Terrorist Use of Smuggling Tunnels
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Tunnel from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia This Article Is About Underground Passages
Tunnel From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about underground passages. For other uses, see Tunnel (disambiguation). "Underpass" redirects here. For the John Foxx song, see Underpass (song). Entrance to a road tunnel inGuanajuato, Mexico. Utility tunnel for heating pipes between Rigshospitalet and Amagerværket in Copenhagen,Denmark Tunnel on the Taipei Metro inTaiwan Southern portal of the 421 m long (1,381 ft) Chirk canal tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or are sewers. Utility tunnels are used for routing steam, chilled water, electrical power or telecommunication cables, as well as connecting buildings for convenient passage of people and equipment. Secret tunnels are built for military purposes, or by civilians for smuggling of weapons, contraband, or people. Special tunnels, such aswildlife crossings, are built to allow wildlife to cross human-made barriers safely. Contents [hide] 1 Terminology 2 History o 2.1 Clay-kicking 3 Geotechnical investigation and design o 3.1 Choice of tunnels vs. -
German Jewish Refugees in the United States and Relationships to Germany, 1938-1988
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO “Germany on Their Minds”? German Jewish Refugees in the United States and Relationships to Germany, 1938-1988 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Anne Clara Schenderlein Committee in charge: Professor Frank Biess, Co-Chair Professor Deborah Hertz, Co-Chair Professor Luis Alvarez Professor Hasia Diner Professor Amelia Glaser Professor Patrick H. Patterson 2014 Copyright Anne Clara Schenderlein, 2014 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Anne Clara Schenderlein is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ Co-Chair _____________________________________________________________________ Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2014 iii Dedication To my Mother and the Memory of my Father iv Table of Contents Signature Page ..................................................................................................................iii Dedication ..........................................................................................................................iv Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................v -
The “Gaza War”
THE “GAZA WAR”: A Strategic Analysis Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Final Review Draft: Circulated for Comment and Updating February 2, 2009 Cordesman: The ―Gaza War‖ A Strategic Analysis 3/3/09 Page ii Executive Summary One can argue whether the fighting between Israel and Hamas in Gaza is a ―war,‖ or should be seen as just one more tragic surge in violence in the decades-long struggle between Israel and the Palestinians. It is, however, the first major armed struggle between Israel and Hamas, as distinguished between Israel and the PLO and Fatah. It also is a case study in how Israeli capabilities have changed since the fighting with Hezbollah in 2006, and in the nature of asymmetric war between states and non-state actors. This report examines the war in terms of the lessons of the fighting, what it says about the changes in Israeli tactics and capabilities and the broader lessons it may provide for asymmetric warfare. It analyzes the fighting on the basis of briefings in Israel during and immediately after the fighting made possible by a visit sponsored by Project Interchange, and using day-to-day reporting issued by the Israeli Defense Spokesman. The analysis reveals impressive improvements in the readiness and capability of the Israeli Defense Forces since the fighting against the Hezbollah in 2006. It also indicates that Israel did not violate the laws of war. It did deliberately use decisive force to enhance regional deterrence and demonstrate that it had restored its military edge. These, however, are legitimate military objectives in spite of their very real humanitarian costs. -
The Apartheid Smear Israel Is Not an Apartheid State the Allegation Damages the Peace Process
