DOCSLIB.ORG

Diversity of Extracellular Matrix Morphology in Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diversity of Extracellular Matrix Morphology in Vertebrate Skeletal Muscle Received: 23 May 2019 Revised: 20 November 2019 Accepted: 30 November 2019 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21088 RESEARCH ARTICLE Diversity of extracellular matrix morphology in vertebrate skeletal muscle David A. Sleboda1 | Kristin K. Stover1 | Thomas J. Roberts1 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Abstract Island Existing data suggest the extracellular matrix (ECM) of vertebrate skeletal muscle con- Correspondence sists of several morphologically distinct layers: an endomysium, perimysium, and epi- *David A. Sleboda, Department of Ecology and mysium surrounding muscle fibers, fascicles, and whole muscles, respectively. These Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI. ECM layers are hypothesized to serve important functional roles within muscle, Email: [email protected] influencing passive mechanics, providing avenues for force transmission, and influenc- Present address ing dynamic shape changes during contraction. The morphology of the skeletal muscle Kristin K. Stover, Department of Biomedical ECM is well described in mammals and birds; however, ECM morphology in other ver- Science, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, WV tebrate groups including amphibians, fish, and reptiles remains largely unexamined. It remains unclear whether a multilayered ECM is a common feature of vertebrate skele- Funding information Bushnell Research Fund; Drollinger Family tal muscle, and whether functional roles attributed to the ECM should be considered in Charitable Foundation; National Institute of mechanical analyses of non-mammalian and non-avian muscle. To explore the preva- Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Grant/Award Number: AR55295; lence of a multilayered ECM, we used a cell maceration and scanning electron micros- National Institutes of Health, Grant/Award copy technique to visualize the organization of ECM collagen in muscle from six Number: S10 OD023461; National Science Foundation, Grant/Award Numbers: 1832795, vertebrates: bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus), turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo), alligators IOS1354289 (Alligator mississippiensis), cane toads (Rhinella marina), laboratory mice (Mus musculus), and carp (Cyprinus carpio). All muscles studied contained a collagen-reinforced ECM with multiple morphologically distinct layers. An endomysium surrounding muscle fibers was apparent in all samples. A perimysium surrounding groups of muscle fibers was apparent in all but carp epaxial muscle; a muscle anatomically, functionally, and phylogenetically distinct from the others studied. An epimysium was apparent in all samples taken at the muscle periphery. These findings show that a multilayered ECM is a common feature of vertebrate muscle and suggest that a functionally relevant ECM should be considered in mechanical models of vertebrate muscle generally. It remains unclear whether cross-species variations in ECM architecture are the result of phylogenetic, anatomical, or functional differences, but understanding the influence of such variation on muscle mechanics may prove a fruitful area for future research. KEYWORDS collagen, connective tissue, fascia 1 | INTRODUCTION tissues frequently subjected to tensile forces, the ECM of skeletal muscle is reinforced by fibrous collagen (Borg & Caulfield, 1980). Col- Skeletal muscle contains a highly specialized extracellular matrix lagen has a close-packed triple helix structure that grants it a high (ECM) that suits its mechanical functions. Like skin, tendon, and other mechanical strength (Harkness, 1961), and its presence within muscle Journal of Morphology. 2019;1–10. