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Download Book SAEO titlepage 2/12/09 12:30 PM Page 1 SAEO 07/02/08 11:38 AM Page ii Southern Africa Environment Outlook A report by the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and partners: Southern African Research and Documentation Centre (SARDC) IUCN-The World Conservation Union United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Southern African Development Community SADC Secretariat, SADC House, Private Bag 0095, Gaborone, Botswana Tel (267) 395 1863 Fax (267) 397 2848/318 1070 E-mail [email protected] www.sadc.int Southern African Research and Documentation Centre Musokotwane Environment Resource Centre for Southern Africa (IMERCSA) 15 Downie Avenue, Belgravia, Box 5690, Harare, Zimbabwe Tel (263 4) 791 141/791 143 Fax 263 4) 791 271 E-mail [email protected] www.sardc.net Knowledge for Development IUCN-The World Conservation Union Regional Office for Southern Africa (ROSA) Lanark Road, Belgravia, Box 745, Harare, Zimbabwe Tel (263 4) 728 266/7 Fax (263 4) 720 738 E-mail [email protected] www.iucnrosa.org.zw United Nations Environment Programme Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA) P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi 00100, Kenya Tel (254 20) 623562 Fax (254 20) 623944 E-mail [email protected] www.unep.org © SADC, SARDC, IUCN, UNEP 2008 Boxes, Tables, and Figures as specified Maps, Photos, and Illustrations as specified ISBN 0-7974-2938-7 This publication is accessible in full text, searchable format through the Virtual Library for Southern Africa at www.sardc.net which is linked to the SADC website. All rights reserved. The contents of this book may be quoted with due credit to the authors and publishing partners, but may not be reproduced, all or in part, without permission from the copyright holders. Citation: SADC, Southern Africa Environment Outlook, SADC, SARDC, IUCN & UNEP, Gaborone/Harare/Nairobi, 2008 The designation of geographical entities, use of any name in this publication, and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of SADC, SARDC, IUCN or UNEP concerning the legal status of any country or territory, or area of its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Cover design Paul Wade, Tonely Ngwenya Text design Paul Wade Origination and print DS Print Media Southern Africa Environment Outlook SAEO 07/02/08 11:38 AM Page iii Southern Africa ENVIRONMENT Outlook A Southern African Development Community (SADC) report under the Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP) in collaboration with Southern African Research and Documentation Centre (SARDC) Musokotwane Environment Resource Centre for Southern Africa (IMERCSA) IUCN-The World Conservation Union Regional Office for Southern Africa (ROSA) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Division of Early Warning and Assessment (DEWA) Editors/Writers Clever Mafuta Leonissah Munjoma Stanley Mubako Technical Editor Oliver Chapeyama The Southern Africa Environment Outlook was prepared through Communicating the Environment Programme (CEP), a southern African partnership of SADC, SARDC and IUCN, in collaboration with UNEP DEWA, Africa Environment Outlook (AEO) and the Africa Environment Information Network (AEIN). AEO and AEIN are funded by the governments of Belgium, Ireland, Netherlands and Norway, the UNEP Environment Fund and the UN Development Fund. Belgian Technical Cooperation (BTC) also funded the publication of this report SAEO Second titlepage 1 3/5/09 3:07:12 PM SAEO 07/02/08 11:38 AM Page iv Contributors, Writers and Reviewers by Chapter 1 Regional Overview Reviewers of All Chapters Contributor Munetsi Madakufamba,SARDC Stephen Nanthambwe, SADC Writer Leonissah Munjoma, SARDC Imercsa Munyaradzi Chenje, Regional Coordinator for Africa, Reviewer Fudzai Pamacheche, SADC Trade, Industry, UNEP DEWA Finance and Investment Directorate Craig Schwabe, Human Sciences Research 2 Land Council, South Africa Contributor Paul Maro, University of Dar es Salaam, Godfrey Kamukala, National Environment United Republic of Tanzania Management Council, United Writer Leonissah Munjoma, SARDC Imercsa Republic of Tanzania Reviewers Nelson Marongwe, ZERO Regional Geoffrey Chavula, Consultant, Malawi Environmental Organisation Joyce Poshoko, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, South Africa 3 Atmosphere Liza Pretorius, DEAT, South Africa Contributor Bradwell Garanganga, Drought Monitoring Quet Chakela, Consultant, Lesotho Centre, Zimbabwe Steven Zuke, Swaziland Environment Authority Writer Clever Mafuta, SARDC Imercsa Ambrose Made, UNDP, Zimbabwe Reviewer Mark Zunckel, Council for Scientific and Anna Balance, DFID, UK Industrial Research, South Africa Pamela Mhlanga, SARDC Women in Development 4 Freshwater Resources Southern Africa Awareness Contributor Ruhiza Jean