DOCSLIB.ORG

National Drug Intelligence Center, United States-Canada Border Drug

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
National Drug Intelligence Center, United States-Canada Border Drug MARIJUANA AVAILABILITY IN THE UNITED STATES AND ITS ASSOCIATED TERRITORIES A Report Prepared by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress under an Interagency Agreement with the National Guard Bureau Counterdrug Office (NGB-CD) December 2003 Project Manager: Rex Hudson Federal Research Division Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20540−4840 Tel: 202−707−3900 Fax: 202−707−3920 E-Mail: [email protected] Homepage: http://loc.gov/rr/frd/ p 55 Years of Service to the Federal Government p 1948 – 2003 Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Marijuana Availability PREFACE The objective of this report is to assess the scope of the problem of marijuana within the United States and its associated territories. The report attempts to determine the annual amount of marijuana available in this country, including domestically produced and imported marijuana; the major avenues through which marijuana from foreign sources is smuggled into the United States; how much of the total production actually gets seized by law enforcement authorities; and to identify links to organized crime and terrorist groups. Within the context of these objectives, this survey summarizes and assesses the most authoritative data published by the U.S. government agencies that specialize in counter-narcotics issues. Practically all of the data contained in this survey are derived from the online publications of these agencies. Such publications provide the most up-to-date information available on the subject. This survey focuses primarily on the 50 U.S. states, but also, to the extent that data are available, on selected U.S. territories (American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, and the Virgin Islands), as well as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, which is associated with the United States. The other U.S. territories may also have a marijuana problem, but available pertinent data were insufficient to warrant their inclusion. Most of the most publications cited in this survey are those of two agencies in particular: the U.S. Department of Justice’s Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC). The publications of the DEA and NDIC proved to be by far the most relevant for the purposes of this survey, which is largely a summary of their data. Unless noted otherwise, most of the data in the Appendix section on states and territories come from DEA Public Affairs, Drug Trafficking in the United States, July 25, 2003. The NDIC publications were particularly useful. The NDIC, which is a member of the Intelligence Community, is the nation's principal center for strategic domestic counterdrug intelligence. Several publications of the White House’s Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) were also used. This survey also incorporates some relevant statistics on foreign sources of marijuana contained in the annual International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR), which is published by the U.S. Department of State’s Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL); and the annual Global Illicit Drug Trends (GIDT) report, which is published by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). However, data from the i Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Marijuana Availability GIDT and the INCSR are cited with the caveat that they cannot be assumed to be consistently reliable. Both publications rely on foreign government reporting, and these data are often incomplete and unreliable, as is clearly the case with the data on Jamaica and Mexico. The UNODC data on U.S. marijuana cited in this survey presumably were provided by U.S. government sources, but they do not necessarily correspond with information found in the published U.S. government reports, and therefore are cited only for comparative purposes. The INCSR is considered by some analysts to be more authoritative than the GIDT. Nevertheless, a significant limitation of the usefulness of the INCSR to this survey is its conspicuous omission of data on the United States. Although providing data on domestic U.S. production of marijuana and other drugs is not within the mandate of the INCSR, marijuana cultivation and production is a major underground industry in this country. ii Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Marijuana Availability TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE........................................................................................................................................ i Table A. Selected Acronyms and Abbreviations........................................................................... vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 5 Products of the Cannabis Herb ...................................................................................................5 Popularity.................................................................................................................................... 7 Availability ................................................................................................................................. 9 DOMESTICALLY PRODUCED MARIJUANA ........................................................................ 11 Indoor Domestic Grows............................................................................................................ 12 Outdoor Domestic Grows ......................................................................................................... 13 SOURCES OF FOREIGN-PRODUCED MARIJUANA............................................................. 15 Canada....................................................................................................................................... 16 Colombia................................................................................................................................... 18 Jamaica...................................................................................................................................... 19 Mexico ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Southeast Asia........................................................................................................................... 21 ESTIMATING MARIJUANA AVAILABILITY IN THE UNITED STATES AND ITS TERRITORIES............................................................................................................................. 21 PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL PRODUCTION SEIZED BY LAW ENFORCEMENT................ 23 MAJOR AVENUES INTO THE UNITED STATES .................................................................. 25 From Canada............................................................................................................................. 26 By Land................................................................................................................................. 26 By Sea ................................................................................................................................... 