th Causes of Crime in the 16th and 17th Causes of crime in the 18th and 19th Causes of crime in the 20 centuries centuries century The main cause of crime in the 16th century was poverty Industrial and Agricultural Revolution led to new types of Why have crime figures risen sharply th due to: crime, factors that led to new and increased crimes: in the 20 century? Rising inflation. Population increase - population rose from 16 million Actual increases in crime – Dissolution of the monasteries. in 1800 to 42 million in 1900, mostly in urban centres. violent crime remained the Bad harvests. same, increase in crime by Growth of industrial towns – industrial revolution juvenile boys Changes in farming methods. resulted in sharp growth in the population of certain Rack-renting. towns such as Manchester and Merthyr Tydfil. Increase in reporting of crime – Rural depopulation. Political unrest – working class people held protests media reports more crime and Costly foreign wars. demanding political economic and social changes, individuals are reporting more Changes in the cloth industry. such as the Luddite protest, chartists and swing riots. crimes Rising population. Poor living conditions – people living very closely Increased recording of crime – packed together in poor-quality housing with no clean gap between actual crimes and Many of the major crimes during the 16th century were recorded crimes has decreased, water or sewage led to an increase in theft and crimes linked to the religious change brought upon by the partly due to more reporting of related to drunkenness. change in the monarch. crimes and due to new Economic problems – bad harvests, high food prices technology. Monarch Religion and the effect of war led to crime. Henry VIII Catholic Why was there an increase in Edward VI Protestant crime? Mary I Catholic Financial worries Elizabeth I Protestant Causes of Crime Gang culture Technology Henry VIII replaced himself as the head of the Poverty church but allowed church services to remain Communication in Latin. Priests were NOT allowed to marry. Why has there been a growth of terrorism in Racial tensions (hate crimes) Edward VI allowed church services to be done the 21st Century Less traditional values in English with new English prayer books. Belief in violent action Television glamorises crime Priests were allowed to marry. Media attention Poor housing in inners cities Mary I forced services to be in Latin again and Strong beliefs / growth in fundamentalism banned the new prayer book Edward brought New crimes: New technology in. Priests and their wives had to divorce. Motoring offences A form of direct action Elizabeth I allowed church services to be in Computer crime Terrorist groups willing to work together English AND Welsh. Priests were allowed to Football hooliganism Putting pressure on governments to give in to Drug-related crime marry again. demands Gun and knife crime Natures of Crime (1) th th Nature of Crimes in the 18 and 19 centuries Industrial and agrarian disorder during 18th and 19th Reasons for the increase in smuggling. centuries Nature of Crimes in the 16 th and 17th centuries Excise duty on goods Industrial: Vagrancy Custom duty – 70% higher on tea by 1750 Luddites – introduction of new weaving machines, Harman identified 23 different sorts called stocking frames, led to workers smashing the Black market vagabonds, such as counterfeit cranks (sucked machines in 1812 and 1813. Harsh punishments led to High demand as cheaper soap to foam at the mouth and pretended to an end to the protests. Insufficient policing Chartists in Wales, 1839 – wanted right to vote for all have fits) and Abraham man (pretended to be Plenty of investors men over 21 mad). Provided chance to earn extra money Llanidloes - April 1839, Chartists attacked a hotel, These false beggars added to the view that People didn’t think it was a crime troops arrived to restore order and 32 chartists were vagabondstr caused crimes. arrested and sentenced to imprisonment or People felt more and more threatened by the Organisation: transportation. growing numbers of beggars. Venturer ( investor) Newport Rising - was the most serious outbreak of chartist violence, Zephaniah Williams and William Jones The view was that vagrants were criminals, Spotsman (brings ship to the right place) planned to lead a march of 20,000 men from spread diseases, too lazy to look for jobs. Lander (organised taking cargo to land) Blackwood to Newport. Only 5000 went on the march. Tubmen and batsmen (move the cargo) They gathered outside Westgate Hotel in Newport, Heresy - People who went against the official which housed 30 soldiers. Shots were fired and 8 religion were often tortured or executed. 