The ApArTheid SmeAr Israel is not an apartheid state The allegation damages the peace process Professor Alan Johnson BRITAIN ISRAEL COMMUNICATIONS & RESEARCH CENTRE 2 The Apartheid Smear As a movement we recognise the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism just as we recognise the legitimacy of Zionism as a Jewish nationalism. We insist on the right of the state of Israel to exist within secure borders, but with equal vigour support the Palestinian right to national self-determination. We are gratified to see that new possibilities of resolving the issue through negotiation have arisen since the election of a new government in Israel. We would wish to encourage that process, and if we have the opportunity, to assist.1 Nelson mandela, 1993 The whole world must see that Israel must exist and has the right to exist, and is one of the great outposts of democracy in the world … Peace for Israel means security and that security must be a reality.2 martin Luther King Jr, 1967 The charge that Israel is an apartheid state is a false and malicious one that precludes, rather than promotes, peace and harmony.3 Judge richard J. Goldstone (former Justice of the South African Constitutional Court, who led the United Nations 2008-9 fact-finding mission on the Gaza conflict), 2011 If Israel were an apartheid state, I, for example, would not be allowed to work for a Jewish newspaper or live in a Jewish neighbourhood or own a home. The real apartheid is in Lebanon, where there is a law that bans Palestinians from working in over 50 professions. -
The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) 2009-2013
DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION HISTORY 2009-2013 Phoenix Drug Kingpin Sentenced to 20 Years for Directing Criminal Enterprise In January 2009, the DEA Phoenix Field Division and the U.S. Attorney for the District of Arizona announced the sentencing of drug kingpin Martin Angel Gonzalez. Martin Angel Gonzalez, 43, of Phoenix, was sentenced to 20 years in prison for operating a large drug trafficking ring out of Phoenix. U.S. District Court Judge Stephen M. McNamee also imposed a $10 million monetary judgment against Gonzalez, who pled guilty to being the leader of a Continuing Criminal Enterprise, Conspiracy to Possess with the Intent to Distribute Marijuana, Conspiracy to Commit Money Laundering, and Possession with the Intent to Distribute Marijuana. Gonzalez was charged with various drug trafficking offenses as part of a 70-count superseding indictment related to his leader ship of a 12-year conspiracy involving the distribution of over 30,000 kilograms of marijuana worth more than $33 million. Twenty-five other co-conspirators were also charged and pled guilty for their involvement in the conspiracy. During the investigation, agents seized approximately 5,000 pounds of marijuana and more than $15 million in organization al assets. These assets included cash, investment accounts, bank accounts, vehicles, jewelry, and real estate properties. Gonzalez’s organization imported marijuana from Mexico, packaged it in the Phoenix area and distributed it to Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Florida, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Califor nia. He distributed marijuana to his associates across the country using commercial trucks, cars and commercial shipping compa nies. Gonzalez was arrested in Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico, with the assistance of Mexican federal law enforcement authorities. -
Examining Illicit Cross-Border Drug Flows Within the Pacific Northwest
Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship 2011 Examining illicit cross-border drug flows within the acificP Northwest Joseph P. (Joseph Patrick) Larsen Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Larsen, Joseph P. (Joseph Patrick), "Examining illicit cross-border drug flows within the acificP Northwest" (2011). WWU Graduate School Collection. 137. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/137 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Examining Illicit Cross-Border Drug Flows Within the Pacific Northwest By Joseph Patrick Larsen Accepted in Partial Completion Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Moheb A. Ghali, Dean of the Graduate School ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chair, Dr. Donald Alper Dr. Amir Abedi Dr. Bidisha Biswas MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non‐exclusive royalty‐free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others. I warrant that I have obtained written permissions from the owner of any third party copyrighted material included in these files. -
Tunnel Detection Along the Southwest U.S. Border