Boroto, DRC, Global Water Priscilla Mnganya, SARDC WIDSAA Partnership Southern Africa Phyllis Johnson SARDC Writer Stanley Mubako, SARDC Imercsa Reviewer Lenka Thamae, IUCN ROSA 5 Marine and Coastal Resources Scenarios Development and Review Workshop Contributor Rob Crawford, Department of Environmental Stephen Nanthambwe, SADC Affairs and Tourism, South Africa Munyaradzi Chenje, UNEP DEWA Writer Stanley Mubako, SARDC Imercsa Oliver Chapeyama, Enviroplan Reviewer Antonio Hoguane, Eduardo Mondlane Enos Shumba, SADC Biodiversity Support University, Mozambique Programme Francis Mkanda, IUCN ROSA 6 Forest and Woodlands Contributor Enos Shumba, SADC Biodiversity Support Caroline Gwature, IUCN ROSA Programme Gertrude Ngenda, ICLEI Writer Clever Mafuta, SARDC Imercsa Ruhizha Jean Boroto, GWPSA Reviewer Ramji Nyirenda, Forestry Department, Malawi Evis Siamachoka, Zambezi River Authority Craig Schwabe, HSRC South Africa 7 Wildlife Liza Pretorius, DEAT, South Africa Contributors Francis Mkanda, IUCN ROSA Robert Crawford, DEAT, South Africa Jonathan Timberlake, Biodiversity Foundation Paul Maro, University of Dar es Salaam, for Africa United Republic of Tanzania Writer Clever Mafuta, SARDC Imercsa Nosiku Munyinda, Environmental Council of Reviewer Simon Munthali, African Wildlife Foundation Zambia 8 Human Settlements Munetsi Madakufamba, SARDC Contributors Gertrude Ngenda, ICLEI Clever Mafuta, SARDC IMERCSA Daniel Tevera, University of Zimbabwe Stanley Mubako, SARDC IMERCSA Writer Clever Mafuta, SARDC Imercsa Leonissah Munjoma, SARDC IMERCSA Reviewer Bowdin King, ICLEI Priscilla Mnganya, SARDC WIDSAA 9 Scenarios Writers Clever Mafuta and Stanley Mubako SARDC IMERCSA Reviewers Munyaradzi Chenje, UNEP Clever Mafuta, Director and Head of Programme Jacob Gyamfi-Aidoo, Consultant, South Africa Stanley Mubako, CEP Coordinator/Deputy Head of Christine Warioba, SADC Gender Unit Programme Other chapter reviewers Leonissah Munjoma, Editor/Project Manager, SoE Zambezi Munyaradzi Saruchera, University of Western Basin Cape Ronald Chawatama, Researcher/Writer Tendayi Kureya, SAfAIDS Egline Tauya, Researcher/Writer Elton Laisi, Centre for Development Research Patricia Munemo, Senior Documentalist in Southern Africa, Malawi Chishamiso Faranisi, Sikhanyisiwe Ncube, Munyaradzi Sithole (Students) Southern Africa Environment Outlook NuPrelims 10/6/08 12:40 PM Page v FOREWORD The Southern African Development Community (SADC) recognizes that natural resources are critical to regional development and poverty eradication, and hence has enshrined “sustainable utilization of natural resources and effective protection of the environment” in the revised SADC Treaty. In line with the Treaty, the SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP) calls for regular environmental assessment, monitoring and reporting for the purpose of analysing regional trends. The importance of environmental sustainability in the SADC region is reflected in the many regional and international agree- ments to which Member States are signatory. The critical role of natural resources in economic, social and political integration was also recog- nised at the Rio Earth Summit of 1992 and the World Summit on Tomaz Augusto Salomão SADC Executive Secretary Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg in 2002.. The Southern Africa Environment Outlook is an integrated assessment of the state and trends of key environmental resources, including land, freshwater, marine and coastal resources, forests and woodlands, and wildlife. The report takes a 10-year retrospective and for- ward-looking analysis of issues, and also covers cross-sectoral elements relating to human settle- ments, energy and atmospheric dynamics. It provides an effective tool for monitoring regional and continental targets under the RISDP, Millennium Development Goals, Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, and the environment programme of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). More than a decade ago, SADC published its first comprehensive environmental status report: State of the Environment in Southern Africa. In his Foreword to the first regional report on the State of the Environment in Southern Africa in 1994, the then SADC Chairperson, the former President of Botswana, Sir Ketumile Masire, likened community building to the process of making a basket, taking different strands and weaving them into a product of strength and durability. One of the strands in weaving a strong and sustainable regional community is the environment. When SADC later published the first assessment of a single ecosystem, the Zambezi River Basin, in 2000, the former President of Mozambique and then SADC Chairperson, Mr. Joaquim Chissano, stated that the rationale for sustainable natural resources management
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