th Causes of Crime in the 16th and 17th Causes of crime in the 18th and 19th Causes of crime in the 20 centuries centuries century The main cause of crime in the 16th century was poverty Industrial and Agricultural Revolution led to new types of Why have crime figures risen sharply th due to: crime, factors that led to new and increased crimes: in the 20 century?  Rising inflation.  Population increase - population rose from 16 million  Actual increases in crime –

 Dissolution of the monasteries. in 1800 to 42 million in 1900, mostly in urban centres. violent crime remained the

 same, increase in crime by Bad harvests.  Growth of industrial towns – industrial revolution juvenile boys  Changes in farming methods. resulted in sharp growth in the population of certain  Rack-renting. towns such as Manchester and .  Increase in reporting of crime –  Rural depopulation.  Political unrest – working class people held protests media reports more crime and  Costly foreign wars. demanding political economic and social changes, individuals are reporting more  Changes in the cloth industry. such as the Luddite protest, chartists and swing riots. crimes   Rising population.  Poor living conditions – people living very closely Increased recording of crime –

packed together in poor-quality housing with no clean gap between actual crimes and Many of the major crimes during the 16th century were recorded crimes has decreased, water or sewage led to an increase in theft and crimes linked to the religious change brought upon by the partly due to more reporting of related to drunkenness. change in the monarch. crimes and due to new  Economic problems – bad harvests, high food prices technology. Monarch Religion and the effect of war led to crime. Henry VIII Catholic Why was there an increase in Edward VI Protestant crime? Mary I Catholic  Financial worries Elizabeth I Protestant Causes of Crime  Gang culture

 Technology  Henry VIII replaced himself as the head of the  Poverty church but allowed church services to remain  Communication in Latin. Priests were NOT allowed to marry. Why has there been a growth of terrorism in  Racial tensions (hate crimes)  Edward VI allowed church services to be done the 21st Century  Less traditional values in English with new English prayer books.  Belief in violent action  Television glamorises crime Priests were allowed to marry.  Media attention  Poor housing in inners cities  Mary I forced services to be in Latin again and  Strong beliefs / growth in fundamentalism banned the new prayer book Edward brought New crimes:  New technology in. Priests and their wives had to divorce.  Motoring offences  A form of direct action  Elizabeth I allowed church services to be in  Computer crime  Terrorist groups willing to work together English AND Welsh. Priests were allowed to  Football hooliganism  Putting pressure on governments to give in to  Drug-related crime marry again. demands  Gun and knife crime

Natures of Crime (1) th th Nature of Crimes in the 18 and 19 centuries Industrial and agrarian disorder during 18th and 19th

Reasons for the increase in smuggling. centuries Nature of Crimes in the 16 th and 17th centuries  Excise duty on goods Industrial: Vagrancy  Custom duty – 70% higher on tea by 1750 Luddites – introduction of new weaving machines,  Harman identified 23 different sorts called stocking frames, led to workers smashing the  Black market vagabonds, such as counterfeit cranks (sucked machines in 1812 and 1813. Harsh punishments led to  High demand as cheaper soap to foam at the mouth and pretended to an end to the protests.  Insufficient policing Chartists in , 1839 – wanted right to vote for all have fits) and Abraham man (pretended to be  Plenty of investors men over 21 mad).  Provided chance to earn extra money Llanidloes - April 1839, Chartists attacked a hotel,  These false beggars added to the view that  People didn’t think it was a crime troops arrived to restore order and 32 chartists were vagabondstr caused crimes. arrested and sentenced to imprisonment or  People felt more and more threatened by the Organisation: transportation.

growing numbers of beggars.  Venturer ( investor) Newport Rising - was the most serious outbreak of chartist violence, Zephaniah Williams and William Jones  The view was that vagrants were criminals,  Spotsman (brings ship to the right place) planned to lead a march of 20,000 men from spread diseases, too lazy to look for jobs.  Lander (organised taking cargo to land) Blackwood to Newport. Only 5000 went on the march.  Tubmen and batsmen (move the cargo) They gathered outside Westgate Hotel in Newport, Heresy - People who went against the official which housed 30 soldiers. Shots were fired and 8 religion were often tortured or executed. 1718 – Hovering Act – illegal for boats to wait within chartists were killed. The leaders were rounded up and In Wales, three Protestants were put to death 6 miles of coast found guilty of treason. They were sentenced to death, during Mary’s reign for refusing to convert to 1736 – Act of Indemnity – death penalty for injuring but this was later changed to transportation. Catholic faith officers Scotch Cattle – 1830s 1. Robert Ferrar, Bishop of St David’s who was Stopped due to reduction in taxes on goods Welsh Speaking colliers blacked their faces wearing burned at Camarthen 1555 Reasons for increase in highway robbery: animal skins protested against the truck system, high 2. Rawlins White, a fisherman who was  Unpoliced roads rents and wage reductions burned at Cardiff in 1555  More roads – more travel Agrarian 3. William Nichol, a labourer who was burned  Ex-soldiers became highway robbers Swing riots – 1830-32 at Haverford West in 1558  People carried money and jewellery Gangs of protestors attacked the property of the rich farmers. These were farm labourers who were angry  Availability of firearms During Elizabeth’s reign, it was the Catholics about being in poverty and farmers using machinery.  Very little banks to keep money and the puritans who were accused of heresy. Between 1830 and 32 there were 316 cases of arson.

