Catherine Howard is executed; Paul III establishes the Inquisition. The Reformation timeline from Calvin writes a treatise on free will. Christian History Institute — 1543: Henry VIII (d. 1547) marries Catherine Parr, who will outlive him. Copernicus writes that the earth revolves around the sun. Luther preaching — 1545: Council of Trent convenes for John Calvin reform of the Catholic Church.

— 1546-1547: Schmalkaldic War is — 1554: Knox travels to Geneva and Martin and Katie Luther fought between Protestant and meets Calvin. — 1440: Printing press is — 1489: Thomas Cranmer is born. — 1519: Eck debates Karlstadt and Anabaptist martyr; Luther marries — 1530: Diet of Augsburg attempts Catholic territories in Germany. invented around this time. Luther at Leipzig; Zwingli launches Katharine von Bora. to end division in Holy Roman — 1555: Mary burns Hugh Latimer, — 1491: Henry VIII and Martin Bucer Swiss reformation. Charles I of Luther writes Against the Robbing and Empire; Melchior Hoffmann baptizes — 1546: Martin Luther dies. Nicholas Ridley, and Thomas — 1453: Turks capture Constantinople. are born. Spain is elected Holy Roman Murdering Hordes and Bondage of the 300 Anabaptists. Melanchthon pres- — 1534: Henry VIII is declared declared between Charles V and Cranmer at the stake. Peace of Emperor as Charles V; Will against Erasmus. ents Augsburg Confession at the supreme head of the English church. the Schmalkaldic League. — 1547: Henry VIII’s Protestant son, Augsburg allows German rulers — 1455: Gutenberg completes — 1492: Columbus sails to Hernán Cortes enters Aztec capital. Diet of Augsburg; Tyndale publishes Jan van Leiden is crowned king in Edward VI, succeeds him. to determine religion of their printing the Bible. the Americas. — 1526: Reformation spreads to The Practice of Prelates. Münster; Paul III becomes pope. — 1540: Calvin marries Idelette Armed Diet held in Augsburg. regions; Marcellus II becomes pope — 1520 : Luther writes To the Chris- Sweden and Denmark. Tyndale’s Storder de Bure; Society of Jesus but dies 22 days later; Paul IV — 1469: Desiderius Erasmus is born. — 1494: William Tyndale is born. tian Nobility, On the Babylonian Captiv- edition of the New Testament — 1531: Zwingli is killed in battle — 1535: Henry VIII executes Thomas (Jesuits) is formed; conferences — 1548: Augsburg Interim makes becomes pope. ity of the Church, and The Freedom of a is published. at Kappel. Schmalkaldic League, More, John Fisher, and Carthu- at Hagenau and Worms fail to some concessions to Protestantism, — 1470 : Portuguese explorers — 1496: Menno Simons is born. Christian; burns papal bull and canon a political body of German Protes- sian monks in London; Ursuline reconcile Protestants and Catholics; but many Catholic and Protestant — 1557: Geneva Bible is published. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 1572

Christopher Columbus / R . Merlo Brid g e m an Im a es Ag ostini P icture L i b rary discover Gold Coast of Africa. law. Suleiman I becomes sultan of the tants, forms against Charles V. religious order is founded; diplo- Henry VIII executes William Horne; leaders refuse to accept it. — 1497: Philipp Melanchthon is born. Ottoman (Turkish) Empire. mat Gasparo Contarini is made a Edmund Campion is born. Philip — 1558: Theodore Beza joins Calvin — 1478: Spanish Inquisition begins. — 1532: Diet of Regensburg and Peace cardinal. Anabaptist uprising at of Hesse enters bigamous marriage — 1549: John Knox is released in Geneva. Mary’s Protestant — 1564: Calvin dies; the word — 1585: Sixtus V becomes pope. — 1498: Girolamo Savonarola is — 1505: Luther vows to become — 1521: Luther is excommunicated at of Nuremberg guarantee religious Münster is put down; Charles V with Luther’s consent; Henry VIII from French imprisonment; half-sister, Elizabeth, succeeds her. “Puritan” is used in England — 1485? Andreas von Karlstadt is born. burned at the stake in Florence. a monk. Diet of Worms and hidden at Wart- toleration in face of Turkish threat. forms