27 By Air.................................................................................................................................... 27 From the Caribbean................................................................................................................... 28 From Colombia ......................................................................................................................... 28 From Mexico............................................................................................................................. 29 By Land................................................................................................................................. 30 By Sea ................................................................................................................................... 34 By Air.................................................................................................................................... 34 LINKS TO ORGANIZED CRIME .............................................................................................. 35 Major Trafficking Organizations .............................................................................................. 35 Canada....................................................................................................................................... 35 Mexico ...................................................................................................................................... 36 Arellano-Félix....................................................................................................................... 37 iii Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Marijuana Availability Vicente Carrillo-Fuentes....................................................................................................... 38 Armando Valencia-Cornelio................................................................................................. 38 Miguel Caro-Quintero........................................................................................................... 38 Osiel Cárdenas-Guillén......................................................................................................... 39 LINKS TO TERRORISM............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tunnel from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia This Article Is About Underground Passages
    Tunnel From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about underground passages. For other uses, see Tunnel (disambiguation). "Underpass" redirects here. For the John Foxx song, see Underpass (song). Entrance to a road tunnel inGuanajuato, Mexico. Utility tunnel for heating pipes between Rigshospitalet and Amagerværket in Copenhagen,Denmark Tunnel on the Taipei Metro inTaiwan Southern portal of the 421 m long (1,381 ft) Chirk canal tunnel A tunnel is an underground or underwater passageway, dug through the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. The central portions of a rapid transit network are usually in tunnel. Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or are sewers. Utility tunnels are used for routing steam, chilled water, electrical power or telecommunication cables, as well as connecting buildings for convenient passage of people and equipment. Secret tunnels are built for military purposes, or by civilians for smuggling of weapons, contraband, or people. Special tunnels, such aswildlife crossings, are built to allow wildlife to cross human-made barriers safely. Contents [hide] 1 Terminology 2 History o 2.1 Clay-kicking 3 Geotechnical investigation and design o 3.1 Choice of tunnels vs.
    [Show full text]
  • The “Gaza War”
    THE “GAZA WAR”: A Strategic Analysis Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Final Review Draft: Circulated for Comment and Updating February 2, 2009 Cordesman: The ―Gaza War‖ A Strategic Analysis 3/3/09 Page ii Executive Summary One can argue whether the fighting between Israel and Hamas in Gaza is a ―war,‖ or should be seen as just one more tragic surge in violence in the decades-long struggle between Israel and the Palestinians. It is, however, the first major armed struggle between Israel and Hamas, as distinguished between Israel and the PLO and Fatah. It also is a case study in how Israeli capabilities have changed since the fighting with Hezbollah in 2006, and in the nature of asymmetric war between states and non-state actors. This report examines the war in terms of the lessons of the fighting, what it says about the changes in Israeli tactics and capabilities and the broader lessons it may provide for asymmetric warfare. It analyzes the fighting on the basis of briefings in Israel during and immediately after the fighting made possible by a visit sponsored by Project Interchange, and using day-to-day reporting issued by the Israeli Defense Spokesman. The analysis reveals impressive improvements in the readiness and capability of the Israeli Defense Forces since the fighting against the Hezbollah in 2006. It also indicates that Israel did not violate the laws of war. It did deliberately use decisive force to enhance regional deterrence and demonstrate that it had restored its military edge. These, however, are legitimate military objectives in spite of their very real humanitarian costs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) 2009-2013
    DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION HISTORY 2009-2013 Phoenix Drug Kingpin Sentenced to 20 Years for Directing Criminal Enterprise In January 2009, the DEA Phoenix Field Division and the U.S. Attorney for the District of Arizona announced the sentencing of drug kingpin Martin Angel Gonzalez. Martin Angel Gonzalez, 43, of Phoenix, was sentenced to 20 years in prison for operating a large drug trafficking ring out of Phoenix. U.S. District Court Judge Stephen M. McNamee also imposed a $10 million monetary judgment against Gonzalez, who pled guilty to being the leader of a Continuing Criminal Enterprise, Conspiracy to Possess with the Intent to Distribute Marijuana, Conspiracy to Commit Money Laundering, and Possession with the Intent to Distribute Marijuana. Gonzalez was charged with various drug trafficking offenses as part of a 70-count superseding indictment related to his leader­ ship of a 12-year conspiracy involving the distribution of over 30,000 kilograms of marijuana worth more than $33 million. Twenty-five other co-conspirators were also charged and pled guilty for their involvement in the conspiracy. During the investigation, agents seized approximately 5,000 pounds of marijuana and more than $15 million in organization­ al assets. These assets included cash, investment accounts, bank accounts, vehicles, jewelry, and real estate properties. Gonzalez’s organization imported marijuana from Mexico, packaged it in the Phoenix area and distributed it to Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Florida, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Califor­ nia. He distributed marijuana to his associates across the country using commercial trucks, cars and commercial shipping compa­ nies. Gonzalez was arrested in Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico, with the assistance of Mexican federal law enforcement authorities.