1. Wales Richard Gwyn, a Catholic  Coaching inns safe places for robbers Rebecca Riots in Wales, 1839-40 schoolteacher was executed at Wrexham Welsh farmers were angry at the high rent and the Reasons for decline: building of toll-gates which meant you had to pay to for spreading Catholic views in 1584. - Introduction of banknotes that were easy to trace. travel on a road. The toll-gate keeper could charge 2. A Catholic priest was executed in 1593 for - Better policing – the horse patrol set up by Fielding. what they wanted. They were also angry at having to spreading Catholic literature. - Open spaces in London were built on. pay money to the church and the changes in the poor 3. John Penry was executed in 1593 for - Manned tollgates made it harder laws. They dressed up as women as disguise. Toll spreading puritan ideas. - JP’s refused to licence taverns used by robbers. charges were standardised after the protest.

Nature of Crimes in the 20th and 21st century Terrorism in UK Transport crime The troubles in Northern Ireland, 1969-98 Natures of Crime (2) o 1974 – IRA planted bombs in pubs in  Cars appeared in 1894  Red flag act – limited speed 4mph Birmingham  1903 first fatality o 1979 – Lord Mountbatten killed by IRA o  1908 road signs introduced 1984 – attempt to blow up conservative conference  1933 and 34 – 7,000 fatal accidents – o 1996 – IRA bomb in Manchester 212 people ministry of transport introduced speed injured limits and tests  1935 – compulsory driving test Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru (MAC 1963-69 o in 1967 it blew up a pipe carrying water from  1967 – tests for drink driving Lake Vyrnwy to Liverpool  1977 – 70 mph speed limit o in 1968 they exploded bombs outside the tax  2003 illegal to use mobile phones office in Cardiff Most common motoring offences: o in 1969 The leader, John Jenkins, was arrested  Alcohol related and sentenced to 10 years in prison, this  Dangerous driving destroyed the MAC organisation.  Parking iffences Meibon Glyndwr (Sons of Glyndwr) 1979-1994 A cartoon that appeared in Punch  Failing to stop after accidents o This Welsh Nationalist movement opposed the magazine in 1843 showing Rebecca  Not wearing a seatbelt decline of the Welsh language and culture. rioters attacking a list of their worries  No insurance on the tollgate.  No MOT They set fire to houses that were owned by  No driving licence English in Wales, about 220 properties were Types of motoring crimes damaged by arson over a 15-year period.  Theft  Theft from vehicles Global terrorism  Joyriding o Lockerbie bombing 1988 – killed 243  Alcohol and drug related offences passengers, 16 crew mebers and 11 people on  Speeding offences the ground by Libyan terrorists Computer crime o Islamist attacks  Computer Viruses . 11 September 2001  Phishing scams . 7 July 2005 killed 52 people and injured  Hacking 700  Spam . March 2017 Khalid Masood injured 40  Sexual crimes Under the rules of the Red Flag Act of people and killed 5 1865 a person had to walk in front of a  Intimidation/threats  Fraud and identity theft motor car warning pedestrians of an approaching vehicle.  Cyberterrorism  Illegal downloading  Harassment