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jmor © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 1 2 SLEBODA ET AL. influences many mechanical behaviors of the tissue. ECM collagen as the most likely vector through which forces are transmitted both influences the mechanical response of muscle to deformation, deter- laterally and serially between neighboring muscle fibers within the mining in part the passive tension developed by stretched muscle muscle belly (Purslow & Trotter, 1994). The perimysium contains rela- (Gindre, Takaza, Moerman, & Simms, 2013; Meyer & Lieber, 2011, tively larger collagen fibers (each composed of multiple collagen fibrils) 2018; Prado et al., 2005). The collagenous ECM also provides avenues which form fibrous septa that are shared by and delineate adjacent for lateral and serial transmission of force between adjacent muscle muscle fascicles (Borg & Caulfield, 1980; Purslow, 1989). Mathemati- fibers within the muscle belly (Huijing, Baan, & Rebel, 1998; Purslow & cal modeling suggests that the thickness of the perimysium renders it Trotter, 1994; Street, 1983), a function that allows coordination of an unlikely vector for transmission of force within muscle in vivo force from multiple muscle fibers within a fascicle, and which prevents (Purslow, 2010); however, an alternative role for the perimysium may interruptions to muscle function during tissue growth or repair be to provide slip planes within the muscle belly that accommodate (Purslow, 2010). The collagenous ECM also likely influences dynamic dynamic shape changes during contraction (Purslow, 1999; Purslow, changes in muscle shape during contraction, allowing the ECM to have 2002). The epimysium surrounds the muscle periphery and, like the a direct effect on the force and speed of contraction (Azizi, Brainerd, & perimysium, is composed of collagen fibers. Anatomical continuity Roberts, 2008; Eng, Azizi, & Roberts, 2018) as well as the useful between the epimysium, endomysium, perimysium, and in-series ten- mechanical work produced by a shortening muscle (Azizi, Deslauriers, dons suggest that the epimysium acts as a surface tendon, aiding in Holt, & Eaton, 2017). In cardiac muscle, ECM connections to vascula- the transmission of force from muscle fibers to the skeletal system in ture help maintain patency and prevent longitudinal slippage of vessels some muscles (Passerieux, Rossignol, Letellier, & Delage, 2007). during contraction (Caulfield & Borg, 1979) and the ECM may play a Predominant among morphological and functional studies of skel- similar protective role for vessels and nerves in skeletal muscle. etal muscle ECM are studies of mammalian and avian muscle. Mam- Existing data suggest the ECM of vertebrate skeletal muscle con- mals including cows, sheep, rats, rabbits, cats, pigs, and mice have sists of several morphologically distinct, hierarchically arranged layers been shown to display distinct endomysial, perimysial, and epimysial (Figure 1). These layers are the endomysium, perimysium, and epimy- ECM layers (see Table S1 for a list of studies of vertebrate skeletal sium, and they surround muscle fibers, fascicles, and whole muscles, muscle ECM morphology organized by species). Comparisons of ECM respectively (Borg & Caulfield, 1980; Gillies & Lieber, 2011; Rowe, morphology both across mammalian species (e.g., Rowe, 1981), and 1981). The endomysium consists of a network of criss-crossing colla- across anatomically distinct muscles within a single mammalian spe- gen fibrils that ensheathe and anchor on the cell membranes (sarco- cies (e.g., Borg & Caulfield, 1980), reveal that a collagenous, trilayered lemma) of muscle fibers. Endomysial collagen fibrils wrap the long ECM is typical of mammalian skeletal muscle. A similar morphological axes of individual muscle fibers, but are also shared between adjacent arrangement of the ECM has been observed in birds. Broiler chicken muscle fibers within a fascicle (Trotter & Purslow, 1992). They serve muscles display a collagenous ECM like that of mammals, with distinct endomysial, perimysial, and epimysial layers (e.g., Nakamura, Iwamoto, Tabata, & Ono, 2003; Roy et al., 2006). Although these studies show that a multilayered, collagen reinforced ECM is typical of mammals and birds, the morphological arrangement of collagen in the ECMs of other vertebrate groups including fish, amphibians, and reptiles has received relatively little study. Fibrous collagen has been shown to rein- force the ECMs of certain frogs (Schmalbruch, 1974) and fish (Ando, Toyohara, & Sakaguchi, 