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Notes and Documents NOTES AND DOCUMENTS John Blackwell and Daniel Cox: Further Notes on Their Activities in Restoration England and British North America John BlackwelTs ill-fated tenure as governor of Pennsylvania (1688-90) has been well documented, as have many of his activities in England and Ireland.1 New evidence suggests that BlackwelTs kinship links were central to his extensive business activities and may have had a bearing on his appointment by William Penn to the governorship of Pennsylvania. One such link was Maj. Gen. John Lambert whose daughter Frances had married Blackwell.2 Another was Dr. Daniel Cox who was deeply involved in land holdings in East New Jersey and West New Jersey. As a Puritan and a supporter of Cromwell, Blackwell was barred from holding office at the time of the Restoration.3 Nonetheless, he prospered. 1 For Blackwell as deputy governor of Pennsylvania see, N. B.Wainwright, "Governor John Blackwell," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (hereafter, PMHB) 74 (1950), 457-72; W. L. F. Nuttall, "Governor John Blackwell: His Life in England and Ireland," PMHB 88 (1964), 121-41. For BlackwelTs scheme for paper money in Massachusetts, prior to his appointment in Pennsylvania, see J. Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization, 1606-1865 (5 vols., New York, 1946—59), 1:96-111; J. K. Horsefield, "The Origins of Blackwell's Model of a Bank," William and Mary Quarterly 23 (1966), 121-35; A. d McFarland Davis, ed., Colonial Currency Reprints, 1682-1751 (New York, 1964), 8-21,146-51,187-88, 206-7. 2 D. Farr, "The Military and Political Career of John Lambert, 1619-57," Ph.D. diss., Cambridge University, 1996. 3 John Blackwell Jr. (1624-1701) after being captain of the "Maiden Troop" in Cromwell's regiment during the Civil War and continuing as a captain in the New Model Army, in the 1650s, held various posts: treasurer at war, M.P. for Surrey, commissioner for Charitable Uses, trustee for Deans and Chapters land, committee for Durham College. For other examples, see Nuttall, "Governor John Blackwell: His Life In England And Ireland," 121-41; G. E. Aylmer, The State's Servants: The Civil Service of the English Republic 1649-1660, (London, 1973), 242-45; British Library, Stowe MSS 185, fol. 113, B.L.; Add MSS 4196-7; B.L., E489 (15); Publick Intelligencer (London), Nov. 12-19,1655, 293; Calendar of State Papers Domestic (1656), 66; T. Burton, Diary, (4 vols., London, 1828), 4:488. THE PENNSYLVANIA MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY Vol. CXXIII, No. 3 (July 1999) 228 DAVID FARR July His business interests were not geographically limited to England and Ireland but stretched to North America as well. Blackwell appears to be linked to a resettlement scheme in America that mirrored the pre-Civil War Elthuria project with which his father had been involved.4 The post- Restoration version of the plan arose over what many contemporaries regarded as a drift toward Catholicism, and thereby absolutism, by Charles II and, later and more emphatically, by James II.5 Involved in this scheme were Daniel Parrott and John Hooke who, like Blackwell, had married daughters of Major General Lambert.6 In his will of 1695 Parrott named Blackwell as one of his executors. BlackwelTs son Lambert Blackwell, had "very considerable dealings in trade" with Parrott between 1683 and 1694. John Hooke also appears to have acted as Lambert BlackwelTs legal adviser.7 At the center of the resettlement scheme, however, was Cox. Dr. Daniel Cox (1640-1730) was a member of the Royal Scociety and physician to Charles II and Queen Anne.8 It was because of his interests in West Jersey and East Jersey that he was at the center of the resettlement scheme, the object of which was to provide a refuge against the threat of popery.9 Cox had started acquiring property in West New Jersey in 1684, the From these positions Blackwell was able to extend the land purchases of his father. He was particularly prominent in purchasing bishops' lands; see I. Gentles, "The Sale of Bishops' Lands In The English Revolution, 1646-1660," English Historical Review 95 (1980), 573-96; "The Purchasers of Northamptonshire Crown Land," Midland History 3 (1975-76), 206-32. 4 For the Elthuria Project, see J. T. Hassam, "The Bahama Islands: Notes on an Early Attempt at Colonization," Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings^ 2d ser., 13 (1900), 4-58. 5 J. Miller, "The Potential For 'Absolutism' In Later Stuart England," History 69 (1984), 187-207. 6 Parrott, Hooke, and Blackwell had married Anne, Elizabeth, and Frances Lambert respectively. 7 PRO, prob. 11/428, fol. 200,1695; PRO C8/564/76. 8 G. Scull, "Biographical Notice of Daniel Cox," PMHB 7 (1883), 317-37; M. Hunter, The Royal Society and its Fellows 1660-1700: The Morphology of an Early Scientific Iinstitution (Oxford, 1994), British Society for the History of Science Monographs, 4; W. R. Monk, The Royal College of Physicians (3 vols., London, 1878). 