th st Law and order in 18th century Law and order in 16th and 17th centuries Law and order in 20 and 21 centuries 18th century – Fielding described watchmen as ‘poor old Civic responsibility – JP’s parish constables and town decrepit people’, therefore individuals started watchmen. Principal duties of police have remained experimenting with more organised systems of crime the same, but the organisation has Parish constable could raise hue and cry – all men had to prevention and detection. changed help. But could not go into a different parish. Areas of continuity, police still have Thief-takers – private individuals who captured criminals Expanding towns made the voluntary jobs more difficult powers to: and claimed reward money. They were often corrupt and ineffective. Arrest, search, detain, fine and report demanding protection money from the criminals they Areas of change: were supposed to catch. Organisation – in 1900 there were 243 separate forces, today there are 43. Charles Hitchen – He was supposed to police the city of Larger forces are more cost effective, but London for prostitutes and vagrants, however he quickly Enforcing Law and Order some argue they have lost touch with abused his position and demanded bribes from brothels local communities. and pickpockets to prevent arrests. Was arrested in 1727 th Pay and recruitment – 1919 first women for sexual crimes and died shitly after serving a 6 month Law and order in 19 century recruited, now 29% of police. prison sentence Regular pay increases and better pensions Development of organised police – changing attitude resulted in high retention rate. due to following: Jonathan Wild – Became one of Hitchen’s assistants, but National Police College set up in 1949 to 1. Fear of revolution – French revolution of 1789 ended up running one of his own crime empire. He dealt train police. scared many landowners in Britain, this increased in stolen goods and blackmailed criminals. He was Transport and communication – in 1900 due to other events: arrested in 1725 and hanged.  Luddite protests (1812-13) police carried out all duties on foot. after WWII most duties were carried out in cars  Peterloo (1819) protest to demand vote for men Experiments with private police forces or on motorbikes. Recently helicopters  Swing Riots (1830-31) have been used. Several JP’s started to experiment with private police  Merthyr Rising 1831 Community policing – neighbourhood forces, the most successful were John and Henry Fielding,  Chartists 1838-50s watch schemes, community liaison they set up the ‘Bow Street Runners’.  Newport Rising 1839 officers and community support officers Opposition to formal police  Rebecca Riots 1839-43 are all new initiatives designed to ask  People should self-police – not government communities to help with policing. 2. Increased crime and increased fear of crime business Specialisation – computer technology has 3. System of JP’s and constables not working  Invasion of privacy sped up communication and advances in anymore forensic science have revolutionised  Could be used to stamp out opposition 4. growth of towns and population detective work.  Cost too much taxpayers money 5. government was involved in reforming other areas Although some see police as too  Bloody Code should deter people enough of society too. powerful, most people have confidence An organised police force was set up in 1829 in police.

Methods of Combating Crime in 16th and How effective were parish constables and town Methods of combating crime th watchmen? th 17 centuries Not effective: in the 18 century  Parish constable was unpaid, so unpopular. JP became the chief agent of royal power at local level. Henry Fielding and the Bow Street  Duties of constable had to be performed on top of Their role was split into 4 areas: Runners the normal job, therefore the job of constable was

often not done very well.  Maintaining law and order – he had to act as a Henry Fielding was a magistrate in  magistrate in cases such as minor theft. Town watchmen not paid enough, so they were London, he identified 4 causes of crime:  Administering local government – regulate ale often too old or too lazy to do a good job. - too many people moved to London houses, look after roads and bridges. expecting an easy life Effective:  Carrying out orders of the Privy Council – - corruption in government  Parish constable did help maintain law and order ensure acts that are passed by government are - people choosing crime over hard work  Presence of watchmen at night did give reassurance obeyed. - constables were useless  Supervising work of parish constables and town He kept a record of all reported crimes watchmen and started a magazine to pass on Methods of Combating Crime information about crimes and criminals. Acts of Union of 1536 and 1543 resulted in Wales (1) He also established a paid police force formally coming under political control of England. This called the ‘Bow Street Runners’. led to the introduction of JP’s in Wales. Many Welsh Legacy of the Bow Street Runners gentry now gained the social status that came with this The work of the Fielding brothers was continued after His brother John took over after Henry’s role, such as Sir Edward Stradling a Welsh MP during the death. Nicknamed ‘Blind Beak’. He made reign of Elizabeth I. He lived at St Donat’s Castle in the their deaths; several suggestions, some of which were Vale of and held the post of JP through most • In 1792 the Middlesex Justices Act divided London of his life. into 7 police districts with 6 full time constables in taken up and very successful such as: each. - granting him £600 to establish a horse Parish constables – these were appointed by the JP for 1 • In 1798 the Thames River Police was set up to patrol in 1763, by 1764 they had almost put an end to highway robbery on mian year, they were usually tradesmen or farmers living in the prevent thefts from ships and the docks. area. It was an unpaid post, and often unpopular as they roads. Funding stopped and the highway • By 1800 there were 68 Bow Street Runners. had to do it on top of their own job. Every able bodied robbers returned. • In 1805 a Horse Patrol of 54 officers with swords, man in the village had to serve, but often wealthier men - government gave him £400 to set up paid for others to take their turn. They had to ensure pistols and truncheons was set up to patrol the ‘hue and cry’ news sheet. Every 6 months taxes were paid punctually, make arrests and keep an eye highways in and out of London. he issued a list of offenders and asked on apprentices. • By 1829 London had 450 constables and 4000 JP’s and constables to search for

watchmen. offenders, this became the Police Gazette Town watchmen – They were expected to walk the • The Fielding brothers had introduced the ideas of streets at night calling out the hours and keep an eye out and later a national crime network. ‘preventative policing’. The Bow Street Runners for anything suspicious. and Thames River Police were a deterrent by just The Bow Street scheme was expanded being there. after john Fielding’s death