1992; Ando, Yoshimoto, Inabu, Nakagawa, & Makinodan, 1995), but whether these animals contain distinct endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium structurally similar to those described in mammals and birds is not clear from these studies. Without knowledge of ECM morphology in much of the verte- brate group, it cannot be stated with confidence that a multilayered ECM is a general feature of vertebrate skeletal muscle, or that func- tional roles attributed to the endomysium, perimysium, and epimy- sium should be considered in mechanical analyses of non-mammalian and non-avian muscle. Additionally, the efficacy of using non- mammalian or non-avian muscles as model systems for the study of ECM function remains untested. Amphibian muscle, for example, has been used as a model system to explore the influence of the ECM on FIGURE 1 Spatial organization of muscle fibers and extracellular lateral force transmission (Street, 1983) and passive tension devel- matrix as observed in mammalian and avian skeletal muscle. The extracellular matrix is a hierarchical, interlinked network composed of oped during stretch (Sleboda & Roberts, 2017; Sleboda, Wold, & Rob- distinct layers that surround muscle fibers (endomysium), fascicles erts, 2019). Knowledge of ECM morphology in these animals is (perimysium), and the muscle periphery (epimysium) needed to ensure the applicability of findings
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Microanatomy of Muscles
    Microanatomy of Muscles Anatomy & Physiology Class Three Main Muscle Types Objectives: By the end of this presentation you will have the information to: 1. Describe the 3 main types of muscles. 2. Detail the functions of the muscle system. 3. Correctly label the parts of a myocyte (muscle cell) 4. Identify the levels of organization in a skeletal muscle from organ to myosin. 5. Explain how a muscle contracts utilizing the correct terminology of the sliding filament theory. 6. Contrast and compare cardiac and smooth muscle with skeletal muscle. Major Functions: Muscle System 1. Moving the skeletal system and posture. 2. Passing food through the digestive system & constriction of other internal organs. 3. Production of body heat. 4. Pumping the blood throughout the body. 5. Communication - writing and verbal Specialized Cells (Myocytes) ~ Contractile Cells Can shorten along one or more planes because of specialized cell membrane (sarcolemma) and specialized cytoskeleton. Specialized Structures found in Myocytes Sarcolemma: The cell membrane of a muscle cell Transverse tubule: a tubular invagination of the sarcolemma of skeletal or cardiac muscle fibers that surrounds myofibrils; involved in transmitting the action potential from the sarcolemma to the interior of the myofibril. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: The special type of smooth endoplasmic Myofibrils: reticulum found in smooth and a contractile fibril of skeletal muscle, composed striated muscle fibers whose function mainly of actin and myosin is to store and release calcium ions. Multiple Nuclei (skeletal) & many mitochondria Skeletal Muscle - Microscopic Anatomy A whole skeletal muscle (such as the biceps brachii) is considered an organ of the muscular system. Each organ consists of skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and blood or vascular tissue.
    [Show full text]
  • Structural Organization of the Perimysium in Bovine Skeletal Muscle: Junctional Plates and Associated Intracellular Subdomains E
    Structural organization of the perimysium in bovine skeletal muscle: Junctional plates and associated intracellular subdomains E. Passerieux, R. Rossignol, A. Chopard, A. Carnino, J.F. Marini, T. Letellier, J.P. Delage To cite this version: E. Passerieux, R. Rossignol, A. Chopard, A. Carnino, J.F. Marini, et al.. Structural organization of the perimysium in bovine skeletal muscle: Junctional plates and associated intracellular subdomains. Journal of Structural Biology, Elsevier, 2006, 154 (2), pp.206 - 216. 10.1016/j.jsb.2006.01.002. hal- 01758589 HAL Id: hal-01758589 https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-01758589 Submitted on 4 Apr 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Journal of Structural Biology 154 (2006) 206–216 www.elsevier.com/locate/yjsbi Structural organization of the perimysium in bovine skeletal muscle: Junctional plates and associated intracellular subdomains E. Passerieux a, R. Rossignol a, A. Chopard b, A. Carnino b, J.F. Marini b, a a, T. Letellier , J.P. Delage ¤ a INSERM, U688 Physiopathologie Mitochondriale, Université