9 Dr. Daniel Cox was also extensively involved in later attempts to settle French Protestants in America, see, Calendar of State Papers Colonial America and West Indies, (1699), 520; (1700), 656. 1999 JOHN BLACKWELL AND DANIEL COX 229 year Blackwell went to America.10 In 1686 he had also acquired interests in East New Jersey. Cox's American property holdings were substantial. Having purchased the right of government, Cox was, following Edward Byllinge's death, the nominal governor of West New Jersey from 1687 to 1692.11 Cox outlined how in 1685 John Hooke, "his ffriend and acquaintance," applied to him for a share of property in West New Jersey. It is clear that both men were close. Cox recalled that he had saved Hooke's life, while Hooke declared when called to testify at Cox's chancery proceedings that Cox was "a person for whom this deft had and still have great esteem." Hooke claimed he paid money to Edward Byllnge for Cox on November 3, 1685. Hooke stated that he wanted land in America in the "prospect of flying thither from the then approaching storm . ." He had heard that many of his other friends had purchased land in "West New Jersey" because they shared his worry and were "under Apprehensions of the Prevalency of Popery in England and had thoughts of providing a place of Refuge in the West Indies in Case the Popish Interest should prevail . ." 2 Later, however, Hooke wrote that the "Protestant Interest appeared to Exert itself and Especially after the happy Revolution" most of the land was purchased by "men of Trade and Dealing . ."13 Indeed Hooke seems to have modified his views with regard to Catholics following the 1688 revolution.14 Hooke is not exact in his references to the actual area being considered, and this means that it is difficult to establish with accuracy the precise details 10 A. G. Zimmermann, "Daniel Coxe and the New Mediterranean Sea Company," PMHB 76, (1952), 86-96, 86. 11 J. E. Pomfret, Colonial New Jersey. A History (New York, 1973), 46, 48-9, 61-68, 298; J. E. Pomfret, The Province of West New Jersey 1609—1702: A History of the Origins of an American Colony (Princeton, 1956), 150-89; J. E. Pomfret, The Province of East New Jersey 1609-1702: The Rebellious Proprietory (Princeton, 1962), 87, 91,132,134, 201, 245-9, 268-77; R. P. McCormick, New Jersey from Colony to State 1609-1789y New Jersey Historical Series, vol. 1 (London, 1964), 47-8; Nuttall, "Blackwell," 139; Wainwright, "Blackwell," 457-8. 12 PRO, C9/374/45. 13 Ibid. 14 J. Hooke, Catholicism Without Popery. The Second Part (London, 1704), wing C1497; PRO, prob. 11/526, fol. 361. 230 DAVID FARR July of the scheme. It could be related to the "Stancliffe Project" or Cox's involvement in the New Mediterranean Sea Company. Indeed given their nature, especially in the planning stage, there appears to be much overlap between these projects and the people involved. Given BlackwelTs relation to Hooke and his own interests in America, it seems probable that he would have been involved in this scheme in some capacity. At the very least it is probable, given their relationship, that Hooke would have asked Blackwell's advice with regard to the scheme. It also raises the question as to whether Blackwell's decision to go to America was partly influenced by this scheme and the establishment of Cox's interests in West New Jersey.16 It was stated that Blackwell "had come to New England in 1685, and taken up land in north-eastern Connecticut in the interest of certain English and Irish Dissenters . preparing to settle down in Windham County, Connecticut . ."17 A further possible connection of Blackwell to this scheme is his involvement in the New Mediterranean Sea Company of which Cox was the leading figure.18 Those who had connections with Blackwell and who are also listed as members of the 15 Pomfret, The Province of East New Jersey, 245-6. Commenting on the New Mediterranean Sea Company, Mary Geiter states that "by 1691 the company had collapsed, partly through disputes but mainly because it fell victim to the political consequences of the Revolution of 1688 in England." M. K. Geiter, "London Merchants and the Launching of Pennsylvania," PMHB 121 (1997), 108. 16 Nuttall, "Blackwell," 139. It is also possible that another factor in the decision to go was the recent death of his father-in-law, Maj. Gen. John Lambert. 17 PRO, C7/216/48; C7/592/33. 18 Zimmermann, "Daniel Coxe," 86-96. There is also the possibility of another link between Cox and Blackwell through Cox's father-in-law, John Coldham, who was listed as a warden of the Grocers Company in which Blackwell's father was prominent and in which he still had many connections.
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