Methods of combating crime in the Methods of Combating The spreading of the Met Police 19th century Crime (2) into other areas; Municipal Corporations Act, 1835  Allowed ‘rotten boroughs’ to set up a police Sir Robert Peel sets up Metropolitan Police in 1829 force if they wanted to. Only 93 out of 171 had Metropolitan Police Act 1829 by 1837. • In 1822 Sir Robert Peel put pressure on the Prime Rural Police Act, 1839 Minister to introduce the Metropolitan Police Act  Also known as the County Police Act. Allowed of 1829. JPs to set up police forces in their counties. • Sir Robert Peel was in overall charge of the police Wasn’t compulsory and less than half did. but it was run by Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne. County and Borough Police Act, 1856 • Its headquarters was at Scotland Yard in London.  Made it compulsory for a police force to be in London was split into 17 divisions, each with 154 every county. There were inspectors of constables and 1 superintendent. Constabulary which checked if they were • Within a year over 3300 men had joined. The new good enough. policemen had to be less than 35, at least 5 feet 7  Detective Branch, 1842 inches, healthy and able to read and write. • Criminal Records Office 1869 - Contained the • Constables got paid one guinea a week. records of criminals from all over the country. • CID (Criminal Investigation Department) 1878 • They worked 7 days a week and patrolled a set Establishment of town and county police area (which meant walking over 20 miles a day). forces in Wales -Replaced the detective branch. They were • They were made to look different than army so paid slightly more than uniformed officers. wore a blue uniform. During 1840s five of thirteen counties • Special Irish Branch 1883 - Created due to the • Constables had a wooden truncheon and a rattle Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire, Denbighshire, threat of Irish terrorism. In 1888 became to get attention. Glamorganshire and Montgomeryshire set up simply ‘Special Branch’. Metropolitan Police Act 1839 constabularies. After 1865 constabularies were • Photography and fingerprinting - • This was a further act that doubled the area set up in the remaining shires. Photographing of prisoners started in 1850s covered by the police. and meant that images could now be sent st • Between 1850 and 1900 the Metropolitan Police In 21 century police forces reduced from 177 around the country. Fingerprinting started in force increased significantly; to 49 across England and Wales. In Wales this 1901. Within the first 12 months they – 1862; 7800 men. has resulted in 4 major police forces: Gwent identified 4 times as many criminals as had – 1882; 11700 men. Constabulary, Constabulary, done the year before. Gwynedd Constabulary and Dyfed-Powys – 1888; 14200 men. Constabulary. – 1900; 16000 men.

Community policing th Methods of combating crime in the 20 Methods of Combating Since criticism of the police handling of century serious civil disturbances, such as the Crime (3) Brixton Riots in London in 1981, attempts