    [Show full text]
  • 4 Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle
    4 Muscle tissue Smooth muscle Smooth muscle cell bundle (oblique section) Loose connective tissue layer permitting movement between muscle layers Elongated centrally located nucleus of smooth muscle cell (longitudinal section) Elongated, tapering cytoplasm of a smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle, small intestine, cat. H.E. stain; x400. Perimysium composed of connective tissue with blood vessels and autonomic nerves Smooth muscle cell bundle with central nuclei and elongated cytoplasm (longitudinal section) Perimysium Oblique and cross sections of smooth muscle cells Smooth muscle, small intestine, cat. H.E. stain; x400. Smooth muscle cells (oblique and cross sections) Smooth muscle cells (cross section) Perimysium Smooth muscle, urinary bladder, cat. H.E. stain; x350. 4 Muscle tissue Smooth muscle Predominantly longitudinally oriented smooth muscle fibre bundles closely invested with endomysium (nuclei appear longitudinally oval) Perimysium Endomysium Predominantly transversely oriented smooth muscle fibre bundles (nuclei appear round) Sooth muscle, urinary bladder, cat. Golder's Masson trichrome stain; x480. Nucleus of smooth muscle cell (weakly contracted) Perimysium with fibrocytes Cytoplasm of smooth muscle cell (weakly contracted) Nuclei and cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells (relaxed) Endomysium surrounding isolated smooth muscle cell (at transition to perimysium) Perimysium with fibrocytes Smooth muscle, urinary bladder, cat. H.E. stain; Goldner's Masson trichrome stain; x480. Central nucleus and cytoplasm of weakly contracted smooth muscle cell Heterochromatic nucleus of smooth muscle cell Endomysium Perimysium with fibrocytes Euchromatic nucleus of smooth muscle cell with spindle-like elongation of cytoplasm Smooth muscle, gall bladder, ox. Goldner's stain; x600..
    [Show full text]
  • Back-To-Basics: the Intricacies of Muscle Contraction
    Back-to- MIOTA Basics: The CONFERENCE OCTOBER 11, Intricacies 2019 CHERI RAMIREZ, MS, of Muscle OTRL Contraction OBJECTIVES: 1.Review the anatomical structure of a skeletal muscle. 2.Review and understand the process and relationship between skeletal muscle contraction with the vital components of the nervous system, endocrine system, and skeletal system. 3.Review the basic similarities and differences between skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue. 4.Review the names, locations, origins, and insertions of the skeletal muscles found in the human body. 5.Apply the information learned to enhance clinical practice and understanding of the intricacies and complexity of the skeletal muscle system. 6.Apply the information learned to further educate clients on the importance of skeletal muscle movement, posture, and coordination in the process of rehabilitation, healing, and functional return. 1. Epithelial Four Basic Tissue Categories 2. Muscle 3. Nervous 4. Connective A. Loose Connective B. Bone C. Cartilage D. Blood Introduction There are 3 types of muscle tissue in the muscular system: . Skeletal muscle: Attached to bones of skeleton. Voluntary. Striated. Tubular shape. Cardiac muscle: Makes up most of the wall of the heart. Involuntary. Striated with intercalated discs. Branched shape. Smooth muscle: Found in walls of internal organs and walls of vascular system. Involuntary. Non-striated. Spindle shape. 4 Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscles: Skeletal muscles are composed of: • Skeletal muscle tissue • Nervous tissue • Blood • Connective tissues 5 Connective Tissue Coverings Connective tissue coverings over skeletal muscles: .Fascia .Tendons .Aponeuroses 6 Fascia: Definition: Layers of dense connective tissue that separates muscle from adjacent muscles, by surrounding each muscle belly.