    [Show full text]
  • Examining Illicit Cross-Border Drug Flows Within the Pacific Northwest
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship 2011 Examining illicit cross-border drug flows within the acificP Northwest Joseph P. (Joseph Patrick) Larsen Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Larsen, Joseph P. (Joseph Patrick), "Examining illicit cross-border drug flows within the acificP Northwest" (2011). WWU Graduate School Collection. 137. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/137 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Examining Illicit Cross-Border Drug Flows Within the Pacific Northwest By Joseph Patrick Larsen Accepted in Partial Completion Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts Moheb A. Ghali, Dean of the Graduate School ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chair, Dr. Donald Alper Dr. Amir Abedi Dr. Bidisha Biswas MASTER’S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non‐exclusive royalty‐free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others. I warrant that I have obtained written permissions from the owner of any third party copyrighted material included in these files.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunnel Detection Along the Southwest U.S. Border
    TUNNEL DETECTION ALONG THE SOUTHWEST U.S. BORDER Jose L. Llopis, Joseph B. Dunbar, Lillian D. Wakeley, Maureen K. Corcoran, U.S. Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi Dwain K. Butler, Alion, Inc., Vicksburg, Mississippi Abstract The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) has worked with U.S. Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) since 1995 to address the problem of clandestine tunnels beneath the U.S./Mexico border. ERDC has performed tunnel-related research, equipment development, or tunnel- detection missions at the request of the LEAs, coordinated by Joint Task Force 6 (JTF-6, Fort Bliss, TX, now known as JTF-N for Northern Command, US Army). This support to LEAs has revealed the importance of understanding the geologic context of a suspected tunnel site as a basis for selecting the appropriate geophysical tools and interpreting anomalies indicated by geophysical data. Tunnel detection missions always involve multiple tools and techniques. A combination of geophysical instruments is used to record data based on different physical principals. When interpreted in a regional geologic context, the combined geophysical methods improve the likelihood of success for tunnel detection. A variable-frequency electromagnetic survey tool was developed in the 1990s as part of tunnel- detection research, and proven at a tunnel test bed near Otay Mesa, CA. Also at the Otay Mesa site, an ERDC-led team installed and tested a prototype passive-seismic fence, a system that can detect machine and impact noise during the tunnel excavation process. This seismic fence concept has strong potential for deterring tunneling in geographic areas where tunnels have been found most frequently and where cultural clutter limits the usefulness of surface geophysical techniques and tunnel detection.
    [Show full text]
  • A Shred of Honour
    A Shred of Honour Markham of the Marines, #1 by Tom Connery, 1944– Published: 1996 J J J J J I I I I I Table of Contents Dedication & Chapter 1 … thru … Chapter 26 Historical Note J J J J J I I I I I To the Valour Boys Chapter 1 It was bad luck for Lieutenant George Tenby Markham that the first shot fired in the engagement took Captain Frobisher in the throat. Firing at that range, on a Mediterranean swell, the Frenchman had been very lucky. The heavy calibre musket ball should have dropped into the sea between the ships. Instead it whipped across the deck of His Britannic Majesty’s 24-gun frigate HEBE. The marine officer’s head, nearly severed from the shoulders, dropped to one side. A great gush of bright red froth erupted from the devastated artery, covering everyone who stood close to him in a layer of foaming blood. ‘Get that off my quarterdeck,’ shouted Captain de Lisle, as though the body were no more than offal. ‘Mr Markham, you will replace Mr Frobisher in command of the marine detachment. I intend to lay the ship alongside the enemy, fire off a broadside, and board in the smoke.’ ‘Aye, aye, sir,’ Markham replied, raising his hat in the crisp fashion that was an absolute requirement of his present position. The slight breeze was welcome, acting as it did to cool the sweat that had soaked his light brown hair. The trickle of sweat that ran down the hollow of his spine seemed continuous; the desire to throw off his heavy red uniform coat overwhelming.