Transport developments have been made to improve relations Women between the police and the communities they • Bicycles in 1909 and the car was used by police • In 1919 the first women police officers serve; from 1919 - could get to the scenes of crimes appeared. They weren’t allowed to carry  Community Relations Branch (1968): much quicker. handcuffs or make arrests until 1923. attempted to build closer ties with • By 1970 the patrol car had become an essential • Until 1939 they were given only limited duties, immigrant communities but it had limited tool in policing such as patrol work, escort duty (looking after success. • Since 1970s helicopters used for surveillance of criminal, to track stolen vehicles and in the search children and female prisoners) and hospital  Neighbourhood Watch Schemes (1982): for missing persons. duty. Over 10 million members of it across the Telegraph and radio • Since WW2 the number of female officers country. The police pass on information  By 1880 most London police stations were linked have increased. However it wasn’t until 1970 about local crime trends to the co- by telegraph. that they were fully integrated into the police ordinators who also act as the link to  Police phone boxes appeared in the 1920s. service. inform the police of incidents when they  In 1934 some police cars were fitted with two-way • They now have similar duties to male officers happen. radios but they are much fewer in number.  In 1937 the 999 emergency number was  PCSOs (Police Community Support Officers) introduced. 2002: Civilian members of the police who Specialisation of police services  In 1963 all police officers carry a two way radio for are not as trained, have a modified uniform  CID (Criminal Investigation Department) – instant communication. and carry less equipment. Main role is to has plain clothes officers and investigates Camera and video technology be a presence in the community and gather major crimes like murder, serious assaults,  In 1901 the first police photographer was criminal intelligence. employed. fraud and sexual offences.  Crime Prevention Schemes: Police give  Many police cars have cameras fitted including  Counter terrorism branch advice on issues such as personal safety automatic number plate recognition systems.  Immigration  CCTV has helped solve many crimes. and home security.  Camera technology is also built into police Scientific developments include;  Victim Support Schemes: Helps victims of helicopters and uses night vision.  Fingerprinting crime through advice, counselling and Computer technology  Forensic scientists, Scenes of Crimes reassurance.  Computers have greatly improved police record Officers (SOCOs) and Crime Scene keeping. Investigators (CSIs)  The system holds information on fingerprints,  Genetic fingerprinting aka DNA profiling DNA, missing persons, car details etc. and can monitor websites and emails which plays a major which matches individuals by blood, skin, role in anti-terrorist activities. saliva or hair found at a crime scene.

Why do we punish? 16th and 17th centuries Prisons Act 1898  To discipline – people should be punished. Punishments were harsh, often to humiliate and to deter.  Reduction in time spent in isolation  To deter – suitably unpleasant punishment to  Prisoners allowed time to Corporal punishment – whipping or flogging stop others from doing it. communicate  To reform – change the character of the criminal.  Unproductive hard labour abolished Humiliating punishment – stocks and pillory  To protect – protect society from the criminals by  First young prison opened in Borstal locking them up or executing them. To deter – Bloody Code – between 1688 and 1815 225 in 1902 crimes were punishable by death. 20th Century - Abolition of Bloody code was developed because: Attitudes to Punishment death sentence  People believed it would deter  Social change made it harder to police Arguments for:  Fear in rise in crime Abolition of Criminal or ‘Bloody’ Code -A dead murderer cannot kill again  Increases in new crimes (ie smuggling, and -Hanging is the ultimate deterrent Reasons for ending the ‘Bloody Code’ – in 1861 only 5 -Keeping a murdered in prison is expensive highway robbery) crimes punishable by death -Hanging satisfies the victim’s family  Increase in media reporting crime -It protects police and prison staff  Influence of landowners (they did not want  Juries not willing to convict poachers on their land)  Public executions not working Arguments against  Ideas about punishment were changing -The wrong person may be hanged

 Alternative punishments such as transportation -Most murders are spur of the moment so hanging isn’t really a deterrent Use of banishment in the eighteenth Why did prison reform happen? -Hanging is barbaric -Even the worst person could be reformed and nineteenth centuries  Influence of prison reformers -Other countries have abolished capital  Change in government attitude punishment and the crime rate hasn’t Public executions were no longer effective – they drew increased  Debates on how to terat prisoners large crowds and the events themselves became a perfect opportunity for pickpockets  Change in public attitude Rehabilitation and Retsitution:  Ending of transportation - Parole Alternative punishment was found – banishments - Community Orders Gladstone Committee – 1895 through transportation. It was seen as suffiently harsh to - Probation centres deter people, but not as harsh as death. It also took the  Long periods of isolation don’t reform prisoners criminals out of society, thus protecting them.  Juveniles should not be subjected to harsh All focussed on rehabilitation (to reform treatment prisoners) and restitution (to give back to 1717 Transportation Act  Provide youth with worthwhile skills society or victims)

