Levels of Muscle Structure
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0270.6474/84/0408-1933$02.00/O The Journal of Neuroscience Copyright 0 Society for Neuroscience Vol. 4, No. 8, pp. 1933-1943 Printed in U.S.A. August 1984 PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND FUNCTIONAL IDENTIFICATION OF A CALMODULIN-ACTIVATED, ADENOSINE 5’-TRIPHOSPHATE-DEPENDENT CALCIUM PUMP FROM SYNAPTIC PLASMA MEMBRANES1 DIANE M. PAPAZIAN,* HANNAH RAHAMIMOFF,$ AND STANLEY M. GOLDIN§’ Departments of *Biological Chemistry and $Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and *Department of Biochemistry, Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Received July 18, 1983; Revised February 27, 1984; Accepted February 28, 1984 Abstract Synaptic plasma membranes isolated from rat brain contain a calmodulin-activated Ca2+ pump. It has been purified 80- to 160-fold by solubilization with Triton X-100 and affinity chromatography on a calmodulin- Sepharose 4B column. After reconstitution into phospholipid vesicles, the affinity-purified pump efficiently catalyzed ATP dependent Ca2+ transport, which was activated 7- to g-fold by calmodulin. The major protein component of the affinity-purified preparation had a M, = 140,000; it was virtually the only band visualized on a Coomassie blue-stained SDS polyacrylamide gel. It has been identified as the Ca”’ pump by two functional criteria. First, it was phosphorylated by [y-““P]ATP in a Ca’+-dependent manner; the phosphorylated protein had the chemical reactivity of an acyl phosphate, characteristic of the phosphorylated intermediates of ion-transporting ATPases. Second, the protein was enriched by transport-specific fractiona- tion, a density gradient procedure which uses the transport properties of the reconstituted Ca2+ pump as a physical tool for its purification. -
Microanatomy of Muscles
Microanatomy of Muscles Anatomy & Physiology Class Three Main Muscle Types Objectives: By the end of this presentation you will have the information to: 1. Describe the 3 main types of muscles. 2. Detail the functions of the muscle system. 3. Correctly label the parts of a myocyte (muscle cell) 4. Identify the levels of organization in a skeletal muscle from organ to myosin. 5. Explain how a muscle contracts utilizing the correct terminology of the sliding filament theory. 6. Contrast and compare cardiac and smooth muscle with skeletal muscle. Major Functions: Muscle System 1. Moving the skeletal system and posture. 2. Passing food through the digestive system & constriction of other internal organs. 3. Production of body heat. 4. Pumping the blood throughout the body. 5. Communication - writing and verbal Specialized Cells (Myocytes) ~ Contractile Cells Can shorten along one or more planes because of specialized cell membrane (sarcolemma) and specialized cytoskeleton. Specialized Structures found in Myocytes Sarcolemma: The cell membrane of a muscle cell Transverse tubule: a tubular invagination of the sarcolemma of skeletal or cardiac muscle fibers that surrounds myofibrils; involved in transmitting the action potential from the sarcolemma to the interior of the myofibril. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: The special type of smooth endoplasmic Myofibrils: reticulum found in smooth and a contractile fibril of skeletal muscle, composed striated muscle fibers whose function mainly of actin and myosin is to store and release calcium ions. Multiple Nuclei (skeletal) & many mitochondria Skeletal Muscle - Microscopic Anatomy A whole skeletal muscle (such as the biceps brachii) is considered an organ of the muscular system. Each organ consists of skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and blood or vascular tissue. -
VIEW Open Access Muscle Spindle Function in Healthy and Diseased Muscle Stephan Kröger* and Bridgette Watkins