Catholic Defense League. marries Anne of Cleves and after Idelette Calvin dies; for the first time. — 1590 : Urban VII becomes burg Castle; religious unrest begins divorcing her marries Catherine Martin Bucer goes to England; — 1559: Matthew Parker becomes pope, dies after 12 days. — 1483: Martin Luther and — 1499: Swiss gain independence. — 1506: Leonardo da Vinci paints in Wittenberg. Leo X titles Henry — 1533: Calvin and Nicolas Cop flee — 1536: Luther agrees to Howard. Calvin’s Commentary on Consensus Tigurinus and the first archbishop of Canterbury. — 1572: John Knox dies. Gregory XIII Gregory XIV succeeds him. Gasparo Contarini are born. Mona Lisa. Pope Julius II orders VIII “Defender of the Faith.” Thomas Paris; Calvin undergoes what he Wittenberg Concord on the Lord’s Romans is published. edition of the Book of Common Pius IV becomes pope. Final becomes pope. St. Bartholomew’s — 1500? Hans Denck is born. work on St. Peter’s in Rome. Müntzer publishes Prague Manifesto. later calls a “sudden conversion”; Supper, but Zwingli does not accept Prayer are published. edition of Institutes is published; Day Massacre of Huguenots occurs. — 1591: John of the Cross dies. — 1484: Huldrych Zwingli is born. Huldrych Zwingli Jakob Hutter joins Moravian group it; William Tyndale is burned at — 1541: Calvin returns to Geneva; Genevan Academy is established. Innocent IX becomes pope. — 1502: Frederick, elector of Saxony, — 1508: Michelangelo begins — 1522: Luther returns to Wittenberg; who become known as Hutterites. the stake; Denmark and Norway Melanchthon and Bucer reach — 1550 : Julius III becomes pope. — 1575: Congregation of the Oratory — 1485? Balthasar Hubmaier is born. founds Wittenberg University. Sistine Chapel ceiling. Zwingli argues his first Reformation Thomas Cromwell declares Henry become Lutheran; Erasmus dies; agreement with Contarini and — 1560 : Philip Melanchthon is founded. — 1592: Clement VIII becomes pope. debates and marries secretly. VIII’s marriage to Catherine null and Henry VIII begins to dissolve other Catholic delegates at Confer- — 1551: Martin Bucer dies. dies. Catholicism is abolished in — 1509: John Calvin is born; Hadrian VI becomes pope. — 1527: Luther debates Zwingli on the void; Henry marries Anne Boleyn. monasteries; Calvin is persuaded to ence of Regensburg, but Luther and Scotland. John Jewel writes An — 1580 : Edmund Campion — 1593: Discalced Carmelites become Henry VIII assumes throne of Ignatius Loyola writes Spiritual Lord’s Supper; Hans Denck dies. Three-year-old Ivan the Terrible remain in Geneva; Menno Simons Rome reject their work; Karlstadt — 1552: Katharine Luther dies. Apology for the Church of England. arrives in England as a Jesuit a separate religious order. Puritan England, marries Catherine of Exercises; Adam Petri prints Luther’s First Protestant university (Marburg) ascends Russian throne. begins to lead Anabaptists in the dies. Michelangelo completes The missionary. Lutheran Book of assemblies and activities are Aragon. New Testament. Spanish complete is founded; Schleitheim Confession of Netherlands; Paul III sets up a Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel. — 1553: Edward VI’s Catholic — 1561: Menno Simons dies. Concord is published in German. outlawed in England. circumnavigation of globe. Anabaptist beliefs is promulgated. commission for reform headed by half-sister, Mary, succeeds him; — 1512: Luther leaves monastery to Imperial troops sack Rome; plague Contarini. Anne Boleyn is executed; — 1542: John of the Cross born; Servetus is executed for heresy — 1562: Teresa of Ávila establishes — 1581: Elizabeth I executes Cam- — 1603: Elizabeth I is succeeded in teach at Wittenberg. — 1523: First two Protestant martyrs are strikes Wittenberg. Henry marries Jane Seymour, who Cardinal Contarini dies. with Calvin’s approval. her first convent. pion. Richard Hooker publishes England by her Protestant burned at the stake; Calvin goes to dies in 1537 after giving birth to