Methods of punishment in The hulks (chosen after transportation to America Methods of punishment in Tudor stopped) th th times the 18 and 19 centuries  Between 1776 and 1778 more than a quarter of prisoners died on the hulks due to the horrible whipping/flogging The development of transportation conditions.  There was also lack of supervision so there was lots of  Used for crimes such as begging, drunkards,  1717 Transportation Act was passed. disorder, fighting and rioting. those who misbehaved in church, petty theft,  The sentence was for 7 years, 14 years or  Because of this the government were concerned and vagabonds etc. life. a public enquiry ordered conditions to be improved  Between 1718 and 1776 more than considerably. stocks and pillory 30,000 British prisoners were transported   The main purpose was to humiliate offenders in On board the day started at 5.30am with breakfast at to America. People would make lots of public to deter others. 6am. Food was the same as in normal prisons. money by transporting convicts to  Used to punish minor crimes, gamblers, beggars America as they would sell them when and political offenders. they got there. Methods of Punishment (1)  Transport to America stopped in 1776 WALES when America declared its independence  Ceffyl pren (or wooden horse) was a type of community self-policing through means of public from Britain. This caused a crisis in the The punishment in Australia humiliation. A person suspected of a crime such British prison system as prisons couldn’t The convicts were made to do whatever work as assault would be carried on a pole or a ladder cope with the resulting overcrowding. their master chose to give them;  to ridicule them. The practise continued until the Overcrowding ended when Australia was Farm workers often found themselves at a early nineteenth century and proved effective chosen as an alternative colony for remote and isolated farm. until the establishment of a police force. shipping the convicts to.  Domestic works were usually well treated.  Rowland Lee was Lord President of the council of  Skilled workers were put to good use. Why were convicts transported to  Good behaviour could lead to rewards; Wales following the Acts of Union in 1536 and Australia? o Ticket of Leave, conditional pardon or 1542. Lee considered Wales to be lawless and  Reduce crime in Britain by removing the ticket to mfreedom governed Wales very strictly. He ordered the criminals.  In 1838 it was decided that it wasn’t enough of a hanging of 5,000 criminals in just nine years, but  execution was seen as too extreme for deterrent and that it was very expensive. helped restore law and order in Wales. some crimes. Australia were also very annoyed at being used  Prison was too costly. The use of public executions as a human dumping ground. th  Hard work would reform the criminals.  By the end of the 17 century 50 different crimes  The last convict ship left Britain in 1867.  Australia was newly discovered and the carried the death penalty.  Between 1787 and 1867 about 162,000 convicts terror of the journey was a punishment in  Was done in public to deter others. were sent to Australia. The total cost had been itself.  Law and order was based on fear and there more than £8 million. weren’t other ways to detain people.  Between 1787 and 1868 over 2,200 criminals from Wales were transported to Australia

th Problems with public execution Methods of punishment in the 19  Tyburn (village outside of London) was a popular Separate and silent systems place with a gallows where several people could be century – prison reform  In the separate system prisoners were hanged at the same time. It was meant to act as a kept in individual cells where they John Howard very obvious deterrent. Executions were a main worked, prayed and received religious  He was shocked by the conditions he saw in prisons. feature of public entertainment. teaching. This system was very expensive He believed prisons should reform criminals and  A major problem with hanging was the possibility of a and had a high death rate with prisoners believed that prisoners should be kept in solitary miscarriage of justice. Dic Penderyn was hanged and committing suicide or going insane. They confinement so they couldn’t learn more from other then later someone else confessed to the crime. were never allowed to see other criminals. He died after catching jail fever.  One of the last executions in public took place in Nov prisoners. Prison reformers thought this  WALES - He wrote ‘The State of Prisons in England 1864. By the 1860s the authorities thought the would help prisoners to get work when and Wales’ in 1777, in which he also described problems with public executions were too great, as released because they had done useful several Welsh prisons including Caernarvon, Swansea they were often events at which there was a lot of work in prison. and Wrexham. Conditions were very poor with petty crime, and the system had to change.  Caernarvon County Jail being described as In the silent system prisoners were particularly derelict. The end of public execution allowed to spend time with one another  In 1866 the Royal Commission on Capital Punishment but had to do so in silence so that they Sir G. O. Paul recommended that executions should no longer wouldn’t influence each other. This  Concerned about the conditions in prisons. The happen in public. In 1868 this was made official. system relied on fear and hatred so Gloucestershire Prison Act of 1685 allowed him to  From 1868 to 1965 when capital punishment was conditions were as horrible as possible. build a new prison which had to be secure with high abolished, executions were carried out in prison. They thought if they made the experience walls, exercise yards, sanitary, separation of horrible people would never want to offenders awaiting trial, minor offenders and serious return to prison. criminals. Methods of Punishment (2)  1865 Prisons Act concentrated on harsh punishments- summed up by ‘Hard Elizabeth Fry labour (work), hard fare (food) and hard  She wanted conditions to be improved for women. Changing attitudes to punishment board (accommodation)’. The aim was She was convinced that women in prison needed Corporal Punishment to enforce strict punishment, not to education, discipline, useful work and religion. She o Use of pillory was abolished in 1837 and reform. travelled the country to get as much publicity as stocks no longer used after 1872. In 1948  The 1877 Prisons Act ‘nationalised’ possible. Thanks to her, conditions were greatly whipping was no longer used. Public attitude prisons under government control and improved in Newgate Prison. turned against using pain to punish. everything was the same across all Corporal punishment was made illegal in prisons. state schools in 1986.