Kröger and Watkins Skeletal Muscle (2021) 11:3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13395-020-00258-x REVIEW Open Access Muscle spindle function in healthy and diseased muscle Stephan Kröger* and Bridgette Watkins Abstract Almost every muscle contains muscle spindles. These delicate sensory receptors inform the central nervous system (CNS) about changes in the length of individual muscles and the speed of stretching. With this information, the CNS computes the position and movement of our extremities in space, which is a requirement for motor control, for maintaining posture and for a stable gait. Many neuromuscular diseases affect muscle spindle function contributing, among others, to an unstable gait, frequent falls and ataxic behavior in the affected patients. Nevertheless, muscle spindles are usually ignored during examination and analysis of muscle function and when designing therapeutic strategies for neuromuscular diseases. This review summarizes the development and function of muscle spindles and the changes observed under pathological conditions, in particular in the various forms of muscular dystrophies. Keywords: Mechanotransduction, Sensory physiology, Proprioception, Neuromuscular diseases, Intrafusal fibers, Muscular dystrophy In its original sense, the term proprioception refers to development of head control and walking, an early im- sensory information arising in our own musculoskeletal pairment of fine motor skills, sensory ataxia with un- system itself [1–4]. Proprioceptive information informs steady gait, increased stride-to-stride variability in force us about the contractile state and movement of muscles, and step length, an inability to maintain balance with about muscle force, heaviness, stiffness, viscosity and ef- eyes closed (Romberg’s sign), a severely reduced ability fort and, thus, is required for any coordinated move- to identify the direction of joint movements, and an ab- ment, normal gait and for the maintenance of a stable sence of tendon reflexes [6–12]. -
Characterization of Cecal Smooth Muscle Contraction in Laying Hens
veterinary sciences Communication Characterization of Cecal Smooth Muscle Contraction in Laying Hens Katrin Röhm 1, Martin Diener 2 , Korinna Huber 1 and Jana Seifert 1,* 1 Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany; [email protected] (K.R.); [email protected] (K.H.) 2 Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig University, 35392 Gießen, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The ceca play an important role in the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract in chickens. Nevertheless, there is a gap of knowledge regarding the functionality of the ceca in poultry, especially with respect to physiological cecal smooth muscle contraction. The aim of the current study is the ex vivo characterization of cecal smooth muscle contraction in laying hens. Muscle strips of circular cecal smooth muscle from eleven hens are prepared to investigate their contraction ex vivo. Contraction is detected using an isometric force transducer, determining its frequency, height and intensity. Spontaneous contraction of the chicken cecal smooth muscle and the influence of buffers (calcium-free buffer and potassium-enriched buffer) and drugs (carbachol, nitroprusside, isoprenaline and Verapamil) affecting smooth muscle contraction at different levels are characterized. A decrease in smooth muscle contraction is observed when a calcium-free buffer is used. Carbachol causes an increase in smooth muscle contraction, whereas atropine inhibits contraction. Nitroprusside, isoprenaline and Verapamil result in a depression of smooth muscle contraction. In conclusion, the present results confirm a similar contraction behavior of cecal smooth muscles in laying hens as Citation: Röhm, K.; Diener, M.; shown previously in other species. -
Vocabulario De Morfoloxía, Anatomía E Citoloxía Veterinaria
Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) Servizo de Normalización Lingüística Universidade de Santiago de Compostela COLECCIÓN VOCABULARIOS TEMÁTICOS N.º 4 SERVIZO DE NORMALIZACIÓN LINGÜÍSTICA Vocabulario de Morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria (galego-español-inglés) 2008 UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA VOCABULARIO de morfoloxía, anatomía e citoloxía veterinaria : (galego-español- inglés) / coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río, Servizo de Normalización Lingüística ; autores Matilde Lombardero Fernández ... [et al.]. – Santiago de Compostela : Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, 2008. – 369 p. ; 21 cm. – (Vocabularios temáticos ; 4). - D.L. C 2458-2008. – ISBN 978-84-9887-018-3 1.Medicina �������������������������������������������������������������������������veterinaria-Diccionarios�������������������������������������������������. 