    [Show full text]
  • Margate Caves Cliftonville
    Margate Caves Cliftonville © 2021 R F LeGear and C M Pearson Introduction The man-made underground structure known as Margate Caves was dug primarily as a small chalk mine to procure chalk to burn for lime, with approximately 2000 tonnes removed during the mine's active life. Sometime after abandonment it was rediscovered and adapted for use as a wine store, ice well and later was opened to the general public in 1863. It remained open on and off as a popular visitor attraction until 2004 when it was forced to close by the Health and Safety Executive because of safety concerns. The local community objected strongly to plans to build over the site and the Friends of Margate Caves was formed to save the Caves from being sealed. In 2013 a Charitable Incorporated Organisation was formed (The Margate Caves Community Education Trust TMCCET) to secure a long-term lease on the site and raise the funds needed to re-open the Caves. Remedial work was undertaken so that the Caves fully complied with modern safety regulations. In conjunction, an archivist was appointed to collate artefacts and archival material relevant to the Caves and research its history, testing and challenging as necessary, the hitherto accepted ‘facts’. This occasioned a major revision of its history, the results of which, with referenced sources, are now lodged in the Margate Caves Archive. This paper was originally published in 2009 and was based on a short report prepared for the Heritage Development Advisor of Thanet District Council (TDC) and based on accepted historical facts at that time.
    [Show full text]
  • Sewer System Room Descriptions
    Appendix N.2 – Sewer System Room Descriptions General Dungeon Walls Excellent Masonry (-10% Climb Check) Dungeon Floor Uneven Flagstone (Dex Check to charge or run) Temperature Cool Illumination Dark (individual creatures may carry lights) Legend Stairs A Up to slaughterhouse main warehouse refusedrain Stairs B Up to marketplace street stormdrain Stairs C Up to entrance behind the Tannery Stairs D Up to basement of Brokenhearth Inn Stairs E Up to basement of the Bank Stairs F Up to basement of “Herbs, Potions, and Beyond” Stairs G Up to City Port Watch Tower / Lighthouse Stairs H Up to Rose Quarter street stormdrain Stairs I Up to Master Merchant Salth's Silk & Fine Linen Shoppe Stairs J Up to Emerald Gate House (main city entrance) Stairs K Up to Emerald Gate House (main city entrance) Stairs L Up to the Promenade stormdrain Passage R Up to Basement of Wizard's Enclave Tower Passage S Smuggling Tunnel under south west city wall Passage T Towards Adlersgrym Citadel sewer system (Kitchen entrance) Stairs Z Down deeper into the Underdark Notes Metal Doors Hard 10, 80 hp, Force Open -10%, Lift -10% Stone Doors Hard 8, 60 hp, Force Open -5%, Lift -5% Wood Doors Hard 6, 20 hp Poor -15 hp, Force Open +20%, Lift +15% Simple -15 hp, Force Open +10%, Lift +10% Good +15 hp, Force Open -10%, Lift -10% Excellent +30 hp, Force Open -20% Room #1 West Entry Locked Stone Door (Pick Lock -20%) East Entry Stuck Stone Door (Force Open +10%) South Entry Unlocked Good Wooden Door Room Features The arched ceiling narrows to a point where water drips repeatedly to the mold slick floor.
    [Show full text]
  • Spellwright by Blake Charlton 59
    Tor/Forge Author Voices Volume Three This is a collection of fiction and nonfiction. All of the characters, organizations, and events portrayed in these stories and novel excerpts are either products of the authors’ imaginations or are used fictitiously. Collection copyright © 2011 by Tom Doherty Associates, LLC. Published by Tom Doherty Associates, LLC 175 Fifth Avenue New York, NY 10010 www.tor-forge.com Tor® and Forge® are registered trademarks of Tom Doherty Associates, LLC. Table of Contents Author Articles How to Find Your Passion by Beth Bernobich ...................................................................5 On Writing The Sword-Edged Blonde: The Bar Where Everybody Knows Your Name by Alex Bledsoe ......................................................................................................................26 Why Escape? By Col Buchanan ...................................................... .................................38 How Dyslexia, Linguistics, & Medical Science Inspired Spellwright by Blake Charlton 59 “Magic Calls to Magic” by Alex Dellamonica ..................................................................69 On Collaboration by Ian C. Esslemont ..............................................................................84 Behind the Boiler by By Alexander Jablokov .................................................................121 Everyday Magic: Lady Lazarus and the Book of Raziel by Michele Lang .....................128 Fantasy: Keeping it Real by Edward Lazellari ................................................................143
    [Show full text]
  • Smuggling Tunnels: the Need for a Transnational Analysis