TUNNEL DETECTION ALONG THE SOUTHWEST U.S. BORDER Jose L. Llopis, Joseph B. Dunbar, Lillian D. Wakeley, Maureen K. Corcoran, U.S. Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi Dwain K. Butler, Alion, Inc., Vicksburg, Mississippi Abstract The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) has worked with U.S. Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) since 1995 to address the problem of clandestine tunnels beneath the U.S./Mexico border. ERDC has performed tunnel-related research, equipment development, or tunnel- detection missions at the request of the LEAs, coordinated by Joint Task Force 6 (JTF-6, Fort Bliss, TX, now known as JTF-N for Northern Command, US Army). This support to LEAs has revealed the importance of understanding the geologic context of a suspected tunnel site as a basis for selecting the appropriate geophysical tools and interpreting anomalies indicated by geophysical data. Tunnel detection missions always involve multiple tools and techniques. A combination of geophysical instruments is used to record data based on different physical principals. When interpreted in a regional geologic context, the combined geophysical methods improve the likelihood of success for tunnel detection. A variable-frequency electromagnetic survey tool was developed in the 1990s as part of tunnel- detection research, and proven at a tunnel test bed near Otay Mesa, CA. Also at the Otay Mesa site, an ERDC-led team installed and tested a prototype passive-seismic fence, a system that can detect machine and impact noise during the tunnel excavation process. This seismic fence concept has strong potential for deterring tunneling in geographic areas where tunnels have been found most frequently and where cultural clutter limits the usefulness of surface geophysical techniques and tunnel detection. -
Germany Minds
SCHENDERLEIN GERMANY ON THEIR MINDS German Jewish Refugees in the United States and Their Relationships with Germany, 1938–1988 GERMANY ANNE C. SCHENDERLEIN ON THEIR is is a solid, comprehensive study of German Jewish refugees in the United States, especially in Los Angeles and New York. It is probing and judicious. Michael A. Meyer, Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion MINDS THEIR ON GERMANY roughout the 1930s and early 1940s, approximately ninety thousand German MINDS Jews ed their homeland and settled in the United States, prior to that nation closing its borders to Jewish refugees. And even though many of them wanted little to do with Germany, the circumstances of World War II and the postwar era meant that engagement of some kind was unavoidable—whether direct or indirect, initiated within the community itself or by political actors and the broader German public. is book carefully traces these entangled histories on GERMAN JEWISH REFUGEES both sides of the Atlantic, demonstrating the remarkable extent to which German Jews and their former fellow citizens helped to shape developments from the IN THE UNITED STATES AND THEIR Allied war e ort to the course of West German democratization. RELATIONSHIPS WITH GERMANY, 19381988 Anne C. Schenderlein is the managing director of the Dahlem Humanities Cen- ter at Freie Universität Berlin. After receiving her doctorate in modern European history at the University of California, San Diego, she was a research fellow at the German Historical Institute from 2015 to 2019. Her research has been sup- ported by numerous fellowships, including the Leo Baeck Fellowship and, more recently, a grant from the American Jewish Archives, where she conducted research on American Jewish boycotts and consumption of German products. -
Introduction - Recent Events in Gaza Rose Mishaan
Hastings International and Comparative Law Review Volume 32 Article 7 Number 2 Summer 2009 1-1-2009 Introduction - Recent Events in Gaza Rose Mishaan Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_international_comparative_law_review Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Rose Mishaan, Introduction - Recent Events in Gaza, 32 Hastings Int'l & Comp.L. Rev. 639 (2009). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_international_comparative_law_review/vol32/iss2/7 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. Introduction - Recent Events in Gazat By ROSE MISHAAN* On December 27, 2008, Israeli air and naval forces attacked the Gaza Strip. Israel's justification for the attack was self-defense, citing rockets launched into southern Israel in recent months as the basis for this claim.' The stated aim of the assault in Gaza was to rid the area of the Hamas militants who have carried out these missile attacks against Israeli civilians.2 After a week of aerial bombardment, Israel began a ground invasion, sending soldiers and tanks into Gaza. On January 18, 2009, Israel and Hamas each declared unilateral cease-fires, ending the military assault.3 In the three-week conflict, over 1,300 Palestinians were killed, among them at least 288 children, and over 5,000 Palestinians were injured.4 Thirteen Israelis were killed, ten of them while serving in a military capacity.5 During the operation, Israel used its air force to bomb targets inside Gaza. -