2.Galego (Lingua)-Glosarios, vocabularios, etc. políglotas. I.Lombardero Fernández, Matilde. II.Rodríguez Rio, Xusto A. coord. III. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística, coord. IV.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Publicacións e Intercambio Científico, ed. V.Serie. 591.4(038)=699=60=20 Coordinador Xusto A. Rodríguez Río (Área de Terminoloxía. Servizo de Normalización Lingüística. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela) Autoras/res Matilde Lombardero Fernández (doutora en Veterinaria e profesora do Departamento de Anatomía e Produción Animal. -
Structural Organization of the Perimysium in Bovine Skeletal Muscle: Junctional Plates and Associated Intracellular Subdomains E
Structural organization of the perimysium in bovine skeletal muscle: Junctional plates and associated intracellular subdomains E. Passerieux, R. Rossignol, A. Chopard, A. Carnino, J.F. Marini, T. Letellier, J.P. Delage To cite this version: E. Passerieux, R. Rossignol, A. Chopard, A. Carnino, J.F. Marini, et al.. Structural organization of the perimysium in bovine skeletal muscle: Junctional plates and associated intracellular subdomains. Journal of Structural Biology, Elsevier, 2006, 154 (2), pp.206 - 216. 10.1016/j.jsb.2006.01.002. hal- 01758589 HAL Id: hal-01758589 https://hal.umontpellier.fr/hal-01758589 Submitted on 4 Apr 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Journal of Structural Biology 154 (2006) 206–216 www.elsevier.com/locate/yjsbi Structural organization of the perimysium in bovine skeletal muscle: Junctional plates and associated intracellular subdomains E. Passerieux a, R. Rossignol a, A. Chopard b, A. Carnino b, J.F. Marini b, a a, T. Letellier , J.P. Delage ¤ a INSERM, U688 Physiopathologie Mitochondriale, Université -
Passive Tension in Cardiac Muscle: Contribution of Collagen, Titin, Microtubules, and Intermediate Filaments
Biophysical Journal Volume 68 March 1995 1027-1044 1027 Passive Tension in Cardiac Muscle: Contribution of Collagen, Titin, Microtubules, and Intermediate Filaments Henk L. Granzier and Thomas C. Irving Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164·6520 USA ABSTRACT The passive tension-sarcomere length relation of rat cardiac muscle was investigated by studying passive (or not activated) single myocytes and trabeculae. The contribution ofcollagen, titin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments to tension and stiffness was investigated by measuring (1) the effects of KCI/KI extraction on both trabeculae and single myocytes, (2) the effect of trypsin digestion on single myocytes, and (3) the effect of colchicine on single myocytes. It was found that over the working range of sarcomeres in the heart (lengths -1.9-2.2 11m), collagen and titin are the most important contributors to passive tension with titin dominating at the shorter end of the working range and collagen at longer lengths. Microtubules made a modest contribution to passive tension in some cells, but on average their contribution was not significant. Finally, intermediate filaments contribl,!ted about 10%to passive tension oftrabeculae at sarcomere lengths from -1.9to 2.1 11m, and theircontribution dropped to only a few percent at longer lengths. At physiological sarcomere lengths of the heart, cardiac titin developed much higher tensions (>20-fold) than did skeletal muscle titin at comparable lengths. This might be related to the finding that cardiac titin has a molecular mass of 2.5 MDa, 0.3-0.5 MDa smaller than titin of mammalian skeletal muscle, which is predicted to result in a much shorter extensible titin segment in the I-band of cardiac muscle. -
4 Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle
4 Muscle tissue Smooth muscle Smooth muscle cell bundle (oblique section) Loose connective tissue layer permitting movement between muscle layers Elongated centrally located nucleus of smooth muscle cell (longitudinal section) Elongated, tapering cytoplasm of a smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle, small intestine, cat. H.E. stain; x400. Perimysium composed of connective tissue with blood vessels and autonomic nerves Smooth muscle cell bundle with central nuclei and elongated cytoplasm (longitudinal section) Perimysium Oblique and cross sections of smooth muscle cells Smooth muscle, small intestine, cat. H.E. stain; x400. Smooth muscle cells (oblique and cross sections) Smooth muscle cells (cross section) Perimysium Smooth muscle, urinary bladder, cat. H.E. stain; x350. 4 Muscle tissue Smooth muscle Predominantly longitudinally oriented smooth muscle fibre bundles closely invested with endomysium (nuclei appear longitudinally oval) Perimysium Endomysium Predominantly transversely oriented smooth muscle fibre bundles (nuclei appear round) Sooth muscle, urinary bladder, cat. Golder's Masson trichrome stain; x480. Nucleus of smooth muscle cell (weakly contracted) Perimysium with fibrocytes Cytoplasm of smooth muscle cell (weakly contracted) Nuclei and cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells (relaxed) Endomysium surrounding isolated smooth muscle cell (at transition to perimysium) Perimysium with fibrocytes Smooth muscle, urinary bladder, cat. H.E. stain; Goldner's Masson trichrome stain; x480. Central nucleus and cytoplasm of weakly contracted smooth muscle cell Heterochromatic nucleus of smooth muscle cell Endomysium Perimysium with fibrocytes Euchromatic nucleus of smooth muscle cell with spindle-like elongation of cytoplasm Smooth muscle, gall bladder, ox. Goldner's stain; x600.. -
Muscle Histology
Muscle Histology Dr. Heba Kalbouneh Functions of muscle tissue ▪ Movement ▪ Maintenance of posture ▪ Joint stabilization ▪ Heat generation Types of Muscle Tissue ▪ Skeletal muscle ▪ Cardiac muscle ▪ Smooth muscle Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal •Attach to and move skeleton •40% of body weight •Fibers = multinucleate cells (embryonic cells fuse) •Cells with obvious striations •Contractions are voluntary Cardiac: only in the wall of the heart •Cells are striated •Contractions are involuntary (not voluntary) Smooth: walls of hollow organs •Lack striations •Contractions are involuntary (not voluntary) Similarities… ▪ Their cells are called fibers because they are elongated ▪ Contraction depends on myofilaments ▪ Actin ▪ Myosin ▪ Plasma membrane is called sarcolemma ▪ Sarcos = flesh ▪ Lemma = sheath SKELETAL MUSCLES Epimysium: surrounds whole muscle Endomysium is around each muscle fiber Perimysium is around fascicle = muscle cell= myofiber Skeletal muscle This big cylinder is a fiber: a cell ▪ Fibers (each is one cell) have striations ▪ Myofibrils are organelles of the cell: these are made -an organelle up of myofilaments ▪ Sarcomere ▪ Basic unit of contraction ▪ Myofibrils are long rows of repeating sarcomeres ▪ Boundaries: Z discs (or lines) Sarcomere M line provides an attachment to myosin filaments Z line provides an attachment to actin filaments A band is the darker band of the myofibril containing myosin filaments H band is the lighter section in the middle of the A band where only myosin is present I band is the lighter band containing -
Back-To-Basics: the Intricacies of Muscle Contraction
Back-to- MIOTA Basics: The CONFERENCE OCTOBER 11, Intricacies 2019 CHERI RAMIREZ, MS, of Muscle OTRL Contraction OBJECTIVES: 1.Review the anatomical structure of a skeletal muscle. 2.Review and understand the process and relationship between skeletal muscle contraction with the vital components of the nervous system, endocrine system, and skeletal system. 3.Review the basic similarities and differences between skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, and cardiac muscle tissue. 4.Review the names, locations, origins, and insertions of the skeletal muscles found in the human body. 5.Apply the information learned to enhance clinical practice and understanding of the intricacies and complexity of the skeletal muscle system. 6.Apply the information learned to further educate clients on the importance of skeletal muscle movement, posture, and coordination in the process of rehabilitation, healing, and functional return. 