    CE Article: 2 CE CREDIT The Need for a Transnational Analysis BY terrance g. lichtenwald and frank S. perri Abstract Tunnels present significant national security con- cerns to the United States of America because of the devastating consequences inherent in terrorist organizations using tunnels as conduits to bypass Department of Homeland Security measures. This paper outlines sources and methods used by Can- ada, Israel, and South Korea to combat smuggling tunnel excavation, communication methods, and security operations. Integrating Canadian, Israeli, and South Korean sources and methods into U.S. homeland security is considered. The research design for transnational analysis of smuggling tunnels with ongoing data collection for U.S. intel- ligence and law enforcement is proposed. ® 52 Inside Homeland Security Spring 2011 www.abchs.com 877.219.2519 An agent crawls out of a tunnel discovered in November 2010 at Otay Mesa, California. More than 20 tons of marijuana were found in this tunnel connecting warehouses in San Diego and the Tijuana area—the Photo Credit: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Customs Immigration U.S. Credit: Photo second time a sophisticated tunnel was found in the same location— thus supporting the doctrine that geography affects national security. ® 877.219.2519 www.abchs.com Spring 2011 Inside Homeland Security 53 missions last year to find underground tunnels using some of the This article is approved by the following for continuing education credit: The American Board for Certification in Homeland Security, CHS® pro- technologies noted above, did not include the social and behav- vides this continuing education opportunity for those individuals Certified ioral aspects presented in this paper during its tactical missions in Homeland Security, who are required to obtain 30 Certification Mainte- (Hettena, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Empires Destroyed
    SERIES 10 x 60’ THIS IS THE STORY OF THE UNDERWORLD GANGS THAT LITERALLY MOVED UNDERGROUND, AS WE LOOK AT HOW AND WHY CRIMINAL NETWORKS MIGRATED OUT OF SIGHT AND INTO BUNKERS AND TUNNELS UNDER OUR STREETS, THE CRIMES THEY CONCEALED AND THE OPERATIONS THAT BROUGHT THEM DOWN. Sizzle: https://vimeo.com/498061884/029662937e © Emporium Productions 2021 PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL For more information please contact: 0207 184 7777. www.emporiumproductions.co.uk ALL OVER THE WORLD, CRIME IS MOVING UNDERGROUND TO ESCAPE THE LAW. Stolen goods are hidden, people are trafficked, multi-million pound drug empires created and notorious crime lords hidden in structures that have been built and in some cases architecturally designed in a world beneath our streets. Drug farms, cocaine smuggling submarines, dark web cyber bunkers, prison breaks and bank heists, this series features an incredible variety of criminal activity that has moved underground. Each episode grants viewers privileged access to some of the world’s most elaborate underground crime networks, the criminals who used and built them, the crimes they concealed, and the investigators who unearthed them. Exclusive footage of the tunnels and bunkers, expert and witness interviews, CGI graphics and dramatic reconstruction are interwoven to reveal the story of how and why these mysterious underground spaces were built , the incredible crimes they witnessed and how the police finally unearthed them. © Emporium Productions 2021 PRIVATE & CONFIDENTIAL For more information please contact: 0207 184 7777. www.emporiumproductions.co.uk Each Episode is set in a different major underground tunnel or bunker and tells the story of the audacious crime that it hosted, how it was built and operated and the police investigation that finally revealed it.
    [Show full text]
  • Variation on a Theme Israel’S Operation Cast Lead and the Gaza Strip Missile Conundrum
    THE RUSI JOURNAL Variation on A THEME Israel’S Operation Cast LEAD AND THE GAZA STRIP MISSILE ConundruM Sergio Catignani Israel’s assault on Gaza in early 2009, Operation Cast Lead, achieved significant tactical successes and managed to redeem the Israel Defence Forces’ poor performance during the 2006 Lebanon War. Sergio Catignani examines Israel’s military and public information campaign and why Cast Lead failed to accomplish the government’s two main goals of stopping rocket attacks on Israel and the influx of weapons for resupplying Hamas. he Israeli-Hamas conflict rockets and mortars against towns The End of (Another) Ceasefire has endured since Hamas’s and communities in southern Israel. On 19 December 2008 the post-Operation Testablishment in 1988 during Israel accordingly carried out various Hot Winter ceasefire agreement between the height of the first Intifada. As a operations before and after its unilateral Hamas and Gaza-based terrorist radical Islamist organisation bent on disengagement from the Gaza Strip in organisations and Israel, which was liberating all of Israel/Palestine from order to dismantle Hamas’s increasingly negotiated by Egypt in June of that year, any Israeli presence, Hamas adopted lethal rocket and mortar capacities and expired. Hamas had issued a statement suicide terrorism as its weapon of choice to re-establish security for its southern on 18 December that it would resume for reversing the positive outcome of communities. attacks on Israel and had already fired the 1993 Oslo Peace Accords between Whilst the damage and casualties around 200 rockets and mortars into Israel the Palestinian Liberation Organisation inflicted on Israeli civilian communities by in November following an Israeli raid (PLO) and Israel; and subsequently for Hamas’s rocket and mortar attacks were that had killed six Hamas operatives in bleeding Israel and the Israel Defence relatively limited, the psychological effect the Gaza Strip on 4 November.
    [Show full text]