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The So-Called Mixed Text: an Examination of the Non-Alexandrian and Non-Byzantine Text-Type in the Catholic Epistles

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The So-Called Mixed Text: an Examination of the Non-Alexandrian and Non-Byzantine Text-Type in the Catholic Epistles Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertations Graduate Research 2007 The So-Called Mixed Text: an Examination of the Non-Alexandrian and Non-Byzantine Text-Type in the Catholic Epistles Clinton S. Baldwin Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, and the Catholic Studies Commons Recommended Citation Baldwin, Clinton S., "The So-Called Mixed Text: an Examination of the Non-Alexandrian and Non-Byzantine Text-Type in the Catholic Epistles" (2007). Dissertations. 14. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dissertations/14 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Thank you for your interest in the Andrews University Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses. Please honor the copyright of this document by not duplicating or distributing additional copies in any form without the author’s express written permission. Thanks for your cooperation. ABSTRACT THE SO-CALLED MIXED TEXT: AN EXAMINATION OF THE NON-ALEXANDRIAN AND NON-BYZANTINE TEXT-TYPE IN THE CATHOLIC EPISTLES by Clinton Baldwin Co-Advisers: William Warren Robert Johnston Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: THE SO-CALLED MIXED TEXT: AN EXAMINATION OF THE NON- ALEXANDRIAN AND NON-BYZANTINE TEXT-TYPE IN THE CATHOLIC EPISTLES Name of researcher: Clinton Baldwin Name and degree of faculty co-advisers: William Warren, Ph.D. Robert Johnston, Ph.D. Date completed: July 2007 Problem Since the eighteenth century, textual scholars have been grouping New Testament Greek manuscripts into groups called text-types in order to evaluate the thousands of variant readings found in these manuscripts. These text-types form the basis for determining the earliest form of the text—the primary goal of New Testament Textual Criticism. Almost all textual critics recognize three main text types: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine. However, in recent times, W. Larry Richards and his followers identified a “mixed text-type” in six books of the Catholic Epistles that is distinguishable from the already established text-types. This text-type, if supported by empirical investigation to be more original than the Alexandrian and Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Byzantine texts, could necessitate the re-evaluation of these established text-types, and also the reevaluation of the designation ‘mixed’ attributed to this group. Purpose The purpose of this study was to do a more complete identification of this supposed mixed text-type in the Catholic Epistles and to determine the weighted value of these mixed manuscripts. Method Two hundred and twenty manuscripts were classified using the two-tiered process of Factor Analysis and a modified form of the Claremont Profile Method. (An additional 187 manuscripts already classified were also studied.) The distinctive readings of the mixed manuscripts that were classified as a result of this process were then evaluated using the canons of textual criticism. Results In addition to a more comprehensive picture of these mixed manuscripts, it was confirmed that the weighted value of this mixed category was negligible in terms of uncovering the earliest original, as only thirteen (18.5%) of seventy-two unique readings were confirmed to be the earliest form of the text. Probably the most significant fact that these mixed manuscripts affirm is that the evolution of the New Testament text that began in the early centuries continued in the Middle Ages. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Conclusion The distinctive readings of the mixed text-type do not make a significant contribution to uncovering the earliest form of the text. Recommendation It would be worthwhile to ascertain whether this mixed phenomenon also exists in other parts of the New Testament and what is the weighted value that it carries in these other places in all factors that surround the history of the text. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary THE SO-CALLED MIXED TEXT: AN EXAMINATION OF THE NON-ALEXANDRIAN AND NON-BYZANTINE TEXT-TYPE IN THE CATHOLIC EPISTLES A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by Clinton Baldwin July 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3279252 Copyright 2007 by Baldwin, Clinton All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3279252 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright by Clinton Baldwin 2007 All Rights Reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE SO-CALLED MIXED TEXT: AN EXAMINATION OF THE NON-ALEXANDRIAN AND NON-BYZANTINE TEXT-TYPE IN THE CATHOLIC EPISTLES A dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy by Clinton Baldwin APPROVAL BY T COMfyHTTEE: . Faculty Ad\ Director, Pn.D./Th.D. Program William F. Warren, Jr. Roy E. Gane Landrum P. Leavell II Chair and Professor of New Testament and Greek IS -fcrof?/} Robert M. Johnstor SDA Theologicalleological Seminary SeDean, Professor of New Testament and Christian J. H. Denis Fortin Origins. Emeritus W. Younker / / Professor of Old Testament and Biblical Archae^jbgy f \ 0 ^ ___________ Roy E. Game Professor of Hebrew Bible and Ancient Near Easternastern LanguagesLanguages Z I M / & w ly Norris C. Grubbs Date a^p^ovea Assistant Professor of New Testament and Greek New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary i Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... vii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1 The Phenomenon of Mixture: General Characteristics ...................... 3 The So-Called Mixed Text, as Proposed by Richards, Robinson, and Yoo ....................................................... 6 Purpose of the Study ........................................................................... 10 Delimitations ....................................................................................... 13 Delineation of the Study ..................................................................... 14 II. OVERVIEW OF MAJOR WORKS OF CLASSIFICATION AND PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF THE MIXED TEXT-TYPE IN THE CATHOLIC EPISTLES..................................................................... 16 Overview of Major Works of Classification ...................................... 16 Preliminary Evaluation of the So-called Mixed Text-type in the Catholic Epistles ................................................................. 26 Description of the Manuscripts ..................................................... 26 Preliminary Analysis of the Known Mixed Manuscripts ............. 34 From the Manuscripts Mixed in One B ook .................................. 37 From the Manuscripts Mixed in Two Books ................................ 39 From the Manuscripts Mixed in Three Books .............................. 40 From the Manuscripts Mixed in Four Books ................................ 41 ffl. RECLASSIFICATION OF JAMES AND 2 PETER.................................. 45 Factor Analysis as a Means of Forming Tentative Groups ................ 46 The Development of Factor Analysis ................................................. 49 Application of Factor Analysis to Textual Criticism.......................... 49 Procedure for Its Use in Textual Criticism ......................................... 51 iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The Classification of James by Factor Analysis and the Claremont Profile Method ................................................ 53 James Mixed Group
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