Methods of punishment in the 20th century WALES Changes to imprisonment Parc Prison in Bridgend is now a Young the use of borstals abolition of capital punishment Offenders Institution, the only one in Wales o Designed for juveniles – was meant to be and was opened in 1987. It has its own educational rather than punishing. It had strict education department offering a range of Ruth Ellis - Born in Rhyl, North Wales, she was the rules. courses, the aim is to prepare young last woman to be hanged in the UK. Convicted of o The focus was on routine, discipline and authority. offenders for life after prison. killing her lover and hanged. It was believed to be a o Research in the 1970s showed that the longer the crime of passion and not pre-meditated. inmates remained in a borstal the more likely they There is one open prison in Wales, just would be to reoffend when they were released. outside USK at Prescoed. It is a category D Timothy Evans born in Merthyr Tydfil. Hanged for o Borstals were abolished in 1982. open prison for men, with the aim to murdering his baby daughter in 1950. He had integrate prisoners back into the confessed to killing his wife accidentally and did young offenders institutes community ready for their final release. o Borstals were replaced with young offenders confess to killing his daughter. Evans claimed he was threatened by the police and did change his institutes in 1988. suspended sentences statement several times. 3 years after he was o They house inmates who are 18-21 and are very  Used as an alternative to prison since 1967. hanged a serial killer was caught and confessed to similar to prisons but with a higher staff to inmate the crime. ratio. The offender doesn’t go to prison unless o Their purpose is to reform through education they commit another crime These cases all strengthened the argument for (25hours a week). probation and parole abolishing capital punishment. In 1957 the o Offenders under 21 will be sent to a YOI  Probation service began in 1907 – offender Homicide Act abolished hanging for all murders has to follow a strict set of rules except;  In 1967 the Parole Board was created. o Murder of a police officer Prisoners can eb released earlier. o Murder by shooting or explosion Methods of Punishment (3)  ‘conditional release’ – if conditions of the o Murder while resisting arrest licence are broken they will be recalled to o Murder while carrying out theft prison. o Murder of more than one person community service In 1965 the Murder Act was introduced for a trial  Community Service Orders in 1972. period of 4 years. In 1969 it became official as the Abolition of the Death Penalty Act. The last Offenders have to do unpaid work for the hangings to happen were in 1964. community.  More cost effective than probation. Very successful for older offenders but not really a deterrent on younger offenders.  Aim is to punish offenders without serving a prison sentence.

Living conditions in urban Merthyr Tydfil Growth of population in Merthyr Tydfil Issues of public health The development of the iron industry  Merthyr grew around 4 great ironworks, in 1750 Year Population Most houses lacked sanitation or access to 1750 400 clean water it was a small village with 40 families, by 1851 it 1801 7,705 had a population of nearly 50,000. It grew around 1831 22,000 It was one of the unhealthiest towns in 4 main ironworks 1851 46,378 Wales

 Dowlais Ironworks, set up by Thomas Lewis 1861 51,949 Average life expectancy of an ironworker from Llanishen in 1748  This growth was due to demand from ironworks, coalmines was 22 years compared to the ironmaster’s  Plymouth ironworks, set up by Anthony family, which was 50. and ironstone quarries. Baker from London  Majority of new population was Welsh. Highest death rate amongst children, three  Cyfartha ironworks, also set up by Bacon  There were no planning regulations so the town quickly quarters of all deaths in the town were of  ironworks, set up by two became overcrowded, filthy and unhealthy. children under the age of five.

brothers from Staffordshire in 1784  Majority of workers lived in houses built by the ironmasters

– skilled workers had the best houses, with two or three Outbreaks of disease were common, including tuberculosis, smallpox, typhoid By 1840, Merthyr had essential ingredients to make bedrooms and a toilet in the outside yard. it a boomtown: and scarlet fever. The most significant killer  Unskilled workers lived in homes that had a shared was cholera; an outbreak in 1849 resulted in  Enterprising industrialists willing to invest in the communal yard with a toilet. 1,467 deaths and was due to a ironwork  Poorest housing were ‘cellar-dwellings’, a single room could contaminated water supply.  Raw materials – coal, ironstone, water house a whole family and possibly even a lodger. Water supply was contaminated by the  Good transport links – the Glamorgan canal and ironworks, there was no rubbish collection and people emptied the contents of  Rapidly expanding population ‘China’: The growth of crime in Industrial chamber pots in the streets Merthyr Tydfil in the nineteenth century (1) Decline of iron industry Supply of fresh water was extremely poor, the river Taff running through the town and  The development of the steel industry led to the Poverty caused by the truck system become an open sewer. Only in 1861, public decline of the iron industry. The supply of taps were introduced. ironstone was running out and was not the right Wages depended on the iron price. If price fell, wages were quality for the manufacture of steel. reduced, on some occasions by as much as 30-60%. As workers Below: Cholera graves on the hills above Merthyr  By the 1860s Merthyr’s great days of making were only paid once a month, they often went into debt at the end of the month. Some ironworks paid out part of the wages in steel were over. tokens called ‘truck’; these could only be spent in special shops, owned by the ironwork companies. Prices in these shops were higher than in normal shops. The truck shop would encourage workers to go into debt by buying goods on account. Debt collectors would be sent round to collect debts by confiscating worker’s goods. This led to the Merthyr Rising in 1831 – it was then made illegal by Parliament