the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity. cousin, James VI of Scotland. — 1513: John Knox is born. Leo X Paris to study; disputations are held in — 1528: Balthasar Hubmaier is future Edward VI. First edition of — 1563: Thirty-Nine Articles becomes pope. Vasco Núñez de Balboa Zurich. Clement VII becomes pope. martyred; Calvin goes to Orleans Calvin’s Institutes is published. are drafted; Council of Trent — 1582: Teresa of Ávila dies. discovers the Pacific Ocean. to study law. Tyndale publishes concludes. Pope Gregory XIII introduces the — 1524: Luther debates Karlstadt on The Obedience of a Christian Man. — 1537: Luther draws up Schmalkaldic Gregorian calendar. — 1515: Teresa of Ávila is born. the Lord’s Supper; Theatine religious Articles as his “theological last will — 1563: Foxe’s Book of Martyrs order is founded. Diet of Nuremberg — 1529: Luther and Zwingli attend and testament.” is published. — 1516: Erasmus’s Greek New fails to enforce Edict of Worms; Eras- Marburg Colloquy but reach no Testament and Thomas More’s mus writes On Freedom of the Will. agreement on the Lord’s Supper; — 1538: Calvin and Farel are ban- — 1566: Pius V becomes pope. Icono- Utopia are published. name “Protestant” is first used. ished from Geneva; Calvin goes to clasm riots rage in the Netherlands. — 1524-1525: Peasants’ War is fought Second Diet of Speyer enforces Edict Strasbourg and meets Bucer. — 1517: Fifth Lateran Council ends in Germany. of Worms and declares death pen- — 156 8: John of the Cross establishes after passing several reforming alty for rebaptism. Luther publishes — 1539: Calvin is asked to respond religious order for men. decrees. Luther writes 95 Theses; — 1525: Anabaptist movement begins Large Catechism and Small Catechism. Basel to Cardinal Sadoleto on behalf Eighty Years’ War begins in the Machiavelli writes The Prince. in Zurich; Bolt Eberle becomes first Turks lay siege to Vienna. of Geneva. Frankfurt Truce is Netherlands. Inter i or of a 16th-century pr nt ng works, copy m n ature from Chants royaux sur la Con c eption ouronnee du P uy de R ouen (colour l tho), F rench S chool, (16th century) (after) / B ib otheque N at onale, ar s, rance Br dgeman Images P ortra i t of a M an, S d to b e C hr stopher olum us (c.1446-1506), 1519 (o l on canvas), Pi om o, ast ano del ( . L uc an ) (c.1485-1547) / etropol tan useum A rt, N ew Y ork, USA Br dgeman Images Martin L uther’s S er m on , deta i l from a tr ptych, 1547 (o panel) (deta of 51406), C ranach, ucas, the E lder (1472–1553) / hurch t. M ar en, Wi tten b erg, G ermany Br dgeman Images K unstmuseum Wi nterthur, D onated b y the i nher tors of Baron F r edr ch von S ulzer- W art, 1868 © chw zer sches Inst tut für unstw ssenschaft Z ür ch, Jean- Pi erre uhn g / D e and F ranz Ho g en b er , 1540-1590, ravin g Braun, 1541–1622 Geor Orbis T errarum b y of Basel, S witzerland, fro m Civitates Map Martin L uther, Katharina von Bora , c.1526 (oil on panel), C ranach, ucas, the E lder (1472–1553) / S ammlungen auf der Wartburg, isenach, G ermany B ridgeman I mages • John alvin—Wikimedia John Knox , from ‘ E ff i g es’ b y Jaco us V erhe den, 1602 (engrav ng) (sep a photo), H ond us, endr k I (1573-p.1649) (after) / P r vate C ollect on T he S tapleton Br dgeman Images T he Coun c il of rent, 4th D e mb er 1563 (o i l on canvas), Ital an S chool, (16th century) / L ouvre, P ar s, F rance Br dgeman Images F ranço i s D e b o s, S t. Bartholo m ew’s ay Massa c re , M usée cantonal des Beaux- A rts, L ausanne. Wi k med a. Queen E liza b eth I, c.1575 (o i l on panel), N etherland sh S chool (16th century) / at onal P ortra t G allery, L ondon, UK D e A gost n Pi cture Lib rary Br dgeman Images John Knox 16th-century print shop The Council of Trent (1545–1563) Queen Elizabeth I This timeline is available with interactive hot links at www.christianhistoryinstitute.org under issue #120. (Compiled from Christian History issues 5, 12, 48, 115, and 118, with additions by the editors.) © 2016 Christian History magazine.