    [Show full text]
  • Single-Cell Analysis Uncovers Fibroblast Heterogeneity
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17740-1 OPEN Single-cell analysis uncovers fibroblast heterogeneity and criteria for fibroblast and mural cell identification and discrimination ✉ Lars Muhl 1,2 , Guillem Genové 1,2, Stefanos Leptidis 1,2, Jianping Liu 1,2, Liqun He3,4, Giuseppe Mocci1,2, Ying Sun4, Sonja Gustafsson1,2, Byambajav Buyandelger1,2, Indira V. Chivukula1,2, Åsa Segerstolpe1,2,5, Elisabeth Raschperger1,2, Emil M. Hansson1,2, Johan L. M. Björkegren 1,2,6, Xiao-Rong Peng7, ✉ Michael Vanlandewijck1,2,4, Urban Lendahl1,8 & Christer Betsholtz 1,2,4 1234567890():,; Many important cell types in adult vertebrates have a mesenchymal origin, including fibro- blasts and vascular mural cells. Although their biological importance is undisputed, the level of mesenchymal cell heterogeneity within and between organs, while appreciated, has not been analyzed in detail. Here, we compare single-cell transcriptional profiles of fibroblasts and vascular mural cells across four murine muscular organs: heart, skeletal muscle, intestine and bladder. We reveal gene expression signatures that demarcate fibroblasts from mural cells and provide molecular signatures for cell subtype identification. We observe striking inter- and intra-organ heterogeneity amongst the fibroblasts, primarily reflecting differences in the expression of extracellular matrix components. Fibroblast subtypes localize to discrete anatomical positions offering novel predictions about physiological function(s) and regulatory signaling circuits. Our data shed new light on the diversity of poorly defined classes of cells and provide a foundation for improved understanding of their roles in physiological and pathological processes. 1 Karolinska Institutet/AstraZeneca Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Blickagången 6, SE-14157 Huddinge, Sweden.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • MODULE 1: HISTOLOGY I an Introduction to Histology; Begin Epithelial Tissue and Connective Tissue
    MODULE 1: HISTOLOGY I An Introduction to Histology; Begin Epithelial Tissue and Connective Tissue Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of the cells and extracellular matrix that make up the tissues of the body. Using the physical appearance of cells and the matrix that surrounds them, the 10-100 trillion cells of the human body can be grouped into just four major tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissues. In the Histology Modules of this course, you will learn to identify each of these tissue types as well as their subclasses and important structures. Chemical fixatives are used to preserve tissues when they are harvested. These fixatives are important to preserve the tissue from degradation. These chemicals also destroy the biological function of the cells, so all of the cells in any micrograph images that you see are dead. Biological tissue has little inherent color. In fact, in reality, the tissues that you study would look transparent or have various shades of gray for the most part. However, scientists use staining techniques to help highlight particular features of a tissue. As a student of histology, you should avoid the temptation to memorize tissues based on color. Since it is possible to stain the same tissue with a variety of different colors, you could be easily fooled if you trained yourself to recognize color as the major feature of tissues that you study. The wiser approach would be to carefully learn the shapes and physical characteristics other than color when studying histology. Students who memorize color as the main characteristic to trigger their memory will be disappointed when the exam does not maintain color schemes.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Methodology for the Histological Study of Skeletal Muscle
    ReviewArtículo original Laboratory methodology for the histological study of skeletal muscle Fernando Leiva-Cepas1,2,3, Ignacio Ruz-Caracuel1,2*, María A. Peña-Toledo2,3, Antonio Agüera-Vega1,2, Ignacio Jimena1,2,3, Evelio Luque1,3, José Peña1,2,3 1Departamento de Ciencias Morfológicas. Universidad de Córdoba. Córdoba. 2Grupo de Investigación en Regeneración Muscular. Universidad de Córdoba. 3Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba. IMIBIC. Córdoba. *Servicio de Anatomía Patológica. Hospital Universitario La Paz, IDIPAZ, Madrid. Received: 11.12.2017 Summary Accepted: 15.02.2018 Skeletal muscle is a malleable and dynamic tissue capable of a high degree of plasticity in regards to its histological confi- guration. In this sense, microscopic study is an important and essential tool for the analysis of adaptive processes -such as hypertrophy or changes of fiber types- and the regeneration or repair of skeletal muscle after injury, in the fields of sports medicine and traumatology respectively. While light microscopy addresses the study of the different constitutive elements into the skeletal muscle and their relationships with each other that determine the organ histoarchitecture, with electron microscopy an ultrastructural analysis is carried out that allows to relate the structure and function of the individual cells. This article illustrates a pragmatic and practical approach, based on personal experience and a review of the literature, from the conditions in obtaining and sending samples of skeletal muscle to the laboratory to the procedures to prepare them for histological study (sections of cryostat, paraffin sections and electron microscopy). Especially we focus on the description of Key words: the processing by freezing and recommendations to follow, as this is the ideal method for this tissue.