A Shred of Honour
A Shred of Honour Markham of the Marines, #1 by Tom Connery, 1944– Published: 1996 J J J J J I I I I I Table of Contents Dedication & Chapter 1 … thru … Chapter 26 Historical Note J J J J J I I I I I To the Valour Boys Chapter 1 It was bad luck for Lieutenant George Tenby Markham that the first shot fired in the engagement took Captain Frobisher in the throat. Firing at that range, on a Mediterranean swell, the Frenchman had been very lucky. The heavy calibre musket ball should have dropped into the sea between the ships. Instead it whipped across the deck of His Britannic Majesty’s 24-gun frigate HEBE. The marine officer’s head, nearly severed from the shoulders, dropped to one side. A great gush of bright red froth erupted from the devastated artery, covering everyone who stood close to him in a layer of foaming blood. ‘Get that off my quarterdeck,’ shouted Captain de Lisle, as though the body were no more than offal. ‘Mr Markham, you will replace Mr Frobisher in command of the marine detachment. I intend to lay the ship alongside the enemy, fire off a broadside, and board in the smoke.’ ‘Aye, aye, sir,’ Markham replied, raising his hat in the crisp fashion that was an absolute requirement of his present position. The slight breeze was welcome, acting as it did to cool the sweat that had soaked his light brown hair. The trickle of sweat that ran down the hollow of his spine seemed continuous; the desire to throw off his heavy red uniform coat overwhelming. -
Margate Caves Cliftonville
Margate Caves Cliftonville © 2021 R F LeGear and C M Pearson Introduction The man-made underground structure known as Margate Caves was dug primarily as a small chalk mine to procure chalk to burn for lime, with approximately 2000 tonnes removed during the mine's active life. Sometime after abandonment it was rediscovered and adapted for use as a wine store, ice well and later was opened to the general public in 1863. It remained open on and off as a popular visitor attraction until 2004 when it was forced to close by the Health and Safety Executive because of safety concerns. The local community objected strongly to plans to build over the site and the Friends of Margate Caves was formed to save the Caves from being sealed. In 2013 a Charitable Incorporated Organisation was formed (The Margate Caves Community Education Trust TMCCET) to secure a long-term lease on the site and raise the funds needed to re-open the Caves. Remedial work was undertaken so that the Caves fully complied with modern safety regulations. In conjunction, an archivist was appointed to collate artefacts and archival material relevant to the Caves and research its history, testing and challenging as necessary, the hitherto accepted ‘facts’. This occasioned a major revision of its history, the results of which, with referenced sources, are now lodged in the Margate Caves Archive. This paper was originally published in 2009 and was based on a short report prepared for the Heritage Development Advisor of Thanet District Council (TDC) and based on accepted historical facts at that time. -
Sewer System Room Descriptions
Appendix N.2 – Sewer System Room Descriptions General Dungeon Walls Excellent Masonry (-10% Climb Check) Dungeon Floor Uneven Flagstone (Dex Check to charge or run) Temperature Cool Illumination Dark (individual creatures may carry lights) Legend Stairs A Up to slaughterhouse main warehouse refusedrain Stairs B Up to marketplace street stormdrain Stairs C Up to entrance behind the Tannery Stairs D Up to basement of Brokenhearth Inn Stairs E Up to basement of the Bank Stairs F Up to basement of “Herbs, Potions, and Beyond” Stairs G Up to City Port Watch Tower / Lighthouse Stairs H Up to Rose Quarter street stormdrain Stairs I Up to Master Merchant Salth's Silk & Fine Linen Shoppe Stairs J Up to Emerald Gate House (main city entrance) Stairs K Up to Emerald Gate House (main city entrance) Stairs L Up to the Promenade stormdrain Passage R Up to Basement of Wizard's Enclave Tower Passage S Smuggling Tunnel under south west city wall Passage T Towards Adlersgrym Citadel sewer system (Kitchen entrance) Stairs Z Down deeper into the Underdark Notes Metal Doors Hard 10, 80 hp, Force Open -10%, Lift -10% Stone Doors Hard 8, 60 hp, Force Open -5%, Lift -5% Wood Doors Hard 6, 20 hp Poor -15 hp, Force Open +20%, Lift +15% Simple -15 hp, Force Open +10%, Lift +10% Good +15 hp, Force Open -10%, Lift -10% Excellent +30 hp, Force Open -20% Room #1 West Entry Locked Stone Door (Pick Lock -20%) East Entry Stuck Stone Door (Force Open +10%) South Entry Unlocked Good Wooden Door Room Features The arched ceiling narrows to a point where water drips repeatedly to the mold slick floor.