sabha: The Gram Sabha is the fulcrum of the Panchayati Raj and village development. People use the forum of the Gram Sabha to discuss local governance and development, and make need- based plans for the village.

The Panchayat implements development programs under the overarching mandate, supervision and monitoring of the Gram Sabha. All decisions of the Panchayat are taken through the Gram Sabha and no decision is official and valid without the consent of the Gram Sabha.

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What is Gram Sabha

• The term Gram Sabha is defined in the Constitution of India under Article 243(b). • Gram Sabha is the primary body of the Panchayati Raj system and by far the largest. • It is a permanent body. • Gram Sabha is the Sabha of the electorate. All other institutions of the Panchayati Raj like the Gram Panchayat, Block Panchayat and Zilla Parishad are constituted by elected representatives. • The decisions taken by the Gram Sabha cannot be annulled by any other body. The power to annul a decision of the Gram Sabha rests with the Gram Sabha only.

Who are the members of Gram Sabha

• Persons, those who are above 18 years of age and living in the village and whose names are included in the electoral rolls for the Panchayat at the village level.

Scheduled meetings of the Gram Sabha

According to the State Panchayat Raj Acts, the Gram Sabha must meet at least two to four times in a year. For people's convenience, in most of the States, four national-international days have been identified as reference dates for these meetings. They are • Republic Day (26th January) • Labour day (1st May) • Independence Day (15th August) • Gandhi Jayanti (2nd October) Gram Panchayats are however free to convene Gram Sabha on other dates according to their convenience.

Who Organises Gram Sabha

• The Panchayat Secretary after obtaining approval of the Sarpanch should organize the Gram Sabha. • Gram Panchayat Sarpanch has to convene a Gram Sabha meeting when either 10% members of Gram Sabha or 50 persons of Gram Sabha (whichever is more) submits their requisition for holding a Gram Sabha. However, those members have to inform the purpose for the meeting. • A written request for the meeting must be handed over to the Sarpanch during office hours 5 days before the date of meeting. • If the Sarpanch fails to hold the meeting on the requested date, the members who requested the meeting can themselves organize the gram Sabha meeting.

Block Panchayat

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• Panchayat Samiti (also called Taluka Panchayats or Block Panchayats) is the intermediate level in Panchayati Raj Institutions. The Panchayat Samiti acts as the link between Gram Panchayat (Village) and District Panchayat (Zilla). These blocks do not hold elections for the Panchayat Samiti council seats. Rather, the block council consists of all of the Sarpanchas and the Upa Sarpanchas from each Gram Panchayat along with members of the legislative assembly (MLA), members of parliament (MPs), associate members (like a representative from a cooperative society) and members from the Zilla Parishad who are a part of the block. The Gram Panchayat members nominate their Sarpanch and Upa Sarpanch amongst their ranks, which extend to the selection of the chairperson and vice- chairperson as well. The Executive Officer (EO) is the head of the administration section of the Panchayat Samiti.

District Panchayat

• The District Panchayat also known as the District Council or Zilla Parishad is the third tier of the Panchayati Raj system. Like the Gram Panchayat, the District Panchayat is also an elected body. Chairpersons of Block Samitis also represent the District Panchayat. Like the Block Panchayat, the MP and MLA are also members of the district panchayat. The government appoints the Chief Executive Officer to carry out the administration of the district Panchayat along with the the Chief Accounts Officer, the Chief Planning Officer and one or more Deputy Secretaries who work directly under the Chief Executive Officer and assist him/her. The Zilla Parishad chairperson is the political head of the district panchayat.

The primary objective of establishing the third tier of the government is to increase democratic participation, better articulate local needs and priorities, and to ensure a more efficient use of local resources along with greater accountability and transparency. Accordingly, 29 functions have been proposed to be transferred to local governments in the rural area. These institutions have been playing an important role in several flagship programmes of the central and state governments, perhaps more role in implementation and monitoring.

MoRD Mobile apps: 1.Gram Samvaad A citizen centric mobile app to serve and empower the rural citizens of India, by facilitating single window access by citizens to information at Gram Panchayat level on various Rural Development programs, covering inter-alia programme objectives, scope and performance. 2.Janmanrega A citizen centric mobile app provides an interface to improve quality of public services under MGNREGA. 3.AwaasApp A citizen centric mobile app to inspect and report the houses constructed under PMAYG or other rural housing schemes.

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4.Meri Sadak A citizen centric mobile app to enable users to give their feedback regarding pace of works, quality of works etc. of PMGSY roads to the Nodal Departments in the State Governments / National Rural Roads Development Agency (NRRDA). 5.Kaushal Panjee - Skill Register A citizen centric mobile for DDUGKY and RSETI where Rural Youth can register free of cost and be connected to Training Partners and Banks working in collaboration with the Ministry of Rural Development. 6.GSA 18 A citizen centric mobile app which is specially made to monitor the events organized for the rural areas during Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (14th April 2018 to 5th May 2018)

SANSAD ARASH GRAM YOJANA

Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) is a village development project launched by Government of India in October 2014, under which each Member of Parliament will take the responsibility of developing physical and institutional infrastructure in three villages by 2019. The Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAANJHI) was launched on on 11th October, 2014 Goal The goal is to develop three Adarsh Grams by March 2019, of which one would be achieved by 2016. Thereafter, five such Adarsh Grams (one per year) will be selected and developed by 2024.

Objectives: 1. To trigger processes which lead to holistic development of the identified Gram Panchayats 2. To substantially improve the standard of living and quality of life of all sections of the population through • Improved basic amenities • Higher productivity • Enhanced human development • Better livelihood opportunities • Reduced disparities • Access to rights and entitlements • Wider social mobilization • Enriched social capital 3. To generate models of local level development and effective local governance which can motivate and inspire neighbouring Gram Panchayats to learn and adapt 4. To nurture the identified Adarsh Grams as schools of local development to train other Gram Panchayats.

Activities :

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Identification of Adarsh gram A Gram Panchayat would be the basic unit. It will have a population of 3000-5000 in plain areas and 1000- 3000 in hilly, tribal and difficult areas. In districts where this unit size is not available, Gram Panchayats approximating the desirable population size may be chosen.

The MP would be free to identify a suitable Gram Panchayat for being developed as Adarsh Gram, other than his/her own village or that of his/her spouse.

The MP will identify one Gram Panchayat to be taken up immediately, and two others to be taken up a little later. Lok Sabha MP has to choose a Gram Panchayat from within his/her constituency and Rajya Sabha MP a Gram Panchayat from the rural area of a district of his/her choice in the State from which he/she is elected. Nominated MPs may choose a Gram Panchayat from the rural area of any district in the country. In the case of urban constituencies, (where there are no Gram Panchayats), the MP will identify a Gram Panchayat from a nearby rural constituency.

The Gram Panchayats once selected by members of Parliament (whose tenures have ended on account of resignation or otherwise) would be continued as such under SAGY irrespective of whether activities have already been initiated in the GP under SAGY or not. The newly elected MPs will have the option to select the GP of their choice and two more subsequently by 2019.

Primarily, the goal is to develop three Adarsh Grams by March 2019, of which one would be achieved by 2016. Thereafter, five such Adarsh Grams (one per year) will be selected and developed by 2024.

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All the best JAI HIND

Class explanation- mind map

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