    [Show full text]
  • MUSCLE TISSUE Larry Johnson Texas A&M University
    MUSCLE TISSUE Larry Johnson Texas A&M University Objectives • Histologically identify and functionally characterize each of the 3 types of muscle tissues. • Describe the organization of the sarcomere as seen in light and electron microscopy. • Identify the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium CT sleeves in muscle. • Relate the functional differences of the three muscle cell types. From: Douglas P. Dohrman and TAMHSC Faculty 2012 Structure and Function of Human Organ Systems, Histology Laboratory Manual MUSCLE FUNCTION: • GENERATION OF CONTRACTILE FORCE DISTINGUISHING FEATURES: • HIGH CONCENTRATION OF CONTRACTILE PROTEINS ACTIN AND MYOSIN ARRANGED EITHER DIFFUSELY IN THE CYTOPLASM (SMOOTH MUSCLE) OR IN REGULAR REPEATING UNITS CALLED SARCOMERES (STRIATED MUSCLES, e.g., CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLES) MUSCLE • DISTRIBUTION: SKELETAL – STRIATED MUSCLES MOSTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE SKELETON MUSCLE • DISTRIBUTION: SKELETAL – STRIATED MUSCLES MOSTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE SKELETON CARDIAC – STRIATED MUSCLES ASSOCIATEWD WITH THE HEART MUSCLE • DISTRIBUTION: SKELETAL – STRIATED MUSCLES MOSTLY ASSOCIATED WITH THE SKELETON CARDIAC – STRIATED MUSCLES ASSOCIATEWD WITH THE HEART SMOOTH – FUSIFORM CELLS ASSOCIATED WITH THE VISCERA, RESPIRATORY TRACT, BLOOD VESSELS, UTERUS, ETC. MUSCLE • HISTOLOGICAL INDENTIFICATION: SKELETAL MUSCLE – VERY LONG CYLINDRICAL STRIATED MUSCLE CELLS WITH MULTIPLE PERIPHERAL NUCLEI MUSCLE • HISTOLOGICAL INDENTIFICATION: SKELETAL MUSCLE – VERY LONG CYLINDRICAL STRIATED MUSCLE CELLS WITH MULTIPLE PERIPHERAL NUCLEI CARDIAC MUSCLE –
    [Show full text]
  • 8 Skeletal M Uscle
    8 Skeletal m uscle (a) Diagram of a cross section through a (c) Skeletal muscle (LS) muscle fibre: three layers of connective tissue Cross-wise striations Endomysium 20µm Epimysium Perimysium Myofibrils run longitudinally along the Capillary Endomysium muscle fiber Muscle fiber The cross striations are due to the regular repeating units along the muscle Peripheral fiber called ‘muscle sarcomeres’ nucleus (b) Skeletal muscle fibers are formed by fusion (d) Skeletal Muscle (TS) of many myoblasts Myoblasts Myoblasts Peripheral align nucleus and adhere Fusion into Perimysium Myofibrils multinucleated in cross- myotube section Differentiate Innervation Blood into mature by motor Muscle fiber vessel muscle fiber neuron 20µm Endomysium Attach Attach to tendon to tendon (e) Electron micrograph of a sarcomere (f) A sarcomere and some of its components ZZM Costamere Binding to proteins in Costamere Z-disc extracellular matrix (e.g. laminin) in Focal adhesion m T- the basal lamina T- µ SR Myofibril complex 1 tubule tubule T-tubule Sarcolemma Proteins that link focal adhesion complex to I-band A-band I-band Z-lines in the muscle sarcomere for lateral transmission of force Sarcoplasmic reticulum Z Thick filament Z Thin filament (simplified) Thick Thin The muscle sarcomere Z-disc filament filament Z-disc In cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, thick (myosin-containing) Key filaments and thin (actin-containing) filaments are organized into regular repeating units called the muscle sarcomere. Titin (centres thick filament and regulates its length) A single sarcomere extends from one Z-disc to the next. Tropomyosin/Troponin The stripes in H&E stained longitudinal sections shown above Tropomodulin (’caps’ end of thin filaments) (1c) show the end-to-end arrangement of many muscle α-actinin sarcomeres along the fiber.