‘China’: The growth of crime in Industrial Impact of the growth of population on changes in policing in ‘China’ Merthyr Tydfil ‘China’ was an area of Merthyr also known as ‘Little Merthyr Tydfil in the nineteenth century The usual system of JP’s, parish constable and town watchmen, Hell’. Entrance into the area was under an arch, (2) failed to deal with the increase in crime due to the huge increase in and messengers at all-time guarded it. population. The military was deployed several times for popular disturbances.

The area was full of drunkards, thieves, rogues, Increased opportunity for crime in Merthyr Tydfil above all prostitutes, and their minders. Police 1800 – A disturbance caused by high food prices and a lack of food due to a poor harvest. Workers attacked truck shop. The protest were often too scared of going into China; the Crimes caused by poverty was stopped by the arrival of 20 soldiers sent from Gloucester. Emperor and Empress of China ruled it. Mainly concerned theft; especially during periods of depression, wage cuts, poor harvests or high food 1816 – Strike across South Wales after a reduction in wages of Most crime was linked to prostitution, mainly theft prices. 40%, riots broke out in Merthyr. Troops had to be rushed in from from their clients. 60 prostitutes worked in the Cardiff. area in 1839 -40 including ‘Big Jane’ (Jane Thomas) Crimes connected to the ironworks and The Buffalo (Margaret Evans) Theft of company property, especially stealing coal was common; between 1838 and 1854, 100 people Merthyr Rising and its impact Minders protected the prostitutes and police very were charged with this. rarely arrested them. There were also many 84 ironworkers were laid off, leading to a march through Merthyr in 1831. Soldiers sent from Brecon. The crowd attacked an Inn with pickpockets operating in the area. Other crimes included destruction of company the magistrates, special constables and soldiers inside. property, ill-discipline while at work and illegal strike 7000 people gathered outside the inn. Soldiers opened fire, Attempts to police China tr activity wounding over 70 and killing at least 2 dozen. 28 were arrested, 4 During the 1840’s the police tried to clean up the were transported, and the rest imprisoned. Dic Penderyn was area, the emperor and empress were arrested and Crimes associated with leisure time sentenced to death for wounding a soldier. found guilty of various crimes, but other criminals Mostly linked to drunkenness and disorderly This finally convinced the local people there was a need for a police soon replaced them. behaviour. These made up a fifth of all recorded force.

There was some self-policing and the”ceffyl pren” crime. Although it was mainly men, some women Experiments in policing and establishment of Glamorgan County was used to humiliate such as Anne Harman, who were also notorious drunks such as Julia Carroll ‘the Constabulary (1841) was unfaithful to her husband. heroine of a thousand brawls’. 3 retired policemen were sent to Merthyr from London, but they were considered too expensive and sent back. When the Glamorgan Constabulary was established in 1841 it made a significant The Newport Rising in 1839, made the middle class of Merthyr Drunkenness and violence was a particular problem willing to pay for a police force and the Glamorgan County difference and most criminal left to Cardiff. amongst the Irish. Constabulary was formed in 1841. An experienced ex-Met Police Officer was put in charge with inspectors and constables below him. Crimes of a sexual nature It was only a force of 13 men, with limited impact at first due to The most common crime was ‘stealing from a difficulties in recruiting and retaining suitable men as the pay in the person’ by the town’s prostitutes. They would ironworks was better. encourage the men to drink when they came into By the 1850s they were patrolling the whole town, although it the brothels and then steal from them once they always needed at least two men to patrol ‘China’ th were drunk. By the end of the 19 C crime rates had significantly dropped partly due to the decline in the ironworks, the establishment of new leisure activities for the town people such as the Young Men’s Improvement Society and partly due to the establishment of the police force.