1718 – Hovering Act – illegal for boats to wait within chartists were killed. The leaders were rounded up and In Wales, three Protestants were put to death 6 miles of coast found guilty of treason. They were sentenced to death, during Mary’s reign for refusing to convert to 1736 – Act of Indemnity – death penalty for injuring but this was later changed to transportation. Catholic faith officers Scotch Cattle – 1830s 1. Robert Ferrar, Bishop of St David’s who was Stopped due to reduction in taxes on goods Welsh Speaking colliers blacked their faces wearing burned at Camarthen 1555 Reasons for increase in highway robbery: animal skins protested against the truck system, high Unpoliced roads 2. Rawlins White, a fisherman who was rents and wage reductions burned at Cardiff in 1555 More roads – more travel Agrarian 3. William Nichol, a labourer who was burned Ex-soldiers became highway robbers Swing riots – 1830-32 at Haverford West in 1558 People carried money and jewellery Gangs of protestors attacked the property of the rich farmers. These were farm labourers who were angry Availability of firearms During Elizabeth’s reign, it was the Catholics about being in poverty and farmers using machinery. Very little banks to keep money and the puritans who were accused of heresy. Between 1830 and 32 there were 316 cases of arson. Coaching inns safe places for robbers 1. Wales Richard Gwyn, a Catholic Rebecca Riots in Wales, 1839-40 schoolteacher was executed at Wrexham Welsh farmers were angry at the high rent and the Reasons for decline: building of toll-gates which meant you had to pay to for spreading Catholic views in 1584. - Introduction of banknotes that were easy to trace. travel on a road. The toll-gate keeper could charge 2. A Catholic priest was executed in 1593 for - Better policing – the horse patrol set up by Fielding. what they wanted. They were also angry at having to spreading Catholic literature. - Open spaces in London were built on. pay money to the church and the changes in the poor 3. John Penry was executed in 1593 for - Manned tollgates made it harder laws. They dressed up as women as disguise. Toll spreading puritan ideas. - JP’s refused to licence taverns used by robbers. charges were standardised after the protest. Nature of Crimes in the 20th and 21st century Terrorism in UK Transport crime The troubles in Northern Ireland, 1969-98 Natures of Crime (2) o 1974 – IRA planted bombs in pubs in Cars appeared in 1894 Red flag act – limited speed 4mph Birmingham 1903 first fatality o 1979 – Lord Mountbatten killed by IRA o 1908 road signs introduced 1984 – attempt to blow up conservative conference 1933 and 34 – 7,000 fatal accidents – o 1996 – IRA bomb in Manchester 212 people ministry of transport introduced speed injured limits and tests 1935 – compulsory driving test Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru (MAC 1963-69 o in 1967 it blew up a pipe carrying water from 1967 – tests for drink driving Lake Vyrnwy to Liverpool 1977 – 70 mph speed limit o in 1968 they exploded bombs outside the tax 2003 illegal to use mobile phones office in Cardiff Most common motoring offences: o in 1969 The leader, John Jenkins, was arrested Alcohol related and sentenced to 10 years in prison, this Dangerous driving destroyed the MAC organisation. Parking iffences Meibon Glyndwr (Sons of Glyndwr) 1979-1994 A cartoon that appeared in Punch Failing to stop after accidents o This Welsh Nationalist movement opposed the magazine in 1843 showing Rebecca Not wearing a seatbelt decline of the Welsh language and culture. rioters attacking a list of their worries No insurance on the tollgate. No MOT They set fire to houses that were owned by No driving licence English in Wales, about 220 properties were Types of motoring crimes damaged by arson over a 15-year period. Theft Theft from vehicles Global terrorism Joyriding o Lockerbie bombing 1988 – killed 243 Alcohol and drug related offences passengers, 16 crew mebers and 11 people on Speeding offences the ground by Libyan terrorists Computer crime o Islamist attacks Computer Viruses . 11 September 2001 Phishing scams . 7 July 2005 killed 52 people and injured Hacking 700 Spam . March 2017 Khalid Masood injured 40 Sexual crimes Under the rules of the Red Flag Act of people and killed 5 1865 a person had to walk in front of a Intimidation/threats Fraud and identity theft motor car warning pedestrians of an approaching vehicle. Cyberterrorism Illegal downloading Harassment th st Law and order in 18th century Law and order in 16th and 17th centuries Law and order in 20 and 21 centuries 18th century – Fielding described watchmen as ‘poor old Civic responsibility – JP’s parish constables and town decrepit people’, therefore individuals started watchmen. Principal duties of police have remained experimenting with more organised systems of crime the same, but the organisation has Parish constable could raise hue and cry – all men had to prevention and detection. changed help. But could not go into a different parish.