    [Show full text]
  • Kumka's Response to Stecco's Fascial Nomenclature Editorial
    Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies (2014) 18, 591e598 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/jbmt FASCIA SCIENCE AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS: RESPONSE Kumka’s response to Stecco’s fascial nomenclature editorial Myroslava Kumka, MD, PhD* Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Department of Anatomy, 6100 Leslie Street, Toronto, ON M2H 3J1, Canada Received 12 May 2014; received in revised form 13 May 2014; accepted 26 June 2014 Why are there so many discussions? response to the direction of various strains and stimuli. (De Zordo et al., 2009) Embedded with a range of mechanore- The clinical importance of fasciae (involvement in patho- ceptors and free nerve endings, it appears fascia has a role in logical conditions, manipulation, treatment) makes the proprioception, muscle tonicity, and pain generation. fascial system a subject of investigation using techniques (Schleip et al., 2005) Pathology and injury of fascia could ranging from direct imaging and dissections to in vitro potentially lead to modification of the entire efficiency of cellular modeling and mathematical algorithms (Chaudhry the locomotor system (van der Wal and Pubmed Exact, 2009). et al., 2008; Langevin et al., 2007). Despite being a topic of growing interest worldwide, This tissue is important for all manual therapists as a controversies still exist regarding the official definition, pain generator and potentially treatable entity through soft terminology, classification and clinical significance of fascia tissue and joint manipulative techniques. (Day et al., 2009) (Langevin et al., 2009; Mirkin, 2008). It is also reportedly treated with therapeutic modalities Lack of consistent terminology has a negative effect on such as therapeutic ultrasound, microcurrent, low level international communication within and outside many laser, acupuncture, and extracorporeal shockwave therapy.
    [Show full text]
  • Structure and Function of Connective Tissue in Cardiac Muscle: Collagen Types I and III in Endomysial Struts and Pericellular Fibers
    Scanning Microscopy Volume 2 Number 2 Article 33 2-10-1988 Structure and Function of Connective Tissue in Cardiac Muscle: Collagen Types I and III in Endomysial Struts and Pericellular Fibers Thomas F. Robinson Albert Einstein College of Medicine Leona Cohen-Gould Albert Einstein College of Medicine Stephen M. Factor Albert Einstein College of Medicine Mahboubeh Eghbali Albert Einstein College of Medicine Olga O. Blumenfeld Albert Einstein College of Medicine Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy Part of the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Robinson, Thomas F.; Cohen-Gould, Leona; Factor, Stephen M.; Eghbali, Mahboubeh; and Blumenfeld, Olga O. (1988) "Structure and Function of Connective Tissue in Cardiac Muscle: Collagen Types I and III in Endomysial Struts and Pericellular Fibers," Scanning Microscopy: Vol. 2 : No. 2 , Article 33. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy/vol2/iss2/33 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scanning Microscopy by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scanning Microscopy, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1988 (Pages 1005-1015) 0891-7035/88$3.00+.00 Scanning Microscopy International, Chicago (AMF O'Hare), IL 60666 USA STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE IN CARDIAC MUSCLE: COLLAGEN TYPES I and III IN ENDOMYSIAL STRUTS AND PERICELLULAR FIBERS Thomas F. Robinsonl,2 *, Leona Cohen-Gouldl
    [Show full text]