1. Epithelial Four Basic Tissue Categories 2. Muscle 3. Nervous 4. Connective A. Loose Connective B. Bone C. Cartilage D. Blood Introduction There are 3 types of muscle tissue in the muscular system: . Skeletal muscle: Attached to bones of skeleton. Voluntary. Striated. Tubular shape. Cardiac muscle: Makes up most of the wall of the heart. Involuntary. Striated with intercalated discs. Branched shape. Smooth muscle: Found in walls of internal organs and walls of vascular system. Involuntary. Non-striated. Spindle shape. 4 Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscles: Skeletal muscles are composed of: • Skeletal muscle tissue • Nervous tissue • Blood • Connective tissues 5 Connective Tissue Coverings Connective tissue coverings over skeletal muscles: .Fascia .Tendons .Aponeuroses 6 Fascia: Definition: Layers of dense connective tissue that separates muscle from adjacent muscles, by surrounding each muscle belly. -
THE MUSCLE SPINDLE Anatomical Structures of the Spindle Apparatus
56 Chapter Three Figure 3-2. Organization of muscle from macro- scopic to microscopic levels. Reprinted with permis- sion from Oatis CA. Kinesiology: The Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Human Movement. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004:46. which contains only actin (thin) filaments. The darker area is the A-band, which contains alternating actin and myosin (thick) filaments. The Z-line consists of a connective tissue network that bisects the I-band, anchors the thin filaments, and provides structural integrity to the sarcomere. The H- Figure 3-1. Successive connective tissue sheaths with- zone, located in the middle of the A-band, is the region of in muscle. Reprinted with permission from Oatis thick filaments not overlapped by thin filaments. The M- CA. Kinesiology: The Mechanics and Pathomechanics band bisects the H-zone and represents the middle of the of Human Movement. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott sarcomere. The M-band consists of protein structures that Williams & Wilkins; 2004:47. support the arrangement of the myosin filaments. During muscle contraction, the sarcomere I-band and H-zone decrease in length while the length of the A-band remains constant.2,3 THE MUSCLE SPINDLE The muscle spindle is a long, thin structure located adjacent and parallel to muscle fibers and is composed of multiple components that have both afferent and efferent innervation (Figures 3-4a and 3-4b). The muscle spindle functions as a stretch receptor and responds to static and dynamic length changes of skeletal muscle.4-6 This complex receptor is found in all muscles, primarily in extremity, inter- costal, and cervical muscles. -
Muscle Physiology Dr
Muscle Physiology Dr. Ebneshahidi Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal Muscle Figure 9.2 (a) Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Functions of the muscular system . 1. Locomotion . 2. Vasoconstriction and vasodilatation- constriction and dilation of blood vessel Walls are the results of smooth muscle contraction. 3. Peristalsis – wavelike motion along the digestive tract is produced by the Smooth muscle. 4. Cardiac motion . 5. Posture maintenance- contraction of skeletal muscles maintains body posture and muscle tone. 6. Heat generation – about 75% of ATP energy used in muscle contraction is released as heat. Copyright. © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings . Striation: only present in skeletal and cardiac muscles. Absent in smooth muscle. Nucleus: smooth and cardiac muscles are uninculcated (one nucleus per cell), skeletal muscle is multinucleated (several nuclei per cell ). Transverse tubule ( T tubule ): well developed in skeletal and cardiac muscles to transport calcium. Absent in smooth muscle. Intercalated disk: specialized intercellular junction that only occurs in cardiac muscle. Control: skeletal muscle is always under voluntary control‚ with some exceptions ( the tongue and pili arrector muscles in the dermis). smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Innervation: motor unit . a) a motor nerve and a myofibril from a neuromuscular junction where gap (called synapse) occurs between the two structures. at the end of motor nerve‚ neurotransmitter (i.e. acetylcholine) is stored in synaptic vesicles which will release the neurotransmitter using exocytosis upon the stimulation of a nerve impulse. Across the synapse the surface the of myofibril contains receptors that can bind with the neurotransmitter.